Wall Orientation Research Articles

Analytical and Numerical Investigation of Star Polymers in Confined Geometries.

The analysis of the impact of the star polymer topology on depletion interaction potentials, depletion forces, and monomer density profiles is carried out analytically using field theory methods and techniques as well as molecular dynamic simulations. The dimensionless depletion interaction potentials and the dimensionless depletion forces for a dilute solution of ideal star polymers with three and five legs (arms) in a Θ-solvent confined in a slit between two parallel walls with repulsive surfaces and for the case where one of the surfaces is repulsive and the other inert are obtained. Furthermore, the dimensionless layer monomer density profiles for ideal star polymers with an odd number (f˜ = 3, 5) of arms immersed in a dilute solution of big colloidal particles with different adsorbing or repelling properties in respect of polymers are calculated, bearing in mind the Derjaguin approximation. Molecular dynamic simulations of a dilute solution of star-shaped polymers in a good solvent with N = 901 (3 × 300 + 1 -star polymer with three arms) and 1501 (5 × 300 + 1 -star polymer with five arms) beads accordingly confined in a slit with different boundary conditions are performed, and the results of the monomer density profiles for the above-mentioned cases are obtained. The numerical calculation of the radius of gyration for star polymers with f˜ = 3, 5 arms and the ratio of the perpendicular to parallel components of the radius of gyration with respect to the wall orientation for the above-mentioned cases is performed. The obtained analytical and numerical results for star polymers with an odd number (f˜ = 3, 5) of arms are compared with our previous results for linear polymers in confined geometries. The acquired results show that a dilute solution of star polymer chains can be applied in the production of new functional materials, because the behavior of these solutions is strictly correlated with the topology of polymers and also with the nature and geometry of confined surfaces. The above-mentioned properties can find extensive practical application in materials engineering, as well as in biotechnology and medicine for drug and gene transmission.

Additive Manufacturing of Ceramic Reference Spheres by Stereolithography (SLA)

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is advancing technologically towards the production of components for high-demand mechanical applications with stringent dimensional accuracy, leveraging metallic and ceramic raw materials. The AM process for ceramic components, known as Ultraviolet Laser Stereolithography (SLA), enables the fabrication of unique parts or small batches without substantial investments in molds and dies, and avoids the problems associated with traditional manufacturing, which involves multiple stages and final machining for precision. This study addresses the need to produce reference elements or targets for metrological applications, including verification, adjustment, or calibration of 3D scanners and mid- to high-range optical sensors. Precision spheres are a primary geometry in this context due to their straightforward mathematical definition, facilitating rapid and accurate error detection in equipment. Our objective is to exploit this novel SLA process along with the advantageous optical properties of technical ceramics (such as being white, matte, lightweight, and corrosion-resistant) to materialize these reference objects. Specifically, this work involves the fabrication of alumina hemispheres using SLA. The manufacturing process incorporates four design variables (wall thickness, support shape, fill type, and orientation) and one manufacturing variable (the arrangement of spheres on the printing tray). To evaluate the impact of the design variables, dimensional and geometric parameters (GD&T), including diameters, form errors, and their distribution on the surface of the sphere, have been characterized. These measurements are conducted with high accuracy using a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM). The study also examines the influence of these variables in the dimensional and geometric accuracy of the spheres. Correlations between various parameters were identified, specifically highlighting critical factors affecting process precision, such as the position of the piece on the print tray and the wall thickness value. The smallest diameter errors were recorded at the outermost positions of the tray (rear and front), while the smallest shape errors were found at the central position, in both cases with errors in the range of tens of micrometers. In any case, the smallest deformations were observed with the highest wall thickness (2 mm).

Strain phase equilibria and phase‐field method of ferroelectric polydomain: A case study of monoclinic KxNa1 − xNbO3 thin films

AbstractKnowledge of the thermodynamic equilibria and domain structures of ferroelectrics is critical to establishing their structure–property relationships that underpin their applications from piezoelectric devices to nonlinear optics. Here, we establish the strain condition for strain phase separation and polydomain formation and analytically predict the corresponding domain volume fractions and wall orientations of, relatively low symmetry and theoretically more challenging, monoclinic ferroelectric thin films by integrating thermodynamics of ferroelectrics, strain phase equilibria theory, microelasticity, and phase‐field method. Using monoclinic KxNa1 − xNbO3(0.5 < x < 1.0) thin films as a model system, we establish the polydomain strain–strain phase diagrams, from which we identify two types of monoclinic polydomain structures. The analytically predicted strain conditions of formation, domain volume fractions, and domain wall orientations for the two polydomain structures are consistent with phase‐field simulations and in good agreement with experimental results in the literature. The present study demonstrates a general, powerful analytical theoretical framework to predict the strain phase equilibria and domain wall orientations of polydomain structures applicable to both high‐ and low‐symmetry ferroelectrics and provide fundamental insights into the equilibrium domain structures of ferroelectric KxNa1 − xNbO3 thin films that are of technology relevance for lead‐free dielectric and piezoelectric applications.

