Women's Orientation Research Articles

Socio-Cultural Portrait of Modern Gagaus Woman

Based on the materials of ethno-sociological and ethno demographic studies from the Soviet and post-Soviet times, carried out by Russian and Moldavian scientists, the article presents a dynamic, socio-cultural image of a Gagauz woman. Different aspects of a modern woman’s life are considered: her life values, attitude to labour, education, wealth, marriage and family. The article also raises questions about religion, ethnic identity, language skills, labour migration of Gagauz women, the transformation of gender stereotypes in Gagauz society. Powerful globalization processes, socio-economic and spiritual crisis, a high level of impoverishment among the population, as well as the pandemic, have greatly affected the worldview system of people. In the Gagauz society, which is now at the stage of transitioning from a traditional to a modern type of society, the most important moral values and spiritual and moral orientations of women have embodied traditional as well as innovative features. The dynamics of the Gagauz women’s spiritual world is strongly influenced by social transformations related to international labour migration that has to a great extent changed the habitual gender roles in the Gagauz family, the existing models and stereotypes of men’s and women’s behavior, their statuses and relationships.

Clinical Evaluation of Urinary and Fecal Incontinence in Women Requires Changes in the Perineal Body Assessment

Background: The perineal body (PB) in women plays a role in urinary or fecal incontinence or combined urinary and fecal incontinence. In the general women’s population, the urinary incontinence prevalence is 48.4%, fecal incontinence affects women in 25.6%, and combines urinary and fecal incontinence is 9.4%—the defective PB causing these challenging symptoms is unknown. Surgical or obstetrical injury to this structure can be responsible for those symptoms. The cause of inadvertent damage is directly related to inappropriate teaching gross, topographic, and surgical anatomy. Urinary and fecal incontinence and their potential prevention are of interest to multi clinical specialties and anatomists of undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate educators. Over the last 40 years, the gross, topographic, and clinical anatomy teaching and educational resources place the perineal body within posterior perineal musculatures in the vertical orientation. In this study, the perineal body’s exact anatomical location and orientation will be demonstrated and documented. Methods: Anatomical dissections were conducted on fresh human female adult cadavers to establish the perineal body gross and topographic anatomy in the prospective case series study type. The primary outcome measured the PB’s natural location and its orientation in women. The objective was to assess whether the PB was a part of the posterior perineum and, if not, where this structure’s natural location and orientation occurred. Findings: This study enrolled fifteen fresh-human-adult-female cadavers. Anatomical stratum-by-stratum dissection showed that the PB location was under the posterior-distal vaginal wall in the horizontal orientation. The PB was an oval-shaped, solid, muscular mass without the central tendon point or fascia. Horizontally, the PB median height was 4.2 cm ± 1.6 (SD). Interpretation: Urinary and fecal incontinence can be minimized by adopting the PB’s natural gross and topographic anatomy. The current study well-documented that PB’s location was under the posterior-distal vagina and not within the posterior perineal musculature (the vertical orientation). Additionally, this study presents the opportunity to develop a meaningful surgical intervention. Appropriate clinical evaluation of the PB in the horizontal orientation can strengthen the therapy for symptomatic, defective PB. The prognostic factor of surgical outcomes is to identify site-specific defects on the PB’s anterior and posterior surfaces before surgically re-establishing the PB integrity that can potentially cure female urinary, fecal incontinence, or combine urinary and fecal incontinence. Conclusions: This study’s findings are reproducible and imply that the perineal body is an internal muscular anatomical structure located under the posterior-distal vaginal wall in the horizontal orientation and rests on the rectovaginal septum with multiple extensions to adjacent anatomical structures. Clinicians should assess the perineal body in the horizontal orientation, and the clinical recommendation to evaluate the perineal body vertically should be invalidated. Implementing these study findings to the clinical use can play a significant role in urinary and fecal incontinence in women. The perineal body undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate teaching should be revised. Additional clinical-scientific research on the perineal body is needed. Funding Statement: The study did not receive any grant. Declaration of Interests: None. Ethics Approval Statement: The deceased’s family provided consent to perform anatomical dissection research on the urogenital organs, and the family could withdraw the permission at any time. The local Bioethics Committee of the Medical University approved the study protocol (AKBE 146/12).

