Stages Of Organogenesis Research Articles

Comprehensive Anti-Stress Protection of Grain Crops under Contrasting Weather Conditions

The article presents the results of stress protection of seeds and plants of spring wheat and barley of zoned varieties for the 3rd agro-climatic zone of the Russian Federation. The research was carried out in 2018–2022 in 2 stages: the first was a series of laboratory experiments at the departments of breeding, seed production and Agrotechnology of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, the second was field experiments on gray forest soils of average fertility in an agricultural enterprise named after him. Krupskaya Ryazan region. The algorithm of complex stress protection included a sequential cascade of interrelated agrotechnological techniques: a) a method for selecting the most resistant batches of seeds to ethylene stress for sowing purposes, b) a method for stress protection and increasing the germination of these seeds during post-harvest storage, c) pre-sowing seed treatment and d) plants IV-V stages of organogenesis with multifunctional growth regulators with anti-stress properties (Albite, TPS; Zircon,R; Epin-Extra,R), prolonging the effect of plant protection in critical phases of plant growth and development. During all 5 years of research, which were contrasting in meteorological conditions, the use of seeds with increased stress resistance and functional activity for sowing contributed, on average, to a stable increase in field germination of spring wheat by 2.8–10.6%, barley – 4.2–7.2%, increased shoot formation in the tillering phase of spring wheat by 0.12–0.23 and barley 0.16–0.25% of plants. These processes were most pronounced in spring wheat, in years with increased drought. The plant variants of complex stress protection were characterized by higher photosynthesis productivity, leaf surface index and terrestrial phytomass. A set of techniques that block the development of stress from the initial stages of ontogenesis to the formation of reproductive organs intensified plant growth, provided a higher level of accumulation of productivity resources, contributed to an increase in grain yields of spring wheat and barley, depending on the experimental options, by 0.48–0.62 t/ha and 0.31–0.39 t/ha, respectively. The increase in yield in all the years of the study, when using anti-stress protection, was due to an increase in the number of productive stems, a higher full-weight ear and a weight of 1000 grains. The applied stress protection methods fully meet the requirements of the production of environmentally friendly products and can be used as an element of technology in the production of organic crop products.

Transcriptome and Gene Expression Analysis Revealed CeNA1: A Potential New Marker for Somatic Embryogenesis in Common Centaury (Centaurium erythraea Rafn.).

Centaurium erythraea Rafn. is a medicinal plant used as a model for studying plant developmental processes due to its developmental plasticity and ease of manipulation in vitro. Identifying the genes involved in its organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis (SE) is the first step toward unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying its morphogenic plasticity. Although SE is the most common method of centaury regeneration, the genes involved in this have not yet been identified. The aim of this study was to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during key stages of SE and organogenesis using transcriptome data, with a focus on novel SE-related genes. The transcriptomic analysis revealed a total of 4040 DEGs during SE and 12,708 during organogenesis. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation showed that the highest number of SE-related genes was involved in defense responses. The expression of fifteen selected SE-related candidate genes was assessed by RT-qPCR across nine centaury developmental stages, including embryogenic tissues. Notably, a newly reported transcript, named CeNA1, was specifically activated during embryogenic callus (ec) induction, making it a potential novel marker for early SE. These findings provide, for the first time, insight into SE-related transcriptional patterns, representing a step closer to uncovering the molecular basis of centaury's developmental plasticity.

