Organs Of Experimental Animals Research Articles

Effect of cadmium intoxication on collagen and elastin content in tissues of the rat.

Cadmium produces a variety of pathological effects in various organs in experimental animals or in accidentally intoxicated humans. The mechanism of these phenomena has been the subject of numerous investigations. Many of the observed toxic effects are thought to be the results of secondary deficiencies in such essential trace elements as zinc, copper and iron. Metabolism of the fibrous components of connective tissue, i.e. collagen and elastin, requires the presence of so me trace elements. It is also believed that elastin biosynthesis depends on the presence of some trace metals. Copper deficiency produces significant decrease in elastic tissue resistance, caused by diminished cross-link formation. Experimental studies showed that cadmium treatment of rats produced an increase in the urinary excretion of collagen catabolites. It was also shown that cadmium intoxication influenced bone structure and fetal growth. These two effects on connective tissue were probably accompanied by disturbances in collagen metabolism. Moreover, it is known that fungal collagenase activity was affected by cadmium. In the present paper a decrease in collagen and elastin content, and impaired extracellular maturation of the collagen fibers in some tissues of rats intoxicated with cadmium were described.

Statistical analysis of the results of99mTc-MDP quality control

The methods used for control of radiochemical purity of99mTc-MDP are presented. TLC method on silica gel, developed with methanol and acetone (1∶1 v/v), was convenient for determination of99mTcO 4 − with the content of 2.6±1.2%. The reliable results on detection of99mTc hydrolyzate (2.2±1.3%) and for another99mTc-MDP complex (13.2±2.8%) were obtained by application of ITLC (SA), developed with Sn-MDP. By Sephadex G-25 column chromatography (1.5 cm×5 cm) the separation of99mTcO 4 − was not achieved. The range of normal99mTc-MDP biodistribution values in the organs of experimental animals have been determined. The mean value of bone distribution was 8.4±1.13%/g, in muscles 0.071±0.033%/g, while uptake in liver and kidneys was below 5%. Chi-square test and P show that the results on biodistribution of99mTc-MDP in liver, bones and muscles are arranged around their mean values, which is statistically allowed.

Differential Determination of GOT Isoenzymes in Sera and Organs of Experimental Animals by the Immunochemical Method

Differential Determination of GOT Isoenzymes in Sera and Organs of Experimental Animals by the Immunochemical Method

Quality control and statistical analysis of biodistribution of commercial99mTc-IDA derivatives

The results obtained for radiochemical purity of ITLC (SA) and (SG) using different solvent systems and low voltage electrophoresis are presented in the paper. Radiochemical purities obtained for99mTc-dimethyl IDA (99mTc-HIDA) and99mTc-diethyl IDA (99mTc-EHIDA) are 98.1±0.6% and 98.7±0.5%, respectively. Variable99mTc hydrolyzate contents, depending on the ionic strength of the eluents and on the time interval between labelling and analysis, have been obtained by Sephadex chromatography. The eluent containing Sn-EHIDA inhibits dissociation of99mTc-EHIDA due to dilution of the preparation during elution of the column and yielding only a small percent of Sephadex bound fraction, as compared to other investigated eluents. The range of normal99mTc-IDA biodistribution values in the organs of experimental animals and statistical significance of the difference between these two preparations have also been determined. The results obtained for99mTc-HIDA and99mTc-EHIDA in the liver are 33.9±5% and 25.7±4.7%, respectively p<0.01.

Toxicological evaluation of karaya gum; acute and subacute oral toxicity in rats

Male and female albino rats (Wistar strain) were given single and multiple doses of karaya gum suspended either in peanut oil or mixed with basal diet at different concentrations ranging from 0·5 to 8 g gum/kg body weight. The plant gum did not elicit any overt signs of toxicity or death in both sexes of rats. Daily administration of karaya gum mixed with basal diet at different dose levels (0, 5, 20 and 40 g gum/kg diet) for a period of 90 days showed no adverse effects in male and female rats. The body weight, growth pattern, food and water intake were comparable with those of the normal rats. There were no significant biochemical, or morphological alterations in the vital organs of experimental animals.

Metabolic fate of ammonium salts of synthetic phosphatidic acids after application per os.

