Phase Of Organogenesis Research Articles

Sofosbuvir shows a protective effect against vertical transmission of Zika virus and the associated congenital syndrome in rhesus monkeys

The outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in Brazil, 2015–2016, were associated with severe congenital malformations. Our translational study aimed to test the efficacy of the antiviral agent sofosbuvir (SOF) against vertical transmission of ZIKV and the associated congenital syndrome (CZS), using a rhesus monkey model. Eight pregnant macaques were successfully infected during the organogenesis phase with a Brazilian ZIKV strain; five of them received SOF from two to fifteen days post-infection. Both groups of dams showed ZIKV-associated clinical signals, detectable ZIKV RNA in several specimens, specific anti-ZIKV IgM and IgG antibodies, and maternal neutralizing antibodies. However, malformations occurred only among non-treated dam offspring. Compared to non-treated animals, all SOF-treated dams had a shorter ZIKV viremia and four of five neonates had undetectable ZIKV RNA in blood and tissue samples. These results support further clinical evaluations aiming for the prevention of CZS.

Developmental changes induced by exogenous testosterone during early phases of prostate organogenesis

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of prenatal testosterone exposure on prostate development in male and female neonatal gerbils. Pregnant females were exposed to subcutaneous injections of testosterone cypionate (500 μg/animal) at gestational days 20 and 22. Male and female pups were then euthanized at postnatal day 1. Morphological analysis showed that females were severely affected by androgen exposure. We also observed that male and female urogenital sinus (UGS) responded differentially to testosterone treatment, demonstrating heterogeneous immunostaining for the androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Smooth muscle α-actin (α-SMA) analysis showed that testosterone delays the myodifferentiation, allowing buds to reach the ectopic mesenchymes of the female UGS. Our data showed that abnormal testosterone exposure disrupted prostate organogenesis, altered the expression patterns of important markers, and demonstrated that female UGS was particularly influenced by androgen exposure during a critical window in the developmental period.

Structural Features and Hormonal Regulation of the Zygotic Embryogenesis in Cereals

Unique structural features of the formation and development of cereal zygotic embryos at the phases of blastomerization and organogenesis are considered according to the Graminad-type of embryogenesis based on the analyzed descriptive plant embryology data. Different opinions on the morphology of specific organs of cereal mature embryos are given. The role of a number of leading endogenous hormones (auxins, cytokinins, and abscisic acid) in the regulation of the formation and development of cereal zygotic embryos is discussed. It is emphasized that hormonal and other experimental studies of cereal zygotic embryogenesis should be carried out on the basis of descriptive plant embryology of the structural features of the studied embryos at a particular developmental stage.

Culture of potato microspores (Solanum tuberosum L.) Nevsky variety

Within 24 days of cultivation, the ratio of the number of potato microspores at different stages of development was studied depending on the content of 6-BA in nutrient media. Four media options were used: No. 1 MS + 6-BA 1 μM, No. 2 MS + 6-BA 2 μM, No. 3 MS + 6-BA 3 μM, No. 4 MS + 6-BA 4 μM. It was found that the use of MS-based culture media with 1-4 μM 6-BA is effective for the induction of embryoidogenesis in potatoes in microspore culture. 88.0-95.0% of the microspores were in a living state for 24 days. The frequency of embryoid formation in the experiment was 0.5-1.0% of the total number of microspores and 4.7-6.6% of the number of multicellular structures. Monad could be the initial cells of the embryoids of the tetraploid variety of potato in the period up to 11-12 days. In addition to single germ-like structures, in the suspension of potato microspores, embryoid conglomerates - polyembrioids - were noted on days 11-12. In the light, microspores and germ-like structures of Nevsky tetraploid potato variety acquired a green color. On the 24th day of cultivation, developing potato embryoids were detected in the phase of organogenesis.

Comprehensive Overview of Non-coding RNAs in Cardiac Development.

Cardiac development in the human embryo is characterized by the interactions of several transcription and growth factors leading the heart from a primordial linear tube into a synchronous contractile four-chamber organ. Studies on cardiogenesis showed that cell proliferation, differentiation, fate specification and morphogenesis are spatiotemporally coordinated by cell-cell interactions and intracellular signalling cross-talks. In recent years, research has focused on a class of inter- and intra-cellular modulators called non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), transcribed from the noncoding portion of the DNA and involved in the proper formation of the heart. In this chapter, we will summarize the current state of the art on the roles of three major forms of ncRNAs [microRNAs (miRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs)] in orchestrating the four sequential phases of cardiac organogenesis.