FORMATION OF ELEMENTS OF THE YIELD STRUCTURE AND YIELD OF CORN HYBRIDS DEPENDING ON PLANT DENSITY AND FERTILIZER

The article presents the results of experimental studies of the features of the formation of elements of grain productivity of corn hybrids of different maturity groups depending on the density of plants and fertilization, taking into account new forms, clarification of application rates and terms of their application according to the stages of organogenesis. The share of influence on corn productivity of plant density was the highest and amounted to 72.7%. The share of the influence of hybrid characteristics was smaller - 10.84%, the share of the influence of fertilizer - 10.16% was noted almost at the same level. A high index was noted for the share of the influence of the interaction of plant density and fertilizer - 5.98%, respectively. The maximum indicators of the elements of the crop structure (the number of grains from the cob and the mass of grain from the cob) were noted on the variant with the simultaneous application of zinc sulfate, Ecoline Zinc and Ecoline Boron on the background of N100P31 at a density of 60 thousand plants/ha in hybrids of corn DKS 3795 - 501.7 pcs. and 164.9 g; DKS 3972 –569.8 pcs.; 187 g; and DKS 4351 – 580.3; 182.8 g. This is higher compared to the control variantby 130.9 pcs., 66.5 g; 154.5 pcs., 77.1 g; 190.9 pcs., 75.3 g, respectively. For increasing the density to 70,000 plants/ha, there is a decrease in the elements of the crop structure, both the number of grains from the cob and the weight of the grain from the cob: DKS 3795 – 465.5 pcs., and 149.8 g; DKS 3972 – 517.4 pcs. and 165.1 g; DKS 4351 – 549.3; 156.7 g; The maximum decrease in the elements of the crop structure was noted in this variant at a density of 80,000 plants/ha: DKS 3795 –427.8 pcs., 131 g; DKS 3972 – 502.0; 145.2 g; DKS 4351 – 513.5; 128.6 g, respectively.Themaximum indicators of the elements of the crop structure (the number of ears per plant and the yield of grain from the ear) were noted on the variant with the simultaneous application of zinc sulfate, Ecoline Zinc and Ecoline Boron on the background of N100P31 at a density of 60 thousand plants/ha in corn hybrids: DKS 3795 – 1, 2; 85.5%; DKS 3972 – 1.3; 86.4%; and DKS 4351 – 1.3 units, 86.2%, respectively.

THE INFLUENCE OF WATER EXTRACTS FROM DIFFERENT ORGANS OF WEEDS ON THE GERMINATION OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.

The issue of chemical interaction between cultivated and weedy plants requires detailed study, because the start of competitive relations between them begins at the early stages of organogenesis. The working hypothesis of our research involves the different influence of water-soluble secretions of above-ground and underground organs of segetal vegetation on the germination processes of common bean seeds. The article summarizes the results of studying the phytotoxicity of certain organs of the most common weeds of Vinnytsia region on the germination of common bean seeds. The aim of the study was to establish the allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts at a concentration of 1:10 from the root system, stems and leaves of weeds on beans at the initial stage of ontogenesis. Based on the results of biotesting, it was established that the presence of allelopathically active substances of all twelve experimental weed species had a negative effect on the germination of common bean seeds. In the control variant, all the seeds of the culture germinated in 4 days, while in the experimental variants 3-4% of the seeds were only in the swelling phase. Water extracts from various species and parts of weeds had a significant inhibitory effect on bean seed germination and subsequent growth. The influence of water-soluble secretions from the underground organs of perennial weeds: Elytrigia repens L. and Cirsium arvense L. was particularly strong. It led to a decrease of 43.1% and 41.7% of the length of the germinal root. Water-soluble secretions from the leaves of these weeds had a slightly smaller effect on bean germination - the delay in root growth was 28.4% and 26.3%. The effect of the knees of young weeds on the length of the radicle ranged from 25.7% (Erodium cicutarium L.) to 9.0% (Stellaria media L.). The allelopathic effect of substances from the leaves of Stellaria media L., Galinsoga parviflora Cav., and Chenopodium album L. had the least effect on bean root growth. The lag from control was 5.0%, 11.7% and 13.9% according to the variants. The obtained research results allow us to place the phytotoxic effect of water-soluble secretions from the organs of weeds in descending order: underground organs (rhizome and root sprouts of perennial species; root system of few annual species)>stem>leaves.

Фенологические особенности развития сортов вишни в меняющихся погодно-климатических условиях

Annotation. Cherry is a stone fruit crop cultivated in almost all regions of Russia. Currently, there is a significant change in weather and climatic conditions, their impact leads to a shift in the phenological phases of plant development and to disruption of the stages of organogenesis. In this regard, there is a need to study the passage of phenological phases of cherry development in the changing weather and climatic conditions of the southern region. The research was carried out on the basis of the collective use center (CUC) “Genetic collection of fruit crops” in the period 2020-2023 in the Kuban horticulture zone of Krasnodar region. The objects of research were 11 varieties of sour cherries of various ecological and geographical origins. Planting scheme is 5x3 m, rootstock is antipka seedlings. During the research, the sum of active temperatures during the cherry growing season was determined, which determines the occurrence of the main phenological phases of development of cherry varieties in the annual development cycle. It was established that over the years of research, on average, the sum of active temperatures exceeded the long-term average by 551,7 °C. It was determined that during the research period the phenological phase “beginning of growing season” of cherries took place at a sum of temperatures of 32.8-54.2 °C. The phenological phase of “beginning of flowering” for most varieties in 2020 and 2023 occurred earlier than the long-term average date by 2-8 days, in 2023 – by 2-6 days, and in 2021-2022 – later by 2-14 days. It was revealed that at the phenophase "beginning of flowering", early cherry varieties (Krasnodarskaya sladkaya, Chudo vishnya), medium (Timati, Feya, Assol’, Svatlaya) are strongly affected by stress. Tamaris and Hodosa cherry varieties of late ripening showed relatively high resistance to stress during the flowering period. Key words: cherry, variety, phenological characteristics, flowering, climate.