Women high on the Dark Triad traits are more attracted to narcissistic males if they are oriented to long term mating and had fewer experiences with unfaithful men

Mating success is an important issue in modern societies. One in two adults reports poor mating performance. One solution to this problem is to know as much as possible about human mating preferences. In this research, we investigated if women (N = 223) high on the Dark Triad Traits are attracted to males with high levels of narcissism and tested the moderation effect of women's mating orientation and experience with unfaithful men. We showed that women high on all the Dark Triad traits were attracted to males with high narcissism levels. Women with high levels of Machiavellianism, narcissism, or psychopathy that were oriented to long term mating were more attracted to males high on narcissism. Women high on psychopathy who had many experiences with unfaithful men are less attracted by males with high narcissism levels. Experiences with infidelity did not affect the relationships between women's Machiavellianism and narcissism on the one hand and attraction to males high on narcissism, on the other hand. Our research supports the idea of positive assortative mating of women high on the Dark Triad traits, which is conditional on mating orientation and experience with infidelity.

Social Orientation in the Luteal Phase: Increased Social Feedback Sensitivity, Inhibitory Response, Interpersonal Anxiety and Cooperation Preference.

Cyclical fluctuations of the ovarian hormones estrogen (E2) and progesterone (PROG) have multiple effects on reproduction and development. However, little is known about the roles of E2 and PROG in women's social behaviors. Here, based on evolutionary theory suggesting social sensitivity and inhibition ability are conductive to maintaining social relationships, we provide evidence for the association between menstrual phases and social orientation. In Study 1, 78 women provided saliva samples and reported their intensity of behavioral activation/inhibition system (BAS/BIS) and interpersonal sensitivity at either of two phases of the menstrual cycle: late follicular phase (FP), and mid-luteal phase (LP). A significant between-subject association emerged, revealing that women with higher PROG levels reported higher levels of social feedback sensitivity, and women with relatively high PROG levels showed a positive association between their E2 levels and inhibitory response. In Study 2, 30 women reported their interpersonal anxiety and finished the social value orientation (SVO) measures at both late FP and mid-LP. A significant within-person effect emerged: women in the mid-LP, which is characterized by higher PROG levels, reported higher levels of interpersonal anxiety and SVO. In sum, these findings revealed that women's social orientation could fluctuate naturally with ovarian hormones across the menstrual cycle.

The role of women's entrepreneurial orientation to access external financial supports: empirical evidence from the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia using PLS-SEM

The role of women's entrepreneurial orientation to access external financial supports: empirical evidence from the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia using PLS-SEM

Typical socio-economic behavioural orientations of women in the Tatarstan labour market

The article presents the results of a study aimed at determining the behavioral trajectories of women as a significant demographic segment, differentiated by gender, and identifying its significance for the process of formation and transformation of the market mechanism of the labor market in the Republic of Tatarstan. Forecasts of the impact of modern strategies of women’s labor behavior are substantiated from the standpoint of their determinant as a factor of demographic self-determination. In this regard, the strategies of women’s labor behavior identified by the authors allow to form a conceptually and methodologically justified model for managing the labor market mechanism in Tatarstan, including in relation to predictive decisions of a preventive policy for managing the market mechanism in order to optimize the use of the female labor force, creating demographically favorable conditions for increasing the number of qualified labor force, reduction of social tension and growth of socio-economic activity of the population in relation to the formation, distribution and use of labor force. The analysis of the obtained data allowed to identify four types of the correlation of the reproductive behavior of women and the strategy of labor activity chosen by them. The main types of labor behavior of women in the Republic of Tatarstan were identified as materially oriented, “health-caring”, “family-centered” and professionally oriented. The women interviewed in the study determine their reproductive strategies in accordance with the peculiarities of their self-realization in life, as well as with predetermined behavioral attitudes. Most women lack independence in issues of reproductive self-regulation. Consequently, in the choice of the nature and amount of work, most likely, women will not be completely self-sufficient. The authors also found that most women are focused on creating a family and having children. Thus, the main strategy of work behavior for them will be to combine work with childcare. However, it is worth noting that there are also a large number of young girls who belong to the “professional orientation” group and participate in primary and secondary professional integration. The results of the study led to the conclusion that the younger generation of women in the Republic of Tatarstan is focused to a greater extent on labor activity than on reproductive on

Kinerja Wirausahawati Umkm Diy Berbasis Orientasi Kewirausahaan Di Masa Pandemi Covid-19

Women are increasingly having an important role in improving the country’s economy through the umkm sector. The condition of the Covid-19 pandemic could have an impact on decreasing the performance of women workers or vice versa, in fact there wasan increase in oerformance in several umkm as a result of proactive,innovative behavior and courage in taking risks from entrepreneurs.this study aims to analyze the factors that influence the performance of self-employed entrepreneurs based on the entrepreneurship orientation of umkm diy. This study uses a causal quantitative deisgn.data source based on survey.technique sampling using random sampling of 100.method of data analysis using multiple regression analysis.the results showed that simultaneously the entrepreneurial orientation of women entrepreneurs consisting of factors of proactiveness, innovativeness, and risk taking to significantly affect the performance of umkmdiy entrepreneurs during the covid19 pandemic. However, partially risk taking entrepreneurial orentation factors are not proven to significantly affect the performance of umkm diy entrepreneurs during the covid 19 pandemic.the conclusion of the study shows that the performance of umkm female entrepreneurs during the pandemic covid19 based on entrepreneurrial orientation is proven to be significant except for the risk taking.this insignificance is due to different types of business so that the level of risk and risk taking preference will be different.