The metabolic fate of ammonium salts of synthetic phosphatidic acids (PA) labelled with 32P (32P-PA) was investigated after their per os administration to rats. It was shown that PA are totally metabolized in the intestine as they cannot be detected in feces if they are applied in doses up to 1.5 g/kg body weight. Increases in the concentration of PA and other phospholipids were not found in organs of experimental animals after administration of 32P-PA per os. 32Pi has a rapid metabolic turnover and therefore its secretion from the organism occurs within 3-7 days, depending on the amount of 32P-PA applied. From a biochemical viewpoint, it appears that there should be no objection to the application of synthetic PA as emulsifiers in food technology.

Radiochemical quality control of99mTc-labelled radiopharmaceuticals

Two methods for the determination of radiochemical purity of preparations labeled with99mTc are described. Paper chromatography was used for separation of reduced99mTc and free pertechnetate from the labeled radiopharmaceutical. Whatman 3MM paper was used first with a acetone and then with 1N NaCl, as the mobile phase. Instant thin layer chromatography was performed for comparison. The electrophoretic method was also applied, using 0.05 M Na-acetate and 0.017 M NaCl. Biodistribution of99mTc-DMSA in the organs of experimental animals was followed in order to verify chemical control methods.

Health effects of coal mining and combustion: carcinogens and cofactors.

Some polynuclear aromatics (PNA) have been found to be potent carcinogens for all tissues and organs of experimental animals that have been exposed to them, but different dose levels are needed for these effects. They have been known for decades to cause cancer at the site of application but also at certain sites distant from the area of contact. Although some hydrocarbons are potent and complete carcinogens, the majority of related hydrocarbons was originally found to be inactive. Since they generally appear together, it was important to know more about their interaction, particularly whether they would synergize, or antagonize. The polycyclic hydrocarbons have been studied by subcutaneous injection, where they prove very potent carcinogens. They are also very active on the skin of mice where they produce cancer on prolonged application. Inhalation studies, require larger doses yielded negative results until particulate matter was introduced which facilitated the development of lung tumors. Although iron oxide dust was used initially, other dusts were also capable of enhancing the response of the tissue to benzo(a)pyrene carcinogenesis. This point is of importance, particularly since the inhalation of PNA in situations of air pollution or coal mining involves particulates, although of a different type. Soot is not a homogenous substance and several factors determine its properties. Soots will lose some of the absorbed chemicals during their residence in air, but they retain their PNAs for long periods of time when they reach the soil. The carcinogenicity of PNAs in the adsorbed state may be completely absent, depending on particle size of the soot and availability of eluting capability of the tissues or cells in contact with the soot. Whenever the carcinogenic polynuclear aromatics can be eluted they will be active in producing cancer if their residence is adequate. There seems to be no reason to assume that a large increase in coal combustion in the future will by necessity lead to greater risks of cancer to the coal miners or the general urban dweller, because activities to be started now can take into consideration the requirements necessary for control of air pollution in mines as well as in cities. If new uses of coal will be developed, it will be a completely different situation, and statements about the carcinogenic risk from coal utilization do not apply there. Although some of the same carcinogenic PNAs are involved in the health hazards from those processes, other carcinogens and also cocarcinogens will be present, and the exposed workers will not have the apparent benefits of adsorption of PNAs on soot.

Synthesis of dipine-14C labeled in the piperazine ring and its distribution in the organism of experimental animals

Synthesis of dipine-14C labeled in the piperazine ring and its distribution in the organism of experimental animals

Biological and Chemical Properties of 197Hg Chlormerodrin

Les résultats de l’étude portant sur la pureté radiochimique du produit 197Hg- CM sont présentés. On a étudié aussi la distribution de 197Hg-CM dans les organes des animaux expérimentaux. Le maximum de la radioactivité a été trouvée dans les reins au bout de deux heures après l’injection. On a constaté que la 197Hg-CM a l’état hydroxy a été excretée par les urines. La concentration de cet état chimique dans les urines augmente avec le temps de retention du produit dans l’organisme.

The use anticollagenic serum in experiment on rabbit of various age

The study contains data on the action of anticollagenic serum injected into rabbits of two groups. The serum was obtained by immunizing guinea-pigs with an antigen from the rabbits' tendons. The antigenic capacity of tendons in rabbits of young age was established to be higher compared to those of the old animals. Microscopic examination showed a high biological activity of the anticollagenic serum, which manifested itself in a predominant action on the connective tissue non-cellular structures. Changes, arising in the inner organs of experimental animals, under the action of high doses of the anticollagenic serum, can be used as a model of age alterations of the connective tissue non-cellular structures.