Formation blue lupine productivity under different options of fertilization and seed treatment

Purpose. To increase the yield of blue lupine due to the intensification of the generative development of plants and maximum preservation of fruit elements by the phase of full ripeness by introducing the optimal dose of mineral fertilizers and foliar nutrition with a microfertilizer in chelated form at the optimum time, application of a bioinoculant and biofungicide. Methods. Field (to study the interaction of the research object with biotic and abiotic factors); morphophysiological (for biological control over the development of productivity elements at the stages of organogenesis); weight (to establish the parameters of the crop structure elements and determine the grain yield); statistical (statistical processing of research results). Results. The results of studies on the effects of different doses of mineral fertilizers, bioinoculant and biofungicide as well as foliar nutrition with microfertilizer in chelated form at different stages of organogenesis on the generative development of blue lupine plants of cultivar Peremozhets and grain yield are presented. The optimal dose of mineral fertilizers and the duration of plant foliar nutrition were determined. Conclusions. Application of the calculated dose of mineral fertilizers for the planned yield of grain of blue lupine of cultivar Peremozhets at the dose of 3.5 t/ha of mineral fertilizers (N68Р48К66), sowing with seeds treated with BTU-r bioinoculant (1 l/t) and MikoHelp biofungicide (1.0 l/t), foliar nutrition with Tropicel microfertilizer (0.3 kg/ha) at the second phase of plant organogenesis contributed to the intensification of their generative development (the number of flowers – 38.0 pcs., beans – 13.3 pcs./plant, which was 1.8 times higher than in the absolute control) as well as an increase by 39.3 % of the crop yield with a control indicator of 2.01 t/ha.

Reproductive Toxicity of Eugenol in Wistar Rats

Objective: To analyze the effects of eugenol oral administration during pre-implantation and organogenesis periods in pregnant Wistar rats. Methodology: The animals were divided into eight experimental groups (4 groups for each period) subdivided into control groups and daily treated with eugenol at doses of 37.5, 187.5 and 375 mg/kg/day (n= 9) during pre-implantation or organogenesis phases. Results: At all tested doses of eugenol, the groups treated during the pre-implantation presented alterations in the maternal organs, increased pre-and post-implantation loss and stillbirth records. The groups treated during organogenesis also presented alterations in the maternal organs and reduction of the placental indexes, added to the skeletal alterations, in all treatment doses. There were no significant fetal visceral changes. Conclusions: Oral administration of eugenol reduced maternal reproductive capacity in the pre-implantation phase and promoted toxic effects and fetal malformations in organogenesis.

The effect of Bombyx mori larvae extract in reducing the toxicity of methotrexate in pregnant female albino rats

Methotrexate (MTX) is an anticancer agent which is used alone or in combination with other anticancer agents in the treatment of breast cancer, epidermoid cancers of the head and neck, cutaneous T cell lymphoma, and lung cancer. Bombyx mori larvae have a huge value as health food especially for cardiac and diabetic patients, bronchial asthma, primary trigeminal neuralgia, vocal nodules and polyps and in the treatment of facial palsy and pain. In the present study meeting occurred under the normal conditions and about 40 pregnant female rats were used. Herein the pregnant females will be divided into five groups; group 1 will be used as negative control received distilled water, group 2 will used as positive control and recived buffer of Bombyx mori larvae extract, group 3 was treated with MTX at the 12th day of gestation (at organogenesis phase), group 4 was treated with Bombyx mori larvae extract at 7th , 9th , 11th ,13th and 15th days of gestation (during the oraganogensis period), & group 5 was injected by MTX the 12th day of gestation as well as bombyx mori larvae extract at 7th ,9th ,11th ,13th &15th days of gestation. Animals of all groups will be sacrificed at 20th day, the end of gestation periods. Then livers of all pregnant rats were removed for examination. The obtained results showed decrease in maternal body weight gain plus increase in the abortion rate and uterine weight in the MTX-treated group. In addition, MTX induced an elevation in the examined liver oxidative stress biomarkers plus myeloperoxidase activity and decrease in reduced glutathione content and catalase activity; in mothers. Histopathological studies of liver tissues showed congestion of central vein of mothers in MTX group showing ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes, perivascular inflammatory cells infiltration and strong deposition of collagen fibers. Noteworthy, Bombyx mori larvae induced marked improvement in injuries associated with MTX administration.
 Keywords: Methotrexate, Bombyx mori larvae, Pregnant female rats, Hepatotoxicity.

Formation and Function of Mammalian Epithelia: Roles for Mechanosensitive PIEZO1 Ion Channels.

Mechanical forces play important roles in shaping mammalian development. In the embryo, cells experience force both during the formation of the mammalian body plan and in the ensuing phase of organogenesis. Physical forces – including fluid flow, compression, radial pressure, contraction, and osmotic pressure – continue to play central roles as organs mature, function, and ultimately dysfunction. Multiple mechanisms exist to receive, transduce, and transmit mechanical forces in mammalian epithelial tissues and to integrate these cues, which can both fluctuate and coincide, with local and systemic chemical signals. Drawing near a decade since the discovery of the bona fide mechanically activated ion channel, PIEZO1, we discuss in this mini-review established and emerging roles for this protein in the form and function of mammalian epithelia.