Cu(II)-Dependent Spine Development Injury in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) with Organ Heterogeneous Cu Imbalance.

Growing evidence suggests that the imbalance of Cu leads to multiorgan diseases or other adverse effects, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Herein, we used zebrafish to uncover the mystery of organ heterogeneous responses to Cu stress and Cu(II)-dependent spine developmental injury in the early organogenesis stage. We first demonstrated that Cu(I) was distributed in the entire body, but high contents of Cu(II) were accumulated in the yolk sac and eye in normal zebrafish larvae. Cu exposure from birth to 144 hpf caused no obvious damage to Cu-metabolizing organs (liver and intestine), despite the elevated Cu(I) and Cu(II) levels. However, the spine was more sensitive to the Cu exposure. In the spine region, the Cu(I) level remained stable, whereas the level of Cu(II) significantly increased, which was highly associated with spine development injury. A significant negative correlation between Cu(II) and the spine-related parameters was identified. Moreover, cuproptosis caused spine development deformation during the early embryogenesis stage. Spine-related pathways such as somitegenesis significantly changed in the early embryogenesis period, and 5 spine-related pathways were significantly altered in the larval stage at 96 hpf. Our study suggested that Cu stress induced organ heterogeneous Cu imbalance and Cu(II)-dependent spine development injury in zebrafish.

Haploidy-linked cell proliferation defects limit larval growth in zebrafish.

Haploid larvae in non-mammalian vertebrates are lethal, with characteristic organ growth retardation collectively called 'haploid syndrome'. In contrast to mammals, whose haploid intolerance is attributed to imprinting misregulation, the cellular principle of haploidy-linked defects in non-mammalian vertebrates remains unknown. Here, we investigated cellular defects that disrupt the ontogeny of gynogenetic haploid zebrafish larvae. Unlike diploid control larvae, haploid larvae manifested unscheduled cell death at the organogenesis stage, attributed to haploidy-linked p53 upregulation. Moreover, we found that haploid larvae specifically suffered the gradual aggravation of mitotic spindle monopolarization during 1-3 days post-fertilization, causing spindle assembly checkpoint-mediated mitotic arrest throughout the entire body. High-resolution imaging revealed that this mitotic defect accompanied the haploidy-linked centrosome loss occurring concomitantly with the gradual decrease in larval cell size. Either resolution of mitotic arrest or depletion of p53 partially improved organ growth in haploid larvae. Based on these results, we propose that haploidy-linked mitotic defects and cell death are parts of critical cellular causes shared among vertebrates that limit the larval growth in the haploid state, contributing to an evolutionary constraint on allowable ploidy status in the vertebrate life cycle.

Chronic thermal stress on Octopus maya embryos down-regulates epigenome-related genes and those involved in the nervous system development and morphogenesis

Red Octopus maya is strongly influenced by temperature. Recent studies have reported negative reproduction effects on males and females when exposed to temperatures higher than 27 °C. Embryos under thermal stress show morphological and physiological alterations; similar phenotypes have been reported in embryos from stressed females, evidencing transgenerational consequences. Transcriptomic profiles were characterized along embryo development during normal-under thermal stress and epigenetic alterations through DNA methylation and damage quantification. Total RNA in organogenesis, activation, and growth stages in control and thermal stress were sequenced with Illumina RNA-Seq. Similarly, total DNA was used for DNA methylation and damage quantification between temperatures and embryo stages. Differential gene expression analyses showed that embryos express genes associated with oxygen transport, morphogenesis, nervous system, neuroendocrine cell differentiation, spermatogenesis, and male sex differentiation. Conversely, embryos turn off genes involved mainly in nervous system development, morphogenesis, and gene expression regulation when exposed to thermal stress – consistent with O. maya embryo phenotypes showing abnormal arms, eyes, and body development. No significant differences were observed in quantifying DNA methylation between temperatures but they were for DNA damage quantification. Epigenetic alterations are hypothesized to occur since several genes found downregulated belong to the epigenetic machinery but at histone tail level.

