Organs Of Rats Research Articles

Effects of Methanol Extract of Albizia lebbeck Leaves on the Body Weight, Hematological Parameters and Histological Structures of Digestive Organs in Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Due to its use in traditional medication and its leaves and pods being considered as potential fodder for livestock the toxicity of Albizia lebbeck needs to be thoroughly explored. The study evaluated the effects of 70% methanol extract of Albizia lebbeck leaves on body weight, hematological parameters and histopathology of digestive organs in Wistar rats. Twenty-one healthy adult female rats were experimented with and divided into two groups of six and fifteen animals. Six rats were randomly subdivided into two groups of three rats each for plant extract LD50 determination at 2000 mg/kg and 5000 mg/kg dosages, respectively. Fifteen rats were randomly sub-allotted into three groups of five animals. Group I the control received distilled water by gavaging. Groups II and III received 100mg/kg and 400mg/kg of the extract, respectively—treatment covered 30 days. On day 31, the body weight of each rat was recorded before being sacrificed under chloroform. Blood was collected for hematological analysis. The liver and stomach were trimmed and processed for histopathology. The results revealed the LD50 of the extract to begreater than 5000 mg/kg. Extract treatment had no significant effects on the rat’s body weight. A significant (P<0.05) increase in WBC, Eosinophils, RBC, and Hematocrit was revealed at 100 mg/kg of extract treatment. A dosage of 400 mg/kg of the extract caused a significant increase in Eosinophils and Lymphocytes. However, the plant extract caused a significant (P<0.05) decrease in Mean Platelet Volume and Platelet Distribution Width at both doses, Monocytes and Neutrophils at 400 mg/kg and Mean Corpuscular Volume and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin at 100 mg/kg compared with the control. Both doses of the extract treatments caused lesions in the liver characterized by, necrosis, sinusoidal dilatation and inflammatory cell infiltration with no significant lesions in the stomach. In conclusion, the extract of Albizia lebbeck leaves caused a significant decrease in some hematological parameters and some lesions in the liver at 100 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg.

Metabolic fate of DHA from regio- and stereospecific positions of triacylglycerols in a long-term feeding trial in rats

This study investigated the impact of regio- and stereospecific position of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in dietary triacylglycerols (TAGs) on the fatty acid composition of tissues and organs in rats. Four-week feeding with TAGs containing DHA in sn-1, 2, or 3 position and palmitic acid in the remaining positions at a daily dosage of 500 mg TAG/kg body weight significantly increased the DHA content in all organs and tissues in rats, except in the brain, where the change in DHA level was not statistically significant. The group fed sn-1 DHA showed a significantly higher content of DHA in the plasma TAG than the group fed sn-3 DHA. The sn-3 DHA group had higher levels of DHA in the visceral fat compared to the sn-1, sn-2, as well as all other groups. This is the first study showing that DHA from sn-1 and sn-3 positions of dietary TAGs have differential accumulation in tissues. The new findings improved the current knowledge on the significance of TAG isomeric structure for the bioavailability and metabolic fate of DHA.

Reversal of biological age in multiple rat organs by young porcine plasma fraction

Young blood plasma is known to confer beneficial effects on various organs in mice and rats. However, it was not known whether plasma from young adult pigs rejuvenates old rat tissues at the epigenetic level; whether it alters the epigenetic clock, which is a highly accurate molecular biomarker of aging. To address this question, we developed and validated six different epigenetic clocks for rat tissues that are based on DNA methylation values derived from n = 613 tissue samples. As indicated by their respective names, the rat pan-tissue clock can be applied to DNA methylation profiles from all rat tissues, while the rat brain, liver, and blood clocks apply to the corresponding tissue types. We also developed two epigenetic clocks that apply to both human and rat tissues by adding n = 1366 human tissue samples to the training data. We employed these six rat clocks to investigate the rejuvenation effects of a porcine plasma fraction treatment in different rat tissues. The treatment more than halved the epigenetic ages of blood, heart, and liver tissue. A less pronounced, but statistically significant, rejuvenation effect could be observed in the hypothalamus. The treatment was accompanied by progressive improvement in the function of these organs as ascertained through numerous biochemical/physiological biomarkers, behavioral responses encompassing cognitive functions. An immunoglobulin G (IgG) N-glycosylation pattern shift from pro- to anti-inflammatory also indicated reversal of glycan aging. Overall, this study demonstrates that a young porcine plasma-derived treatment markedly reverses aging in rats according to epigenetic clocks, IgG glycans, and other biomarkers of aging.