Optimising of thermal insulation thickness based on wall orientations and solar radiation using heating-degree hour method

Buildings consume more than a third of the world's energy demand, and painstaking adjusting the insulation thickness of external walls is an effective way to save energy. Thermal insulation plays an important role by reducing the heat transfer rate to save energy, and it is important to determine the thickness of the appropriate insulation material in the walls. In this research, considering only the heating factor, four different building materials (Pumice, Hollow concrete block - HCB, Hollow red clay block - HRCB and Reinforced concrete - RC) and eight different insulation materials (Extruded polystyrene - XPS, Expanded polystyrene - EPS, Expanded polyurethane - PUR, Wood fiber - WF, Hemp fiber - HF, Linen fiber - LF, Fiber glass - FG and Sheep wool - SW) are investigated on the exterior of a building in Sivas province of Türkiye. To reach more accurate results, life cycle cost analysis is taken as a basis, and the optimal insulation thicknesses, payback periods and energy savings of 32 different wall + insulation combinations with solar radiation (SR) are estimated using heating degree-hours. The heating requirement of a building covers more than three quarters of the year in Sivas, depending on different facing walls. These rates are calculated as 85 % (without SR), 80 % (North), 78 % (West), 77 % (East) and 75 % (South). Results also showed that the total minimum heating cost, the total maximum energy saving cost and the shorthest payback period are obtained HRCB + FG + South with 14.19 €/m2, RC + FG + solar radiation free with 72.76 €/m2 and RC + LF + solar radiation free with 1.60 year.

New Behavioural Trends of Plan Asymmetric Limited Ductile Buildings Revealed by Incremental Dynamic Analysis

ABSTRACT The drift demand of plan-asymmetric buildings in low seismicity regions was studied by employing Incremental Dynamic Analysis to track the influence of torsion. A stepped increase in the (3D/2D) drift demand ratio was observed as the limit of yield was surpassed. This amplification phenomenon, which is typically muted with high, or moderate, ductility demand has not been reported in research literature on building responses in high seismic conditions. However, the undesirable torsion-induced amplification cannot be ignored as limited ductile buildings are particularly vulnerable depending on the disposition, number, size and orientation of the structural walls.

Encoded Landscapes: A Link between Inka Wall Orientations and Andean Geomorphology

While some Inka structures and motifs align with astronomical and horizon markers, a significant portion of their constructions exhibit different patterns. We examined the potential correlation between the orientation patterns of the Inka walls and Andean geomorphology, aiming to uncover the extent to which the physical landscape guided these ancient architectural design methodologies. Using geospatial technology and specially developed peak detection and recognition software, we extensively and meticulously analyzed over 40,000 m of surveyed Inka walls and 20,000 mountain peaks across 11 distinct geographical areas. The analysis revealed a significant correlation between key wall orientations and the parallel peak alignment of the Andean Mountain Range. This suggests a purposeful encoding of landscape orientations into Inka architecture. These findings propose a novel perspective on the intricate relationship between Inka culture and the Andean highlands’ topography. Furthermore, this research introduces a distinctive methodological approach to exploring the impact of natural landscapes on architectural planning, establishing a foundation for comparative studies among other ancient civilizations.

Non‐Destructive Tomographic Nanoscale Imaging of Ferroelectric Domain Walls

AbstractExtraordinary physical properties arise at polar interfaces in oxide materials, including the emergence of 2D electron gases, sheet‐superconductivity, and multiferroicity. A special type of polar interface is ferroelectric domain walls, where electronic reconstruction phenomena can be driven by bound charges. Great progress has been achieved in the characterization of such domain walls and, over the last decade, their potential for next‐generation nanotechnology has become clear. Established tomography techniques, however, are either destructive or offer insufficient spatial resolution, creating a pressing demand for 3D imaging compatible with future fabrication processes. Here, non‐destructive tomographic imaging of ferroelectric domain walls is demonstrated using secondary electrons. Utilizing conventional scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the position, orientation, and charge state of hidden domain walls are reconstructed at distances up to several hundreds of nanometers away from the surface. A mathematical model is derived that links the SEM intensity variations at the surface to the local domain wall properties, enabling non‐destructive tomography with good noise tolerance on the timescale of seconds. The SEM‐based approach facilitates high‐throughput screening of materials with functional domain walls and domain‐wall‐based devices, which is essential for monitoring during the production of device architectures and quality control in real‐time.