Deconvolving organogenesis in space and time via spatial transcriptomics in thick tissues.

Organ development is guided by a space-time landscape that constraints cell behavior. This landscape is challenging to characterize for the hair follicle - the most abundant mini organ - due to its complex microscopic structure and asynchronous development. We developed 3DEEP, a tissue clearing and spatial transcriptomic strategy for characterizing tissue blocks up to 400 µm in thickness. We captured 371 hair follicles at different stages of organogenesis in 1 mm 3 of skin of a 12-hour-old mouse with 6 million transcripts from 81 genes. From this single time point, we deconvoluted follicles by age based on whole-organ molecular pseudotimes to animate a stop-motion 3D atlas of follicle development along its trajectory. We defined molecular stages for hair follicle organogenesis and characterized the order of emergence for its structures, differential signaling dynamics at its top and bottom, morphogen shifts preceding and accompanying structural changes, and series of structural changes leading to the formation of its canal and opening. We further found that hair follicle stem cells and their niche are established and stratified early in organogenesis, before the formation of the hair bulb. Overall, this work demonstrates the power of increased depth of spatial transcriptomics to provide a four-dimensional analysis of organogenesis.

A dynamic WUSCHEL/Layer 1 interplay directs shoot apical meristem formation during regeneration in tobacco.

De novo shoot apical meristem (SAM) organogenesis during regeneration in tissue culture has been investigated for several decades, but the precise mechanisms governing early-stage cell fate specification remain elusive. In contrast to SAM establishment during embryogenesis, in vitro SAM formation occurs without positional cues and is characterized by autonomous initiation of cellular patterning. Here, we report on the initial stages of SAM organogenesis and on the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate gene patterning to establish SAM homeostasis. We found that SAM organogenesis in tobacco calli starts with protuberance formation followed by the formation of an intact L1 layer covering the nascent protuberance. We also exposed a complex interdependent relationship between L1 and WUS expression and revealed that any disruption in this interplay compromises shoot formation. Silencing WUS in nascent protuberances prevented L1 formation and caused the disorganization of the outer cell layers exhibiting both anticlinal and periclinal divisions, suggesting WUS plays a critical role in the proper establishment and organization of L1 during SAM organogenesis. We further discovered that silencing TONNEAU1 prevents the exclusive occurrence of anticlinal divisions in the outermost layer of the protuberances and suppresses the acquisition of L1 cellular identity and L1 formation, ultimately impeding SAM formation and regeneration. This study provides a novel molecular framework for the characterization of a WUS/L1 interplay that mediates SAM formation during regeneration.

Sowing properties of sunflower seeds of Talento hybrid under the influence of a modified plant growth regulator

The improvement of agricultural crop cultivation technologies enables the production of high sunflower yields with high-quality indicators. One such element is pre-sowing seed treatment. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a plant growth regulator supplemented with calcium on the sowing properties of sunflower seeds. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions. For pre-sowing seed treatment, a semi-synthetic film-forming agent with an anti-stress effect was used, which was modified with Ca2+ ions in the form of calcium chloride. It was established that the encrustation of sunflower seed with a growth regulator stimulates germination processes and activates the initial stages of sunflower organogenesis. This increases the indicators of germinative vigour and germination capacity. Adding calcium to the plant growth regulator contributes to a further increase in the indicators of germinative vigour and seed germination capacity of sunflowers by 5.4% and 7.7%, respectively, compared to the control. At the same time, the hypocotyl length increased by 1.51 times compared to the control, while the root length increased by 1.37 times. The accumulation of organic substances in sunflower seedlings is characterised by an increase in dry matter. When calcium was added to the plant growth regulator, a more intensive accumulation of dry matter in the hypocotyl and root was observed compared to the control and the variant using only the growth regulator. The establishment of a ranking range indicated that, based on the parameters studied, the optimal treatment option for the pre-sowing treatment of sunflower seeds is the application of a plant growth regulator containing calcium ions at a concentration of 1.0 g/L. The use of this preparation is relevant and promising for studying the formation of sunflower plant productivity with increased quality indicators under field conditions