Study of some detoxification properties of a sorbent based on silicon dioxide

Veterinary sorption preparations are medicinal substances and substances that absorb gases, solid and liquid substances on their surface by adsorption. The purpose of our research was to study the detoxification properties of a sorbent based on silicon dioxide (ADC) obtained from rice processing industry waste during heavy metal poisoning in rats. Mercury dichloride was used for experimental poisoning with heavy metals. Nonlinear rats from the nursery of the RAMS "Rappolovo" were used for the experiment. The live weight of the animals averaged 120 g. 3 groups of animals with 20 rats in each were formed. Group No. 1 received the basic diet, ADC and mercury dichloride, group No. 2 – the basic diet and mercury dichloride in the amount of 25 mg per head. Group No. 3 is a control group, which was fed only the basic diet. The experience lasted 14 days. The results were evaluated by the live weight of animals, clinical blood examination, leukogram examination, pathoanatomic autopsy and massometry of internal organs of rats. In study group No. 1, there was no decrease in the body weight of rats during the 14 days of the experiment, while in study group No. 2, where the sorbent was not used, the body weight of rats decreased by 13.79 g. At the end of the experiment, a pathoanatomical autopsy of the animals was performed. In group No. 1, hemorrhages were observed in the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines. In group No. 2, hemorrhages in the gastric mucosa, damage to the intestines, gallbladder and kidneys were noted, where serous infiltration of connective tissue, large spotty hemorrhages in the serous and mucous membranes were observed. There were no changes in the stomach, intestines, and kidneys in group No. 3. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that there are detoxifying properties of a veterinary sorption preparation based on silicon dioxide obtained from rice husks.

Plantain flour – A beneficial material for the organ and transcriptional profile of kidney of diabetic rats

This study investigated the ameliorative effects of plantain flour on the organs of diabetic rats, and explored the mechanism from the perspective of kidney transcription. Diabetes was induced in rats by streptozotocin (STZ) and a high-sugar and high-fat diet. The alleviation effects and molecular mechanism of diabetes by plantain flour at different doses (1 g/kg·Bw, 2 g/kg·Bw, and 4 g /kg·Bw) were evaluated based on the analysis of biochemical indicators, histological observations, homeostasis model, and kidney transcriptome. The findings demonstrated that the intervention of plantain flour can reduce the level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and urea (UREA). The pathological study revealed that plantain flour can alleviate the pathological symptoms of fat accumulation in liver and kidney tissue. According to the homeostasis model, plantain flour was able to reduce insulin resistance in diabetic rats. Transcriptome analysis showed that plantain flour improved dyslipidemia by up-regulating Acsl1, down-regulating Fabp4 and Plin1, and reduced kidney injury by up-regulating Slco1a6, Hsd17b2, Cyp2c24, and Cyp2c11 genes. These results suggested that plantain flour could improve the organ damage caused by diabetes and has the potential to be developed into healthy food.