Plant periderm as a continuum in structural organisation: a tracheophyte-wide survey and hypotheses on evolution.

Periderm is a well-known structural feature with vital roles in protection of inner plant tissues and wound healing. Despite its importance to plant survival, knowledge of periderm occurrences outside the seed plants is limited and the evolutionary origins of periderm remain poorly explored. Here, we review the current knowledge of the taxonomic distribution of periderm in its two main forms - canonical periderm (periderm formed as a typical ontogenetic stage) and wound periderm (periderm produced as a self-repair mechanism) - with a focus on major plant lineages, living and extinct. We supplement the published occurrences with data based on our own observations and experiments. This updated body of data reveals that the distribution of wound periderm is more widespread taxonomically than previously recognized and some living and extinct groups are capable of producing wound periderm, despite canonical periderm being absent from their normal developmental program. A critical review of canonical and wound periderms in extant and fossil lineages indicates that not all periderms are created equal. Their organisation is widely variable and the differences can be characterised in terms of variations in three structural features: (i) the consistency in orientation of periclinal walls within individual files of periderm cells; (ii) the lateral coordination of periclinal walls between adjacent cell files; and (iii) whether a cambial layer and conspicuous layering of inward and outward derivatives can be distinguished. Using a new system of scoring periderm structure based on these criteria, we characterise the level of organisation of canonical and wound periderms in different lineages. Looking at periderms through the lens provided by their level of organisation reveals that the traditional image of periderm as a single generalised feature, is best viewed as a continuum of structural configurations that are all predicated by the same basic process (periclinal divisions), but can fall anywhere between very loosely organized (diffuse periclinal growth) to very tightly coordinated (organized periclinal growth). Overall, wound periderms in both seed plants and seed-free plants have lower degrees of organisation than canonical periderms, which may be due to their initiation in response to inherently disruptive traumatic events. Wound and canonical periderms of seed plants have higher degrees of organisation than those of seed-free plants, possibly due to co-option of the programs responsible for organizing their vascular cambial growth. Given the importance of wound periderm to plant survival, its widespread taxonomic distribution, and its early occurrence in the fossil record, we hypothesise that wound periderm may have had a single origin in euphyllophytes and canonical periderm may have originated separately in different lineages by co-option of the basic regulatory toolkit of wound periderm formation. In one evolutionary scenario, wound periderm regulators activated initially by tissue tearing due to tensional stresses elicited by woody growth underwent heterochronic change that switched their activation trigger from tissue tearing to the tensional stresses that precede it, with corresponding changes in the signalling that triggered the regulatory cascade of periderm development from tearing-induced signals to signalling induced by tension in cells.

General Local Reactive Boundary Condition for Dissolution and Precipitation Using the Lattice Boltzmann Method

AbstractA general and local reactive boundary condition (RBC) for studying first‐order equilibrium reactions using the lattice Boltzmann method is presented. Its main characteristics are accurate reproduction of wall diffusion, invariance to the wall and grid orientation, and absence of nonphysical artifacts. The scheme is successfully tested for different benchmark cases considering diffusion, advection, and reactions of fluids at solid‐liquid interfaces. Unlike other comparable RBCs from the literature, the novel scheme is valid for a large range of Péclet and Damköhler numbers, and shows realistic pattern formation during precipitation. In addition, quantitative results are in good accordance with analytical solutions and values from literature. Combining the new RBC with the rest fraction method, Péclet‐Reynolds ratios of up to 1,000 can be achieved. Overall, the novel RBC accurately models first‐order reactions, is applicable for complex geometries, and allows efficiently simulating dissolution and precipitation phenomena in fluids at the pore scale.