INTRAVITAL FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY IN THE QUALITATIVE EVALUATION OF THE INTERACTION OF ACRIDINE ORANGE WITH NUCLEIC ACID IN INTACT LIVING HUMAN ORGANS.

OBSERVATIONS on living organs excited by ultra-violet irradiations have been almost entirely confined to work on experimental animals. The specific fluorescence method was largely developed through the work of Ellinger and Hirt1,2, who termed it intravital fluorescence microscopy. The method found use in the investigation of resorptive and excretory functions of different organs, and offered valuable information about the physico-chemical conditions and processes in living cells, in particular the electrostatic phenomena. It also helped in the elucidation of various problems concerning the function of kidneys3,4, liver5,6, blood vessels7, and nerves8, and other organs of experimental animals.

The effect of hypophysectomy on the reactions of animals to diphtheria toxin.

An inquiry was made into the effect of hypophysectomy on the formation of the structural changes in the internal organs of experimental animals following administration of diphtheria toxin at remote postoperative periods, as well as on the development of the specific diphtheria immunity. Removal of hypophysis 11 to 12 days prior to the diphtheria toxin injection has somewhat reduced the degree of affection, without preventing the development of the morphological changes in the organs, as noted earlier in cases with the toxin administered 3–4 days after the operation. The changes in the organs of the experimental animals, with the toxin administered on the 11th–12th day after hypophysectomy, were of the same nature as in controls, but less frequent and less intensive. As shown experimentally, the removal of hypophysis 5 to 6 days prior to the administration of sorbed diphtheria toxoid had no significant effect on the course of the immunological reaction.

インフルエンザウイルスの種々なるinhibitorに関する研究 第5報

In detecting antibodies against influenza virus, hemagglutination inhibition titration still remains as a most handy and useful procedure. However, as many one noticed at the outbreak of Asian flu, precautions must be taken in order to destroy non-specific inhibitors contained in the serum specimens, particularly when Asian P virus was used as antigen. The urgent problem at the time of outbreak was dissolved firstly by using KIO4 to remove these inhibitors. However, some destruction of antibody was recognized with this technique. The work here presented was carried out to establish_ the standard procedure to destroy all kinds of non-specific inhibitors but not antibodies.The result pointed out that when a large amount of cholera filtrate (No 558) was added to the specimen and left over night at 37°C, all inhibitors were removed as was the case with KIO4 treatment. Moreover, it was concluded that the cholera filtrate is more suitable for general purposes, i.e. to destroy inhibitors of the serum or organs of experimental animals except serum of guinea pig.As already noticed, inhibitors against Asian P virus detectable in human serum (tentatively called as α′-inhibitor) was resistant to RDE action, but susceptible to the action of cholera filtrate. Thus the difference between cholera filtrate and RDE was studied further, and the term α′-enzyme was proposed to the particular agent which destroys α′-inhibitor or inhibitors. The kinetic study revealed difference between α- and α′-enzyme. The necessity of Ca ion as the co-factor was also different. However, heat lablity of α′-enzyme was most remarkable in differentiating it from α-enzyme. Electrophoretic mobility was also somewhat different.Production conditions and standardization procedure of the cholera filtrate were also described. When the experimental conditions here described was followed carefully, the production of RDE (α-enzyme), α′-enzyme and β-enzyme of the filtrate was constant during the experimental period of 6 months.

Effects of experimental neurosis on the thyroid and adrenal glands of the rat.

It is well known that many kinds of unspecific stress produce changes in the function and the structure of various endocrine organs. In this connection »stressors« such as vitamin deficiency, infections, toxic substances, chemical or mechanical injuries etc. have been frequently investigated. As a rule, the stress has been reported to produce marked changes in various endocrine organs, and especially in the adrenals which seem to react to very slight stimuli. It has been reported that psychic stress may give rise to morphological and functional changes of the endocrine organs in experimental animals (Selye, 1950). Recently Näätänen & Jänkälä (1955) reported that stress in rats produced by brilliant flashes of ligt, loud modern dance music, exposure to a cat and frightening with pincers resulted in marked changes in the size and structure of the pituitary body and the adrenal gland. In these experiments, however, the rats were kept in a

The Croonian Lecture The lipotropic agents in the protection of the liver, kidney, heart and other organs of experimental animals