DEVELOPMENT OF METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR CREATING A DIFFERENTIATED NUTRITION SYSTEM FOR INTENSIVE APPLE ORCHARDS OF DIFFERENT AGES

The paper presents an analysis of existing methodological approaches to the construction of fertilization systems for apple orchards, striving to fully satisfy the needs of trees for nutrients and the formation of a high level of productivity of plantings. However, most studies are based primarily on the provisions of one of the basic laws of agriculture, based on the balance of mineral nutrition elements, which takes into account primarily the volume of elements removed from the soil and the amount of elements applied with fertilizers. However, most of these studies are incomplete and do not take into account the pomological characteristics of cultivated gardens, as well as their age condition. In this regard, based on data on the need of fruit trees for basic macro- and microelements at different stages of organogenesis, a methodological basis was developed and justified for creating a differentiated nutrition system for intensive apple orchards of different ages. The developed methodological approaches to the formation of an optimal nutrition system for gardens of different ages will be in demand among specialists in the field of horticulture and nursery farming, specializing in the design and implementation of highly efficient tree nutrition systems in garden growing technologies. The next stage of the work will be conducting field tests of the developed system for constructing a nutritional scheme for trees at different age periods of development.

Characteristics of spring barley crop formation depending on cultivation technology elements

Aіm. To establish the peculiarities of the formation of the density of the productive stem, grain size and ear productivity of spring barley plants and, as a result, the yield of the crop under changes in climatic conditions depending on the influence of individual elements of cultivation technology and to identify the most effective combination of them with the aim of maximally realizing the genetic potential of crop productivity in the conditions of the northern part of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. During the research, the field experiment, visual, weight, calculation and statistical methods were applied. Results. Research conducted during 2018–2020 on a dark gray podsolized coarse silt-light loam soil in the conditions of the northern part of the Right Bank Forest Steppe showed that the fertilization system, the use of growth stimulants and the predecessor significantly affect the formation of such elements of the structure of the spring barley crop as the density of the productive stem, grain size and ear productivity, which, in turn, ensured the formation of a high level of crop productivity. Conclusions. It was established that for the formation of the maximum grain yield of spring barley, the most effective was the complex application of mineral fertilizer at the rate of N(45+45)P90K90 kg/ha d.r.y. and the use of growth stimulants for pre-sowing seed treatment and foliar treatment at the IV stage of organogenesis, which ensured the highest yield of the crop in the experiment at the level of 4.39 t/ha for growing it after soybeans and 4.88 t/ha after corn for grain. The introduction of the specified rate of fertilizers provided an increase in the yield of the crop to the control at the level of 1.52 and 1.83 t/ha – for cultivation after soybeans and 2.72 and 3.18 t/ha – after corn for grain, depen­ding on the use of growth stimulants. The parameters of the structure of the spring barley harvest, which ensured the maximum level of realization of the productivity potential of the crop after the predecessor of soybeans, are as follows: the density of the productive stem is 750–773 pcs./m2 and the weight of the grain from the ear is 0.58–0.60 g, after the predecessor corn is 777–793 pcs./m2 and 0.61–0.65 g, respectively.

Method for selecting sainfoin biotypes

The article is devoted to the assessment of new criteria for the selection of sainfoin biotypes in the selection process at the initial stages of organogenesis. During the laying of the nursery of the source material, the summer sowing of sainfoin was carried out. The seeds of the samples obtained by the method of positive selection from the breeding collections of scientific institutions and wild-growing populations of sainfoin were sown. New criteria for the selection of sainfoin biotypes are based on the assessment of the intensity of root system development and the calculation of the coefficient of the negative effect of drought. The selection of sainfoin families with a powerful root system of plants (a volume of more than 6.5 cm³) and the calculation of the coefficient of the negative effect of drought at a level of no higher than 0.46 allows determining families with a high adaptive potential at the initial stages of plant development. The application of the selection of breeding material according to new criteria will solve the selection problems of forming the resistance of sainfoin plants to extreme hydrothermal conditions and insufficient moisture.