Multi-Stage Sensitivity Analysis of the Energy Demand for the Cooling of Grain Warehouses in Cold Regions of China

The early design parameters exert a considerable influence on the cooling energy demand of a granary building in operation. In order to investigate the impact of various parameters on energy use, a grain warehouse energy model was constructed using the Ladybug + Honeybee tools on the Grasshopper platform. Three global energy sensitivity methods were used to analyze the model, and the sizes of the influential parameters were determined and ranked. The study uncovered that the cooling energy demand of the grain warehouse was primarily influenced by factors such as the cooling set-point temperature, roof solar absorptance, roof and exterior wall insulation thickness, window type, and orientation. On this basis, a local sensitivity analysis was conducted for the highly sensitive parameters to identify their influence trend and optimal design range. The results showed that the cooling energy demand of the grain warehouse increases faster as the cooling set-point temperature decreases, with the highest growth rate occurring at a temperature below 18 °C. Lower solar absorptance of the roof is conducive to reducing the cooling energy demand of the grain warehouse. When the thickness of the roof thermal insulation is less than 120 mm and the thickness of the external wall thermal insulation is less than 60 mm, energy use decreases more quickly with greater insulation thickness. It is advisable to use traditional or new windows with thermal insulation and shuttered windows. Furthermore, the optimal position of the long side of the granary was between 10° west and 10° east of north. This research could provide guidance for the energy-saving design and renovation of granary buildings in cold regions of China.

Thermal assessment of lightweight building walls integrated with phase change material under various orientations

This paper presents a comparison of four different wall structures aiming to study the impact of using PCM “phase change material” on the thermal performance of lightweight building walls. The comparison was done using simulation based on the weather conditions in Sharjah, UAE, and five different wall orientations were involved in the comparative analysis: horizontal, east-facing, west-facing, south-facing, and north-facing walls. The wall without PCM (with 60 mm insulation) was considered the reference case, while the three other walls included an additional inner layer of 10 mm thickness (insulation, PCM-31, and RT-41). All walls were tested at different orientations to find the influence of PCM and orientation on energy consumption. The results showed that the incorporation of PCM has a significant contribution to stability improvement and inner wall temperature fluctuation reduction. This was more considerable in the case of using PCM-31 as PCM where the inner wall temperature was highly stable with minor fluctuations between 26 °C and 27 °C. Compared to the reference case, PCMs reduced the inner wall temperature peak by more than 2 °C. Similarly, PCM-31 demonstrated the best performance regarding indoor heat flux with a peak reduction of 78.6 %, while the performance of RT-41 was also acceptable with a corresponding percentage of 46.4 %. Furthermore, the greatest amount of energy can be saved by utilizing PCM implemented in the roof of the building and on the south facing surfaces of Sharjah.

Optimization of exterior wall insulation in office buildings based on wall orientation: Economic, energy and carbon saving potential in China

The aim of this study is to optimize the exterior wall insulation of different orientations to further reduce the heating and cooling energy consumption of office buildings, and to analyze its economic, energy and carbon saving potential in China. A six-story office building was selected as the case building and its energy consumption was evaluated using TRNSYS, considering variations in latitude, window-to-wall ratio, aspect ratio, and exterior wall U-values of four orientations. In addition, the exterior wall insulation in four directions was optimized by coupling artificial neural network and genetic algorithm. The main results showed that in the 20°N to 40°N region of China, the GA-optimized exterior wall U-values were highest in the southern direction, followed by the eastern and western directions, and finally the northern direction. In addition, overall, the optimal combination of exterior wall U-values showed a trend of high at low latitudes and low at high latitudes, and increased with increasing WWR and decreased with increasing AR. Finally, compared to the exterior wall requirements for energy efficient buildings in GB 55015-2021, the optimized office buildings at low altitude in China showed a 3.26 %, 6.77 % and 6.59 % reduction in ALCC, total energy consumption and total carbon emissions respectively.

Permissible domain walls in monoclinic MAB ferroelectric phases.