Our successors in medical research will read, with amused tolerance, our frequent agonized protests that the volume of literature which we should comprehend exceeds our capacity. Those of us who teach and write text-books for medical students and practitioners are forced to depend more and more upon the review journals. The number and breadth of the fields in which one can pose, even transiently, as an authority are diminishing rapidly. But if one looked only at this aspect of the picture an ageing outlook on the most fascinating of all games, medical research and teaching, might be suggested. The appearance of new authorities is most stimulating, and it is refreshingly obvious that the soaring rate of publication has not inhibited research. We must co-ordinate the abstracting services in our field, continue the struggle to eliminate unworthy papers, hope for even better colloquia and review journals, and confidently expect that the next fifty years will contribute more to medical science than has the past vigorous half-century. The award of the Croonian Lectureship has given me exceptional pleasure and a sense of great responsibility. In selecting a title I have considered the principal subjects in which I have endeavoured to keep abreast, and the choice has thus been narrowed to insulin and experimental diabetes, heparin and thrombosis, and the dietary factor choline and its precursors, which we have termed the lipotropic agents. Certain of the effects of these three substances might be discussed in a single lecture, since they all affect either the formation, distribution or the state of fat in the body. The action of a lipokinetic constituent of the anterior pituitary, first clearly demonstrated in our laboratory in 1936 (Best &amp; Campbell), which increases the rate of mobilization of depot fat to the liver (Barrett, Best &amp; Ridout 1938; Stetten &amp; Salcedo 1944), might also have been included. The fat-mobilizing effect of anterior pituitary extracts may be due to Evans’s somatotropin, to the adrenocorticotropic hormone, to a more specific but as yet unidentified substance or, of course, to more than one of these. The four factors, insulin, choline, heparin and ‘adipokinin’ (Weil &amp; Stetten 1947) have given us a measure of control over fat metabolism which our predecessors did not enjoy. There are, of course, other dietary and hormonal agents affecting these processes which one would have to discuss in a comprehensive treatment of the field. I shall not even list these and, indeed, after a very brief consideration of insulin and heparin, particularly in relation to fat metabolism, I shall limit my discussion to ‘the lipotropic agents’.

Granule formation in animal tissues by Candida albicans.

1. Granule formation byCandida albicans in the internal organs of experimental animals is described. This appears to be the first time such an observation has been made.

TREATMENT OF GONORRHEAL VULVOVAGINITIS WITH ESTROGENS

The discovery of the organism responsible for gonorrheal infection in the genitalia by Neisser in 1879 established for the first time a sound basis for the investigation of genital infections. Soon thereafter it became recognized that some of the genital discharges in prepubertal girls were likewise gonorrheal in origin. This condition in young girls remained a distressing problem for the patients and their mothers, the physicians and the school authorities. Treatment of the condition through the next half-century was entirely symptomatic and empiric and produced little effect. Many therapeutic measures were tried and discarded, but it still required several months to several years to effect a cure in these unfortunate young girls. After the isolation of estrogens by Allen and Doisy,1the effect of such agents on the genital organs of experimental animals and human subjects was intensively studied. In 1917 Stockard and Papanicolaou2reported the estrus cycle

Influence of dust from oil shale on the organism of experimental animals

We have not come across any special works on the effect of oil shale dust on the human organism or experimental animals, both in foreign and in Russian literature. But the resolution of the issue, or, rather, the approach to understanding the nature of the influence of this type of dust, is of undoubted importance, which, on the one hand, is associated with practical issues of occupational safety and health in the new industry with broad prospects in the future - on the other hand, morphological changes in the lungs from this dust, which appears to be a mixture of organic and inorganic chemicals.

CLINICAL COMMENTARY ON STUDIES OF HISTOLOGIC CHANGES IN ORGANS INDUCED BY ARSPHENAMIN, BY NEO-ARSPHENAMIN AND BY MERCURY

The elaborate studies carried out by my colleagues, Drs. Kolmer and Lucke, on the histologic changes produced in the organs of experimental animals by arsphenamin, by neo-arsphenamin and by mercury are of interest and importance. Scientific therapeusis presupposes a definite knowledge not only of established clinical results but likewise of the pharmacologic and toxicologic effects of remedies. A prolific literature has grown up on the clinical aspects of arsphenamin and neo-arsphenamin, but our knowledge of the pharmacology and toxicology of these complex compounds, as well as their fate in the human economy, is far from complete. One of the fundamental principles of the new science of chemotherapy is that a chemical compound in order to be of practical value in the treatment of an infectious disease must have a greater affinity for the parasite than for the body cells, and the greater the discrepancy, the more valuable is the drug.