The role of moisture in the development of spring wheat

In the conditions of the North Kazakhstan region, the moisture supply of the growing season of spring soft wheat is characterized by an uneven distribution of precipitation, which affects the yield of grain crops.This process can be observed using the G.T. Selyaninov hydrothermal humidification coefficient (GTC). A scientific study during 2022-2023 was conducted in order to influence moisture availability on the grain yield of spring soft wheat in the North Kazakhstan region. The methodology consists in calculating the hydrothermal coefficient in the interphase periods of spring wheat for calendar years: 2022 and 2023. The calculation of the elements of the crop structure and grain yield was also carried out.In accordance with the moisture availability of the growing season of spring wheat, the main elements of the crop structure: productive bushiness, ear water content, pcs; weight of 1000 grains, g showed themselves stronger in 2023, respectively: 1.1; 21; 33, than in 2022.Moisture availability of the period of release into the tube - grain ripeness in 2022 took place in satisfactory conditions for spring wheat, which affected its grain yield of - 15 c/ha. In 2023, the stages of wheat organogenesis before the earing period passed favorably, despite the subsequent poorly satisfactory wet conditions before grain maturation, the harvested plants showed good productivity potential - 17c/ha, which exceeded the grain yield of 2022.The use of the hydrothermal coefficient makes it possible to apply agrotechnical techniques to increase the yield of spring wheat grain in unstable periods of moisture availability.

STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF PLANT DENSITY AND FERTILIZER ON THE YIELD OF CORN HYBRIDS

plant fertilization system, which accounts for up to 40%. Domestic and foreign scientists studied the effectiveness of corn fertilization in various edaphic and hydrothermal conditions, namely the use of both the main and foliar application of both mineral fertilizers and microfertilizers. However, these studies must be optimized taking into account new forms, application rates and terms of their application according to the stages of organogenesis and maturity groups of corn hybrids and their biological requirements. The linear measurements of the height of the plants and the attachment of the cob of the hybrids depend, first of all, on fertilization and the density of the plants, as well as genotypic features. By increasing the density of plants, the highest indicators of plant height and cob attachment were obtained. The maximum indicators of plant height and cob attachment, as well as their ratio, were noted on the variant with the simultaneous application of zinc sulfate, Ecoline Zinc and Ecoline Boron on the background of N100P31 at a plant density of 80 thousand r/ha: DKS 3795 – 234; 105 cm; 0.45; DKS 3972 – 247; 114 cm; 0.46 and DKS 4351 – 253; 116 cm; 0.46. This is higher compared to the control variant by 21.0, 13.0 and 0.02 in the hybrid DKS 3795; 23.0, 13.0 and 0.01 in the hybrid DKS 3972; 16.0; 12.0 and 0.02 in the hybrid DKS 4351. The maximum yield was noted on the variant of the experiment with the simultaneous application of zinc sulfate, Ecoline Zinc and Ecoline Boron on the background of N100P31 with a density of 70 thousand.plants/ha in hybrids: DKS 3795 – 9.7; DKS 3972 – 10.8 t/ha. This is higher than the control variant by 4.3; 5.0 t/ha. The highest level of productivity was noted in the hybrid DKS 4351 - 10.2 t/ha, noted for the density of 80,000 plants/ha in hybrids. This is higher than on the control variant by 4.4 t/ha.

Photosynthetic productivity of soybean (Glycine max L.) crops under various fertilization options and pre-sowing seed treatment

The objective of the research is to determine the impact of basic fertilization options, foliar feeding with organo-mineral fertilizer during critical periods of soy plant development, pre-sowing seed treatment with mycorrhizal biofertilizer, and mycorrhizal inoculant in combination with a fungicide on the dynamics of dry matter accumulation by the plants and the net productivity of photosynthesis in the soy crop. Methods. Field (for studying the interaction of the research object with biotic and abiotic factors); morphophysiological (for biological monitoring of productivity elements development during organogenesis stages); statistical (statistical analysis of research results). Results. The article presents research findings on the accumulation of dry matter by soy plants and the net productivity of photosynthesis in the crop across different growth and development stages. Equations have been calculated to establish the relationship between soy seed yield and the indicators of dry mass accumulation by the plants during the pod-filling phase. Conclusions. In modern agricultural practices aimed at achieving maximum seed yield, cultivation technology should include agronomic measures directed towards meeting the biological needs of the plant throughout the vegetation period and reducing the influence of adverse external factors. The highest levels of dry matter accumulation by plants in the study — 26.8–29.2 g/plant, were noted during the pod filling phase in variants with the application of N15P45K60+N30 fertilization, sowing seeds treated with mycorrhizal biopreparation and fungicide, and foliar feeding with organo-mineral fertilizers during the budding and flowering phases. The maximum indicators of net photosynthetic productivity of the crop in the study (8.52–11.29 g/m2×day compared to 5.46 g/m2×day in the absolute control) were observed during the interphase period of flowering and pod filling in variants with N45P45K60 fertilization. For the optimal seed yield of soybean variety Muza observed in the study, the optimal conditions were provided by a cultivation technology involving the application of N15P45K60+N30 fertilizers, pre-sowing seed treatment with mycorrhizal inoculant in combination with fungicide, as well as foliar feeding with organo-mineral fertilizers during the branching or budding phases, when the plants are forming flowers, pods, and seeds within the pods. Through the combination of these agronomic measures, plants accumulate dry matter during the pod filling phase at 25.9–27.4 g/plant, ensuring the net photosynthetic productivity of the crop during this developmental period at 5.60–6.10 g/m2×day, compared to 20.8 g/plant and 5.46 g/m2×day observed in the absolute control, respectively.