Shortwave radiation-induced reproductive organ damage in male rats by enhanced expression of molecules associated with the calpain/Cdk5 pathway and oxidative stress

ABSTRACT Shortwave radiation has been reported to have harmful effects on several organs in humans and animals. However, the biological effects of 27 MHz shortwave on the reproductive system are not clear. In this study, we investigated the effects of shortwave whole-body exposure at a frequency of 27 MHz on structural and functional changes in the testis. Male Wistar rats were exposed to 27 MHz continuous shortwaves at average power densities of 0, 5, 10, or 30 mW/cm2 for 6 min. The levels of insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) and anti-sperm antibodies (AsAb) in the peripheral serum, sperm motility, sperm malformation rate, and testicular tissue structure of rats were analyzed. Furthermore, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, calpain, and Cdk5 expression were analyzed at 1, 7, 14, and 28 days after exposure. We observed that the rats after radiation had decreased serum INSL3 levels (p < 0.01), increased AsAb levels (p < 0.05), decreased percentage of class A+B sperm (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05), increased sperm malformation (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05), injured testicular tissue structure, decreased SOD and CAT activities (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05), increased MDA content (p < 0.01), and testicular tissue expressions of calpain1, calpain2, and Cdk5 were increased (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05). In conclusion, Shortwave radiation caused functional and structural damage to the reproductive organs of male rats. Furthermore, oxidative stress and key molecules in the calpain/Cdk5 pathway are likely involved in this process.

Cytotoxic effects of dose dependent inorganic magnesium oxide nanoparticles on the reproductive organs of rats

Introduction Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) have a variety of applications that have contributed to their elevated popularity, however, the safety and toxic effects on humans are also of concern with these increased applications. There is insufficient data regarding the effect of MgO NPs on reproductive organs, which are crucial aspects to the body’s vital physiological functions. The present study was undertaken in male and female rats to assess the reproductive toxicological potential of two doses (low versus high) of MgO NPs on testicular and ovarian tissues. The toxicity was evaluated using histological, hormonal, and oxidative parameters. Material and Methods In this work, magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) were synthesized by the sol-gel route and were characterized by X ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). Forty-eight adult Wister albino rats were used in this experiment which were divided into groups of male and female, and then further into control, low dose MgO NPs, and high dose MgO NPs. The low dose used was 131.5 mg/kg b.w. (1/10 LD50) while the high dose used was 263 mg/kg b.w. (1/5 LD50). All doses were given orally by gastric tube. After 4 weeks, blood samples were collected to investigate the level of sex hormones and both ovarian and testicular tissues were examined for variable oxidative parameters and histopathological changes by light microscopy. Results The obtained findings showed that high dose of MgO NPs produced considerable changes in sex hormones and stress parameters in both male and female rats in comparison to the low dose and control groups. Histomorphometric analysis demonstrated the presence of histopathological alterations in the testicular and ovarian tissues. Conclusion The results of this study showed dose-dependent adverse effects of MgO NPs on the testis and ovary both functionally and histopathologically as compared to the control rats.

Effect of HYD Drugs on Hemolytic Anemia Induced by Phenylhydrazine Hydrochloride

In conclusion, the conducted experiments showed that the histostructure of the vital internal organs of rats in the control and experimental groups was almost the same. At the same time, drug-related histomorphological changes in their histostructure were not noted. It should be noted separately that the study of the histostructure of the liver and kidney from the parenchymatous organs of the animals that received the studied tincture showed that some morphological signs indicating their functional activity appeared. Therefore, long-term administration of the antianemic compound - DOY tincture to the body does not cause chronic poisoning in animals and any negative reactions in the histostructure of vital internal organs and biochemical analyzes of peripheral blood.

A Study on the role of Tribulus terrestris in cadmium-induced toxicity on some organs of adult male albino rats

A Study on the role of Tribulus terrestris in cadmium-induced toxicity on some organs of adult male albino rats

Protective and immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells on multiorgan injury in male rats with heatstroke

Heatstroke (HS) causes multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) with a mortality rate of 60% after hospitalization. Currently, there is no effective and targeted approach for the treatment of HS. Despite growing evidence that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may reduce multiorgan damage and improve survival through immunomodulatory effects in several diseases, no one has tested whether MSCs have immunomodulatory effects in heatstroke. The present study focused on pathological changes and levels of the cytokines and immunoglobulins to investigate the mechanisms underlying the protective effect and the anti-inflammatory effects of MSCs. We found that MSCs treatment significantly reduced the 28-day mortality rate (P < 0.05), the levels of hepatic and renal function markers on day 1 (P < 0.01) and the pathological lesion scores of multiple organs in HS rats. The levels of IgG1, IgM, and IgA of the HS + MSC group was significantly higher than that in HS group on days 3 and 28(P < 0.05). In conclusion, MSCs contribute to protecting against multiorgan injury, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, stabilizing immunoglobulins, and reducing the mortality rate of HS rats.