Effects of Male Facial Masculinity on Perceived Attractiveness

Studies suggest that high levels of masculinity in men can be a signal of 'better genes' as well as low parental investment. It is the trade-off between these two qualities that has led to the hypothesis that women's preferences for male masculinity are condition-dependent, yet, not all studies support this hypothesis. In addition, there is evidence that more average faces would be perceived as more attractive. Here we study the variation in masculinity preferences of a cohort of heterosexual women (n=769), using manipulated 3D faces of male subjects. We used linear mixed models to test for effects of various covariates such as relationship status, use of hormonal contraception, sociosexual orientation and self-perceived attractiveness on preference for masculinity. Our results show that women's sociosexual orientation has a positive correlation with masculinity preference while using hormonal contraception decreases this preference. None of the other covariates displayed any significant effect on masculinity preference. The initial level of masculinity of the faces (very low, low, average, high and very high) was also shown to affect this preference, where we found a significant preference for higher masculinity in the very low and average group, while no preference was found in the other groups. Our findings support the notion that condition-dependent variables have very small effects, if any, on women's preference for masculinity in men.

College women leaders, 1985–2015: achievement motivations across generations

PurposeGiven continuing gender inequality in the upper echelons of organizations, women's leadership aspirations and orientations are of significant research interest. Controversy remains as to whether today's “Millennial” college women approach work with different leadership aspirations and attitudes than previous generational cohorts. This study compares the leadership and achievement orientations of college women leaders from 1985 to 2015, along with peer comparators from 2015.Design/methodology/approachData were obtained from attendees at a conference for college women leaders in 1985 and 2015; male and female comparators were surveyed in 2015.FindingsComparing 1985 and 2015 cohorts of college women leaders suggests both similarity and change, as well as differences between women leaders and their male and female peers. Women leaders from 2015 demonstrated no differences in intrinsic direct achievement, lower self-esteem and higher power apprehension and lower levels of leadership motivation compared to the 1985 cohort. Millennial women leaders reported higher intrinsic direct and power direct achievement than male and female peers, with men higher on competitive achievement than either female group. Millennial women were more concerned about workplace gender equity, about sharing household responsibilities and were more favorable toward using external childcare while working compared to male peers.Practical implicationsImplications for developing young women with leadership potential are discussed.Originality/valueThese results make a strong contribution to understanding the leadership aspirations, achievement orientations and work–life expectations of the next generation of organizational leaders.

Lesbian Women Undergoing Assisted Reproduction: Diverse, But Not Different.

The use of assisted reproduction among women in relationships with other women has increased in the United States over the past decade as a result of increased legal access and social acceptance. Despite this shift, limited studies currently exist to guide optimal fertility care for this growing patient population of women seeking assisted reproduction. In this Commentary, assisted reproduction will be meant to include ovulation induction, intrauterine insemination (IUI), and in vitro fertilization (IVF). Conflicting studies suggest that self-identified lesbian women may demonstrate an increased prevalence of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Most available studies find that a woman's sexual orientation does not affect the outcome of fertility treatment. Self-identified lesbian women undergoing donor sperm IUI and IVF have similar pregnancy and live-birth rates as heterosexual women. Better evidence regarding patient demographics and comorbidities, underlying etiologies of subfertility, and assisted reproductive outcomes among women building families with other women is needed to optimize care.

The role of women's entrepreneurial orientation to access external financial supports: Empirical evidence from the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia using PLS-SEM

Majority of women entrepreneurs fight with problems in obtaining financial resources. The present research aims to examine how entrepreneurial orientation can be new factors to create the financial capability for women entrepreneurs. Using a sample of 55 women entrepreneurs in the culinary sector the results showed that entrepreneurial orientation will create the financial capability of women entrepreneurs in getting access to financial supports. The results indicate that the ability to manage the finance of women entrepreneurs will increase an economic-wellbeing, and these become even more important during an economic downturn when additional pressures are placed on the household's finances.

The Relationship of Acculturation, Traumatic Events and Depression in Female Refugees.