The concept of monoclinic ferroelectric phases has been extensively used over recent decades for the understanding of crystallographic structures of ferroelectric materials. Monoclinic phases have been actively invoked to describe the phase boundaries such as the so-called morphotropic phase boundary in functional perovskite oxides. These phases are believed to play a major role in the enhancement of such functional properties as dielectricity and electromechanical coupling through rotation of spontaneous polarization and/or modification of the rich domain microstructures. Unfortunately, such microstructures remain poorly understood due to the complexity of the subject. The goal of this work is to formulate the geometrical laws behind the monoclinic domain microstructures. Specifically, the result of previous work [Gorfman et al. (2022). Acta Cryst. A78, 158-171] is implemented to catalog and outline some properties of permissible domain walls that connect `strain' domains with monoclinic (MA/MB type) symmetry, occurring in ferroelectric perovskite oxides. The term `permissible' [Fousek & Janovec (1969). J. Appl. Phys. 40, 135-142] pertains to the domain walls connecting a pair of `strain' domains without a lattice mismatch. It was found that 12 monoclinic domains may form pairs connected along 84 types of permissible domain walls. These contain 48 domain walls with fixed Miller indices (known as W-walls) and 36 domain walls whose Miller indices may change when free lattice parameters change as well (known as S-walls). Simple and intuitive analytical expressions are provided that describe the orientation of these domain walls, the matrices of transformation between crystallographic basis vectors and, most importantly, the separation between Bragg peaks, diffracted from each of the 84 pairs of domains, connected along a permissible domain wall. It is shown that the orientation of a domain wall may be described by the specific combination of the monoclinic distortion parameters r = [2/(γ - α)][(c/a) - 1], f = (π - 2γ)/(π - 2α) and p = [2/(π - α - γ)] [(c/a) - 1]. The results of this work will enhance understanding and facilitate investigation (e.g. using single-crystal X-ray diffraction) of complex monoclinic domain microstructures in both crystals and thin films.

Integrating physical model-based features and spatial contextual information to estimate building height in complex urban areas

Building height, as an essential measure of urban vertical structure, is key to understanding how urbanization is reshaping inner-city characteristics, particularly in developing countries. However, estimating building height in urban environments remains challenging. Building height estimation with physical model-based feature approaches and machine learning approaches are limited by a constrained large-scale application capability and the lack of physical significance, respectively. In this study, we proposed a two-step method to estimate building height in spatially heterogeneous urban areas by integrating the merits of machine learning approaches and physical model-based features, together with spatial contextual information. First, we trained a block-level machine learning model on Hangzhou block units to estimate average block-level building height as spatial contextual information. Second, we trained a building-level machine learning model to estimate the final building height of Hangzhou with the estimated spatial contextual information and additional physical model-based features, including radar look angle, building wall orientation, the length of the building, and dielectric constants of the building wall. Our results showed that the proposed method can largely improve the performance of building height estimation, with an overall R2 and RMSE of 0.76 and 6.64 m, respectively. Incorporating physical model-based features and spatial contextual information reduced model RMSE by 32 %. Compared with existing methods, our proposed model demonstrated a better accuracy performance and improved capability in addressing the prevailing overestimation of low-rise buildings and the underestimation of high-rise buildings in highly heterogeneous urban areas.

Frost Damage Risk in Insulated Masonry Walls: Challenges in Analysing Large Number of Numerical Simulations

This paper presents and applies a methodology for conducting and analysing large number of numerical simulations to investigate the risk of frost damage in internally insulated masonry walls. In this context, 2500 simulations were conducted with Delphin 6 software following a full factorial design with six input variables: insulation material, insulation thickness, brick thickness, brick type, interior water vapour production and wall orientation. The methodology is applied to investigate four different aspects: (1) the choice of damage indicator, (2) the impact of critical temperature and moisture content, (3) the location of investigation and (4) the impact of wall properties and boundary conditions on the risk of frost damage. The simulations show a good correlation between the different indicators and point out the large impact of critical values for temperature and moisture content on the risk of frost damage. It also shows that brick type, insulation thickness and orientation are important parameters when looking at the risk of frost damage. Lastly, it suggests that an investigation point at 10 mm from the exterior surface should be preferred rather than the 5 mm generally used in the literature. The main limitation of this study is related to its transferability. On the one hand, transferring the methodology would require a simple adaptation of the statistical model used. On the other hand, transferring the results obtained from applying the methodology is more complicated since those are highly case-related. Further work should focus on the generalization of these conclusions, including – but not limited to – other climatic data and other material properties.

Effects of Annealing and Domain Structure on the Photovoltaic Response in Pb[(Mg1/3Nb2/3)0.70Ti0.30]O3 Single Crystal

Crystalline acentricity leading to the photovoltaic (PV) effect in ferroelectrics (FEs) emerges these materials as important candidates for the PV cells potentially overcoming the Shockley–Queisser limit of semiconductors. However, this research direction still requires more investigations to develop reliable pathways for PV efficiency optimization. Herein, it is reported that due to the sample annealing above the Curie point the PV effect asymmetry with respect to the poling sign can be compensated and intrinsic PV response of the FE crystal can be increased by more than 20% in comparison with the pristine sample. It is also reported how the orientation of domain walls can be used to engineer the PV effect in the subcoercive electric field region. The reported results contribute to better understanding of PV effect tuning in the FEs paving the way for more efficient and sustainable solar energy utilization.