Effect of nanoparticles on morphological parameters of wheat

ABSTRACT This work is devoted to studying the features of the generation of metal nanoparticles (NPs) by underwater discharges and their use in the technology of growing grain crops. The purpose of the study is to use the latest nano-containing preparations based on NPs of biofunctional metals, which will allow the introduction of modern technologies and technological processes for environmentally friendly crop production while simultaneously increasing the quality indicators of the final wheat harvest. To obtain NPs, metals of the biogenic group were chosen, the content of which in known agrochemical preparations is at least 0.01%. Metal NPs were obtained in discharge chambers filled with deionized water. As a result of underwater electric spark discharges, metal colloids were obtained as a preparative form of nanomaterials for further use and processing of wheat crops. To carry out the certification of NPs by the methods of electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) and X-ray structural analysis, the metal phase of the colloidal solutions was separated from the dispersion medium by drying. We determined the composition, structure, and average size of the target NPs. A complex preparation was studied, the composition of which included metal NPs, in particular Fe − 1800 ppm; Cu − 400 ppm; Zn − 1000 ppm; Mn − 800 ppm. Testing of the drug was carried out in field conditions during the cultivation of winter wheat at various stages of organogenesis. The application rate of the drug was 1–1.5 L/ha, accordingly, 1.0–1.5 L of the drug was diluted in 250 L of water. Foliar treatment of wheat plants was carried out. The analysis of grain quality indicators showed a 30% increase in the total protein content and a more than two-fold increase in gluten, which indicates the extraordinary prospects of using the obtained preparations.

REACTIVE CHANGES IN THE CELLS OF THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF THE ARTIFICIAL VAGINA IN PATIENTS WITH AGENESIS OF THE GENITAL ORGANS

The process of formation of congenital anomalies occurs during certain time periods when organs are in a critical stage of development, known as organogenesis. At the stages of organogenesis, intensive formation and further development of organs occurs.

Phytochemical Constituent Analysis of Phyllanthus emblica L. Fruit Nanoherbals by LC-HRMS and Their Antimutagenic Activity and Teratogenic Effects.

Pregnant women must be wary of using traditional medicines due to the possibility of their having oxytoxic effects. Indonesia is rich in plants containing antioxidants. One of these plants is Phyllanthus emblica L. This study aims to determine the phytochemical constituents of Phyllanthus emblica L. fruit nanoherbals by LC-HRMS analysis and their antimutagenic activity and teratogenic effects. The study commenced by producing nanoherbal extracts from P. emblica fruit. The phytochemical composition of these extracts was then analyzed using LC-HRMS. The nanoherbal extracts were also tested for their ability to prevent mutations, as indicated by a reduction in micronuclei observed in mouse femur bone marrow smear preparations. The teratogenicity test involved administering the P. emblica fruit nanoherbal at 100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg BW doses. The data were analyzed using SPSS. The phytochemical constituents of the P. emblica fruit nanoherbal include flavonoids, phenols, vitamins, and alkaloids. The P. emblica fruit nanoherbal exhibits antimutagenic activity, as evidenced by a statistical analysis that indicated a significant decrease in the quantity of micronuclei per 200 PCE compared to the negative control (p < 0.05). The administration of the P. emblica fruit nanoherbal at a dosage of 1000 mg/kg BW resulted in a teratogenic impact during the organogenesis stage, as shown by hemorrhage and anomalies in the sternum.