Recent research has identified significant correlations between traumatic events and depression in refugees. However, few studies have addressed the role of acculturation strategies in this relationship. This study explored the relationship between cultural orientation, traumatic events and depression in female refugees from Syria, Afghanistan, Eritrea, Iran, Iraq, and Somalia living in Germany. We expected acculturation strategies to moderate the effect of traumatic experiences on depression. The sample included 98 female refugees in Germany. The depression scale of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL) represented the dependent measure. The trauma checklists derived from the Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) as well as the Frankfurt Acculturation Scale (FRACC) were used as independent measures for traumatic events and orientation toward the host culture as well as orientation toward the culture of origin, respectively. A moderation analysis was conducted to examine whether the relationship between the number of traumatic events and depression was influenced by the women’s orientation toward the culture of origin and the host culture. We identified a significant model explaining 26.85% of the variance in depressive symptoms (Cohen’s f2 = 0.37). The number of traumatic events and the orientation toward the host culture exerted significant effects on depressive symptoms. The moderating effect was not significant, indicating that the effect of the number of traumatic events was not influenced by cultural orientation. Based on our results, orientation toward the host culture as well as traumatic experiences exert independent effects on depressive symptoms in refugees.

Women with Nonclassic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Have Gender, Sexuality, and Quality-Of-Life Features Similar to those of Nonaffected Women

Objective: Females with the severe classic forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia reportedly have a higher frequency of atypical gender identity, nonheterosexual sexual relationships, and cross-gender role behavior. Comparable data and quality-of-life measures among those with the milder, more prevalent form, nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia, are scarce. We aimed to assess health-related quality of life, gender identity, role, and sexual orientation in women with nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia via a prospective, questionnaire-based, case-control study. Methods: Thirty-eight women with nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (median age 34 years; range, 18 to 44 years) and 62 age-matched female controls were recruited. Outcome measures included the Multi-Gender Identity, Sexuality, and World Health Organization (WHO) quality-of-life questionnaires. Results: Sociodemographic parameters (marital status, number of children, and educational level) were similar for both groups, as were most measures of the Multi-Gender Identity, Sexuality, and WHO quality-of-life questionnaires. However, "sometimes-feeling-as-a-man and sometimes-feeling-as-a-woman" were more frequently reported in the study group compared to the controls (7/38 [18.4%] vs. 3/62 [4.8%], respectively; P = .02). Furthermore, more nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia women reported first falling in love with a woman (4/37 [10.8%] vs. 0/58 [0%]; P = .02). Conclusion: Our findings suggest possible subtle differences in gender identity and sexual orientation between adult nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia females and controls. Quality of life was not impaired in individuals within the study group. The impact of exposure to mildly elevated androgen levels during childhood and adolescence on the female brain warrants more in-depth assessment in further studies. Abbreviations: CAH = congenital adrenal hyperplasia; Multi-GIQ = Multi-Gender Identity Questionnaire; NCCAH = nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia; QoL = quality of life.

Social and Demographic Characteristics of the Women Focused on Career of Different Type

The article features the phenomenon of career in modern social and economic conditions. The research studied career orientations of the personality, e.g. its definitions and role in career planning. The authors proved the relevance of studies in career orientation for social and professional development of women. The empirical research involved career orientations of women with inclination to a certain type of career in the context of their social and demographic characteristics. The authors analyzed such social and demographic characteristics as age, qualifications, work experience, marital and parental status, occupation, the sphere of employment, and income level. The research revealed specific features of women characterized by domination of a certain career orientation type, i.e. horizontal, vertical, or conditions-oriented. 18– 21-year-old unmarried childless women appeared to be focused on vertical career, competition, overcoming, difficult tasks, etc. 22–35- year-old mothers were more likely to reveal orientation to the horizontal type of career planning. Divorcees and widows tended to be conditions-oriented. The obtained data can be used in career guidance.

Fertility Status in Visual Processing of Men’s Attractiveness

Physical characteristics, such as a V-shaped torso and body hair, are visually salient information that reflect a potential mate’s immunocompetence, status, and reproductive potential (Dixson et al. 2014; Singh 1994), and are thus often desired by women. Recently, the use of eye tracking in attraction research has demonstrated that visual patterns are behavioral indices of interest in a potential mate. Two studies investigated women’s visual perception of men’s attractiveness across different phases of the menstrual cycle (i.e., low vs. high fertility) while manipulating hair distribution across waist to chest ratios. In study 1 (N = 83), men with low (0.7) waist to chest ratios were rated as more attractive, and women focused most of their visual attention to the upper region of the body (i.e., head and midriff). There were no differences in visual attention as a function of fertility status. Study 2 (N = 53) replicated the findings from study 1 and found support for visual differences across the menstrual cycle using progesterone. Women viewed the head region (i.e., face) longer and took more time viewing men in general during the fertile phase of their menstrual cycle (low progesterone) compared to the nonfertile phase (high progesterone). Study 2 also showed that visual attention to the head and chest region was influenced by short-term mating orientation. The findings add to the existing literature on visual attention and attraction, and they contribute new findings in determining differences in visual perception across the menstrual cycle and mating orientation in women.