Impact of Perinatal Coexposure to Chlorpyrifos and a High-Fat Diet on Kisspeptin and GnRHR Presence and Reproductive Organs.

Emerging evidence has indicated the involvement of extrahypothalamic Kisspeptin and GnRHR in reproductive function. In this study, we evaluate if maternal exposure to the pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) and/or a high-fat diet (HFD) has an impact on the expression of Kisspeptin and GnRHR in the reproductive organs of rats' offspring. A total of 16 pregnant rats are divided into four groups: a control group (n = 4), CPF group (4 rats exposed daily to 1/mg/kg/day), HFD group (4 rats randomly fed a 5.25 kcal/g HFD), and coexposed group (4 rats exposed to CPF and HDF). At postnatal development postnatal day (PND) 60, male and female offspring were sacrificed. The reproductive organs (ovary and testis) were removed, and histological and immunohistological analysis and in silico quantification (TissueGnostics software 6.0.1.102, TissueFAXS, HistoQuest) were applied to investigate the impact of different treatments on Kisspeptin and GnRHR expression in reproductive organs. The main outcomes of the study showed a significant decrease in rat offspring's body weight in the CPF group from PND30 and PND60 (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Histological analysis showed a significant increase in the atretic follicle and abnormal testis structure with germ cell desquamation in the CPF-exposed group. The immunodetection quantification of protein shows a significant decrease in GnRHR and Kisspeptin in the HFD and CPF exposed groups, respectively, in testis rat offspring. Perinatal exposure to CPF and HFD exposure affect the reproduction function of rat offspring.

Actinidia deliciosa Extract as a Promising Supplemental Agent for Hepatic and Renal Complication-Associated Type 2 Diabetes (In Vivo and In Silico-Based Studies).

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic condition associated with obesity, oxidative stress-mediated inflammation, apoptosis, and impaired insulin signaling. The utilization of phytochemical therapy generated from plants has emerged as a promising approach for the treatment of diabetes and its complications. Kiwifruit is recognized for its substantial content of antioxidative phenolics. Therefore, this work aimed to examine the effect of Actinidia deliciosa (kiwi fruit) on hepatorenal damage in a high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T2D in rats using in vivo and in silico analyses. An increase in hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation was observed in diabetic rats accompanied by a decrease in antioxidant status. Furthermore, it is important to highlight that there were observable inflammatory and apoptotic responses in the hepatic and renal organs of rats with diabetes, along with a dysregulation of the phosphorylation levels of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), protein kinase B (Akt), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling proteins. However, the administration of kiwi extract to diabetic rats alleviated hepatorenal dysfunction, inflammatory processes, oxidative injury, and apoptotic events with activation of the insulin signaling pathway. Furthermore, molecular docking and dynamic simulation studies revealed quercetin, chlorogenic acid, and melezitose as components of kiwi extract that docked well with potential as effective natural products for activating the silent information regulator 1(SIRT-1) pathway. Furthermore, phenolic acids in kiwi extract, especially syringic acid, P-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid, have the ability to inhibit the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) active site. In conclusion, it can be argued that kiwi extract may present a potentially beneficial adjunctive therapy approach for the treatment of diabetic hepatorenal complications.