Study on the impact of material extrusion factors on the compressive characteristics of honeycomb lattice-structured Onyx™ composites

Honeycomb structures have a wide variety of applications in engineering, architecture, and transportation. Latticing, facilitated by additive manufacturing (AM), can effectively accelerate development of customizable structures. This paper introduces a systematic experimental approach to investigate the impact of various material extrusion (MEX) factors on the physical and mechanical characteristics of triangular honeycomb lattice-structured Onyx™ composites. The experimental study is conducted by varying MEX factors such as layer height, infill density, build orientation, infill pattern, and number of walls and their impact on the physical property (density), mechanical property (compressive strength), and structural property of the lattice structure (structural area deviation). The results highlight that the optimal combination for obtaining the maximum compressive strength is 0.1 mm layer height, 50% infill density, 90° build orientation, rectilinear infill pattern, and a wall count of three. The MEX factors like infill density, build orientation and infill pattern have a significant impact on the physical properties. Furthermore, the lattice-structured Onyx™ composite with three walls exhibits buckling phenomenon at a slower rate when compared to the lattice-structured Onyx™ composites with one and two walls. The structural area deviation of the integrated lattice is majorly influenced by the layer height and build orientation. The optimized condition for a higher load bearing capability is employed for developing a topologically optimized lattice-structured bracket. It has potential to be used for sports-action cameras, medical/dental instruments, preoperative surgical planning, crowns and bridges, copings and casts.

Numerical simulation of the particle wall mass transfer rates on rough surfaces confining turbulent natural convection flows

We performed numerical simulations of the particle mass transfer rates on the horizontal and vertical thermally active rough walls confining a turbulent natural convection flow. We considered the air flow conditions in a cubical cavity (L=1.22m, Ra=5.4·108, Pr=0.71) with two opposed pairs of consecutive walls at different temperatures, for which measurements of the particle deposition velocities are reported in the literature. The simulations were carried out by solving the momentum, thermal energy and particle mass transfer equations using a series of two-dimensional computational cell units to determine spatial evolution and development of the particle concentration boundary layer in the vicinity of hot and cold rough walls. Different flow conditions, wall orientations, sizes of roughness elements, particle diameters and temperature increments between the wall and the bulk fluid, typically found in indoor environments, have been considered and consequently, results can be used to estimate the particle deposition rates in real scenarios. At large mass transfer particle Péclet numbers, corresponding to spherical particles with diameters of 0.5–1 μm, the wall mass transfer rates of particles on rough textures typically increase by a factor of about 3 in comparison with the deposition on smooth surfaces. The thermophoretic effect significantly decreases the particle deposition on hot surfaces and increases it on cold surfaces, especially at large particle Péclet numbers. The numerical predictions of the deposition velocities are in good agreement with the measurements reported in the literature for the same flow conditions considered.

Applying recent efficient numerical methods for long-term simulations of heat transfer in walls to optimize thermal insulation

Since transient simulations are quite resource intensive, the winter heat loss through building walls is often estimated by simple steady-state calculation based on e.g. the Degree-days method, which is often rather inaccurate. In this work, transient simulations are performed using the very recent leapfrog-hopscotch and modified Dufort-Frankel techniques, which are the most effective explicit and stable numerical algorithms to cope with heat transport issues, according to prior investigations. The optimum insulation thickness, energy savings, and payback time are determined using an economic model that takes into account the orientation of the outside walls, solar radiation, the cost of insulating material, the present cost of energy consumption, and the cost over the 25-year lifetime of a building in Miskolc City and a case is studied in the cold season. Three materials (Expanded Polystyrene (EPS), glass-wool, and rock-wool) and several thicknesses are examined. As a result, it was found that for the north-oriented wall, the optimum insulation thickness is (17, 22, and 12 cm) and the life cycle energy savings are (142.5, 153, and 132.12 kWh/m2) for the EPS, glass-wool, and rock-wool, respectively, while the payback time is (3.73, 3.14, and 4.33 years). According to the analysis of the life cycle energy savings, the optimal insulation properties can be achieved using 22 cm thick glass wool, which only slightly depends on the orientation of the wall.

Effect of Aspect Ratio and Boundary Condition with Respect to the Bed Joint Orientation of Clay and Modified Concrete Brick Masonry Walls Against Impact Loading

Effect of Aspect Ratio and Boundary Condition with Respect to the Bed Joint Orientation of Clay and Modified Concrete Brick Masonry Walls Against Impact Loading