The paradoxes of masculine socialization: from patriarchy to gender-role conflict

The article deals with the causes and problems of masculine socialization and the transformation of gender roles in the society. These processes are analyzed in the interaction of men and women. The authors point out that the gender culture of the society is also being changed. They emphasize the necessity of gender analysis of family, education, employment, political institutions, and the identification of changes in the gender order in the country. This analysis is determined by new trends in the system of life strategies and value orientations of women

Pharmaceutical use according to participation in worksite wellness screening and health campaigns.

This study evaluated whether participation in worksite wellness screening and health campaigns influences the number and cost (USD) of pharmacy medication claims. Analyses are based on 2531 workers employed all four academic years in a large school district in the western United States, 2010–11 through 2013–14. Mean and ratio comparisons were adjusted by age, sex, year, and baseline health. Approximately 84.2% of employees participated in wellness screening and 60.1% completed one or more health campaigns. Those completing wellness screening were 1.09 (95% CI 1.06–1.13) times more likely to file a claim. Mean total cost remained near $934 (SD = $3695) over the academic years, positively associated with years of wellness screening, suggesting increased awareness of the need for medication through screening. Women were 1.02 (95% CI 1.00–1.05) times more likely than men to participate in wellness screening and had greater total pharmacy cost ($990.6 [SD = $4023.7] vs. $777.9 [SD = $2580.5], p = 0.0104). Women were 1.38 (95% CI 1.32–1.44) times more likely to complete a health campaign. Mean number of pharmacy claims was lower (9.8 vs. 10.6, p = 0.0069) in those completing at least one health campaign, suggesting greater health orientation in women. Those completing at least one health campaign were 0.96 (95% CI 0.92–0.99) times as likely to have a total cost of medication above the median, 0.94 (95% CI 0.88–1.01) as likely to have a total cost of medication above the 75th percentile, and 0.84 (0.75–0.96) times as likely to have a total cost above the 90th percentile.

Sexual anxiety and sexual beliefs as mediators of the association between attachment orientation with sexual functioning and distress in university men and women

Previous research has demonstrated the association between sexual functioning and attachment orientation in women. However, the mechanisms of this relation are not yet well understood, and this effect has not been substantially investigated in men. The current study examines the role of sexual anxiety and dysfunctional beliefs about sexuality as mediators of the correlation of attachment orientation with sexual functioning and distress in both women and men. A university sample of men (n=307) and women (n=716) completed questionnaires assessing attachment orientation, sexual functioning, sexual distress, sexual anxiety, and dysfunctional sexual beliefs. Multiple regression analyses indicated that insecure attachment orientation significantly predicted poorer sexual functioning and higher sexual distress in both men and women. Path analyses showed partial mediation of these effects by sexual anxiety and dysfunctional sexual beliefs. Gender differences existed in the specific pattern of associations between the variables. These results suggest that attachment difficulties may facilitate the development of sexual difficulties through an increased vulnerability to maladaptive cognitions and negative affect (specifically anxiety) regarding sexuality.

The Effects of Value Consciousness by Age on Cosmetics Shopping Orientation in Women

The Effects of Value Consciousness by Age on Cosmetics Shopping Orientation in Women

Why Us? Toward an Understanding of Bisexual Women's Vulnerability for and Negative Consequences of Sexual Violence

ABSTRACTAs the literature on sexual violence and its relationship with sexual orientation in women continues to grow, one issue is becoming clear: the need to investigate bisexuality as a correlate of sexual violence and of greater negative outcomes following such violence. Although several studies have noted higher rates and negative consequence of sexual violence in bisexual women, few have attempted to unravel the connections between bisexuality and victimization. In this theoretical article, the authors offer several potential explanatory variables as well as a call for more in-depth research into the unique risks suffered by bisexual women of all races. Drawing from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's ecological model of sexual violence and multiple fields of research, the authors map the potential origins and explanations of these risks by connecting the sexual violence literature with research into heteronormativity and homo/biphobia, studies of intimate partner violence, cultural analyses of media representation of women's sexuality, and contemporary understandings of trauma following sexual violence victimization.