Reproductive record on Ethanolic Extract of Moringa Oleifera Seed on the Testes of Adult Wistar Rats

Background: All ages, racial and ethnic groups, including males from all cultural backgrounds, are vulnerable to sexual dysfunction. Although there are few publications on the importance of Moringa oleifera seeds for reproductive organs, it has been stated that they improve aphrodisiac activity. In this study, we investigated the effects of seed extract of Moringa oleifera on the reproductive organ of male Wistar rats. Methods: Sixteen male rats (120-150g, n=4) were grouped as follows: Control, and seed extract of Moringa oleifera (100, 200 and 400mg/ kg). Ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera seed (EEMS) was given daily for 14 days and thereafter sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Sperm variables were examined microscopically while serum was analyzed for sex hormones, and testicular tissue histopathological. Data were analyzed using Students t-test and ANOVA. Results: Ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera seed caused a significant increase in body weight, and a decrease in sperm motility, quality, and sex hormones. These declines were dose dependent. Normal histoarchitecture was observed and spermatogenesis was enhanced. Conclusion: Ethanolic seed extract of Moringa oleifera exhibit male reproductive toxicity, as observed from its deleterious effect on andrology and sperm variables.

Effects of sub-chronic oral administration of hydromethanolic stem extract of Costus afer Ker Gawl. (Costaceae) on body weight, relative organ weight (ROW) and histopathology of selected organs in rats

Adverse effects of plant extracts on body weight, relative organ weight and histopathology are important indicators of toxicity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the hydromethanolic stem extract of Costus afer Ker Gawl. (Costaceae). OECD (2008) Guideline 425 was used to evaluate oral acute toxicity of the extract. Sub-chronic oral administration of the extract on body weight, relative organ weight (ROW) and histopathology of selected organs in Wistar rats were evaluated using OECD 1995 guideline 407. Forty Wistar rats of both sexes were divided into 4 groups. Rats in control group (Group I) received 1 ml/kg/day distilled water while Groups II, III and IV rats received 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day of the extract respectively for 28 days. All treatments were administered orally. The rats were sacrificed under light halothane anaesthesia on the 29th day and the target organs were harvested, weighed and examined macroscopically for any morphological changes and microscopically for any lesions. There were no significant changes in mean body weights of rats and relative organ weights of selected organs in the extract treated groups when compared with the control group (distilled water). Although histological features of the brain, heart, stomach mucosa, lungs, spleen, ovaries and uterus in the extract treated groups were similar to those of control, slight to moderate renal and hepatic necrosis and necrosis of secondary spermatogenic cells at doses of 500 mg/kg and above of the extract were observed in the kidneys, liver and testes respectively. Caution should be exercised on sub-chronic administration of this extract as it may be toxic to the kidneys, liver and testes.

In Vitro Study on Spermicidal Action of Hydro-methanol Extract of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Stem in Rat and Human Sperm: a Comparative Analysis.

Human fertility regulation is a major way to control overpopulation. In this perspective, this study emphasized the in vitro effect of hydro-methanol extract of Tinospora cordifolia (TCHME) stem for spermicidal and reproductive hypo-functions using human and rat samples. Control, 0.5-, 1-, and 2-mg TCHME-charged groups were considered to assess the relevant parameters. Levels of spermiological parameters like sperm motility, viability, the integrity of plasma and acrosomal membrane, and nuclear chromatin decondensation were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in the dose- and duration-dependent TCHME-charged groups compared to the control. The inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) of TCHME on motile human and rat sperms were 0.8 and 0.4 mg/ml, respectively. Testicular androgenic key enzymes and antioxidant enzymes (human sperm pellet, testes, and epididymis of rat)' activities were significantly diminished (p < 0.05), while antioxidant enzymes' activities were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in renal and insignificantly (p > 0.05) elevated in hepatic tissues of rat in TCHME-charged groups compared to the control. Significant elevation (p < 0.05) of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)' level in human sperm pellet, testes, and epididymis of rats and significant diminution (p < 0.05) in TBARS levels of liver and kidney were observed in TCHME-charged groups. It focused that TCHME is more potent for stress imposition on reproductive tissues and sperm compared to the other tested tissues. Non-significant alterations (p > 0.05) in glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activities in the said organs of rat indicated its non-toxic effect. It highlighted that TCHME possesses spermicidal and reproductive tissue-specific effects which strengthen the possibilities of male contraceptive development from it.

NeuN-immunopositive cells in subfornical organ of spontaneously hypertensive rats

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is one of the predominant risk factors for the development of several cardiovascular and central nervous system diseases. It is important to investigate the hypertensive effects on the tissue of brain areas, lacking blood-brain barrier, such as the subfornical organ, as they provide the CNS response to stress and damage.&#x0D; AIM: The aim of the research was to study the localization and functional status of the neuronal cell population within the subfornical organ of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out on paraffin sections of the brain of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats and Wistar rats (n = 12). Mouse monoclonal antibodies against NeuN were used for the light microscopy. Images were analyzed by the Fiji software.&#x0D; RESULTS: It was demonstrated that the spatial neuron distribution of the subfornical organ of Wistar and SHR rats is different. NeuN-positive cells of the subfornical organ of Wistar rats demonstrated dense distribution. On the contrary, subfornical organ neurons of SHRs tended to form separate groups. That observation was additionally confirmed by cluster analysis. Between the groups of NeuN-positive cells. Histochemical counterstain revealed that the gaps between neuronal groups are composed of glial cells.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: The study showed neurons in the subfornical organ of spontaneously hypertensive rats may undergo reorganization, which is, apparently, caused by the neuronal cell death and gliosis.

Obesity theranostics using nanoemulsions of probiotics and local herbs

Obesity is a polygenic disorder which has become a global epidemic in recent years. Aim of the present study was to assess the theranostic potential of probiotics (Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium) and local herbs (fenugreek seeds, aloe vera) on the body weight, biochemical (liver and kidney functions) and histology of some internal organs (liver, kidney, ovary, small intestine) in obese rats. In present study, nanoemulsions of probiotics and local herbs were formulated by high energy method and characterized by FTIR and UV analysis. One hundred and sixty (160) female wistar rats were divided into sixteen groups. A high-fat diet was given to induce obesity in them. Obese rats were treated with different doses of probiotics, local herbs and their combination. Weekly body weight was monitored. Rats were dissected after fifteen weeks; blood and organs were harvested for biochemical analysis and histology. Results demonstrated a protective effect of nanoemulsion of probiotics and local herbs on the central vein, glomerulus, villi and normal ovulatory function of obese rats. Rats treated with a combination of probiotics and local herbs (fenugreek seeds, aloe vera) exhibited improved levels of bilirubin (4 mg/dl to15 mg/dl), AST from (110 U/L to 18 U/L) and ALT from (52 U/L to 10U/L). Similar renoprotective effects were recorded on the overall renal function tests (RFT). A combination of probiotics and local herbs in post treatment rats improved urea (63 mg/dl to 22 mg/dl) and creatinine (0.2 mg/dl to 0.8 mg/dl) levels. It was therefore evident that a combination of probiotics and local herbs has the potential to reverse the effects of obesity on the biochemical parameters and histological architecture of liver, kidney, small intestine and ovary. The overall results indicated that probiotics have positive effects of their own, but when combined with local herbs, they produced highly effective results in obese rats and therefore can be used as a complementary option in obese individuals.

Organotoxic Effect of Aqueous Extract of Justicia secunda Vahl. Leaf in Wistar Rats

Aims: Justicia secunda is a widely distributed plant that is used in the traditional improvement of well-being and treatment of several illnesses and diseases, including anemia. There is limited research on the effect of extracts of the plant on body and organ weights and their effects on organ architecture.&#x0D; Study Design: This was a laboratory-based study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Chemistry and Biochemistry Resources Research Laboratory of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry of Hallmark University, Ijebu-IItele, Ogun State, Nigeria, from July 2021 to September 2022.&#x0D; Methodology: This research therefore investigated the toxicity of an aqueous extract of J. secunda leaf on selected organs in male Wistar rats. Mature male rats (15) were divided into three groups (n = 5): Group I (the negative control) received distilled water; Group II and Group III received 200 and 300 mg/Kg doses of the extract, respectively, via oral route, once daily for 14 days. The rats were weighed before being sacrificed; the weights of the kidneys, liver, heart, and spleen were also determined, and histological analysis was carried out on the heart, kidneys, and liver.&#x0D; Results: There was significant (p&lt;0.001) concentration-dependent reduction in body weights with hepatomegaly in the extract-administered rats. The kidneys of Group III rats were significantly (p&lt;0.05) larger than those of the negative control group. Histology revealed severe vascular congestion and edema in the liver of Group III rats and inflammation in the hearts of Group II rats.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study shows that repeated usage of the aqueous extract of Justicia secunda leaf should be done with caution due to its negative effects on the liver and the heart in rats.&#x0D; Keywords: Justicia secunda, Hepatomegaly, vascular congestion, weight-reduction, extract inflammatory, toxicity.

Literature Review : The Effects of Antioxidant Saponins in Herbal Plants on Testicular Histology of Rats with Diabetes Mellitus and The Review of Islamic Perspective

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder. Diabetes mellitus can cause a decrease in sperm count, sperm motility, testosterone hormone, erectile ability, libido and testicular weight. Antidiabetic drugs consumed long-term can cause side effects; therefore, alternative treatment is needed using herbal medicinal plants. Saponins in plants are a complex class of complex natural compounds with a large molecular mass, namely steroid or triterpenoid aglycones with one or more sugar/glycoside chains. Saponins function as antioxidants. This study aims to determine the effect of saponins as one of the antioxidants on the testicular organs of rats (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar strain-induced Streptozotocin. Methods: This study used the Literature Review method with a narrative literature review type. The data collection technique uses a search for several research databases through Google Scholar and Mendeley. This research has four journals that will review. Results: The results showed that herbal plants have bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins that have antidiabetic effects with different mechanisms in reducing blood glucose levels repairing damage to testicular tissue of diabetes mellitus rats. Conclusion: Antioxidant saponins in herbal plants influence improving and supporting the repair of testicular histology damage in diabetic cases. Allah SWT grows a wide variety of plants that have enormous benefits for humans, including food and medicine, because Allah SWT created various kinds of plants with multiple uses.

Effect of vitamin C on histomorphometric changes of testis, epididymis, prostate, and seminal vesicle induced by acrylamide in rat.

Acrylamide (ACR) has adverse effects on the rat testis. This study aimed to assess the impact of ACR and vit C exposure on reproductive organs in rats. In this experimental study, 32 adult male rats were used. The animals were divided into 4 groups (n = 8): (1) control group, (2) ACR (10mg/kg) group, (3) vit C (200mg/kg), (4) ACR (10mg/kg) + vit C (200mg/kg) daily for 5weeks by gavage. After the administration period, testis, prostate, seminal vesicle, and epididymis of animals are removed; after preparing tissue sections, the structural changes of the tissues are examined by stereology. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test in SPSS software. A value of p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. The testis weight, volume (mm3), and the mean Johnsen score showed a significant decrease in comparison with the control group and vit C-treated group. These parameters were increased in ACR + vit C group. The number of spermatogonia, spermatocyte, spermatid, and Sertoli and Leydig cells in ACR-treated group showed a significant decrease in comparison with the control and vit C-treated groups. The number of these cells was increased in the ACR + vit C group. Epithelium height and folding of prostate and seminal vesicle in the ACR-treated group were decreased. Epithelium lost its integrity. In the ACR + vit C group, histopathological changes were decreased. Seminal vesicle of ACR + vit C-treated group showed mild degeneration and rupture in epithelium integrity. The epididymis of ACR + vit C group also showed mild degeneration and rupture in epithelium integrity.