FORMATION AND FUNCTIONING OF SYMBIOTIC SYSTEMS OF SOYA – BRADYRHIZOBIUM JAPONICUM FOR THE INFLUENCE OF COMPLEXES OF NANOPARTICLES OF CARBOXYLATES OF MICROELEMENTS

Objective. To study the effect of combined preparations based on highly active strains of Brad-yrhizobium japonicum and complexes of carboxylates of trace elements germanium, molybdenum, and ferrum on a symbiotic apparatus of soybean plants, in order to increase the efficiency of bacte-rial inoculants. Methods. Gas chromatography, microbiological, physiological. Results. The com-bination of a microbiological preparation based on efficient strains of nodule bacteria with complexes of nanoparticles of carboxylates Mo, Fe, Ge was found to promote the enhancement of nodulation activity, provide growth of mass of root nodules, activate the nitrogen-fixing activity of symbiotic soybean systems. When use the preparation combined with germanium and molyb-denum compounds, nitrogenase activity increases by 23–63 %, in combination with inoculum with germanium and ferrum nanocarboxylates — by 14–21 % depending on the phases of soybean or-ganogenesis. The complex application of biological and abiotic factors influencing the formation and functioning of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing systems contributes to the improvement of plant mor-phometric parameters and provides high yields of this crop. At the same time, it was established that germanium carboxylate complexes with molybdenum carboxylate, as well as germanium nanocarboxylates, should be used as effective stimulants for the formation of seed productivity of soybean plants and nitrogen-fixing activity of symbiotic systems created with their participation. In the experiment, soybean yield under the combination of B. japonicum with germanium and molyb-denum nanocarboxylates increased by 10 %, and by 13 % — under the complex application of bac-terial inoculum with germanium and ferrum carboxylate nanoparticles. Conclusion. Application of these complexes of nanocomponents in microbiological production technologies will allow plants to be supplied with additional nutritional elements, forming effective plant-microbial systems and ob-taining high and stable crops of environmentally safe food and feed protein.

Effect of gabapentin on fetal rat brain and its amelioration by ginger

Intrauterine exposure to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is associated with neurodevelopmental alterations causing postnatal behavioral and cognitive alterations. These disorders are associated with the interference of these AEDs with the developing cerebral cortex and hippocampal neurons. Therefore, it is crucial to identify the drugs that should be avoided during pregnancy in order to prevent AED mediated developmental alterations. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of prenatal exposure to the antiepileptic drug gabapentin (GBP) on the rat fetal brain during the organogenesis phase and to examine the potential ameliorative effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale). Consequently, the current study addressed the developmental neural changes on the histological, immuno-histochemical and ultrastructural levels. The brain of fetuses from the GBP group showed a highly significant decrease in their weight. Histologically, the cerebral cortex and hippocampus regions of fetuses maternally injected with GBP showed layer disorganization, vacuolated neuropil and massive cell degeneration. The expression of Caspase 3 was significantly increased in the brain of GBP fetuses, unlike the expression of Bcl-2 which was significantly decreased. On the ultrastructure level, the neurons showed pyknotic and chromatolytic nuclei. The cytoplasm was rarefied with swollen organelles. Co-administration of ginger evidently ameliorated most of these effects. In conclusion, GBP administration during pregnancy could possibly affect the developing fetal brain and ginger may have ameliorating effect against the induced GBP neurotoxicity and should be taken in parallel.

PHYTOHORMONAL REGULATORY MECHANISM OF THE ONTOGENESIS OF HETERODERIDES’ ACTIVATION AND SYNCHRONIZATION

Studies using the developed device confirmed the attractive properties of the aquatic extracts of host plants, as well as the high trophic receptivity of the invasive larvae of cyst nematodes. The greatest stimulation of the release and active migration of larvae from cysts was observed when phytoncids were introduced by cultivated host plants at a distance of 2.5–5 cm from the object of study at an optimal humidity of 60–70% of the total soil moisture content. At the same time, the aqueous extracts of the roots of the initial phases of plant growth and development compared to the extracts of the subsequent organogenesis phases were the most attractive. We believe that the larvae react most to the increased content of phytohormones, cytokinins, because their synthesis in comparison with other growth activators mainly occurs in the root system of plants. Nematode isolation of enzymes in plant tissue causes a high content of phytohormones, which are catalysts for the formation of new young roots, thereby providing optimal conditions for the invasion and development of next-generation larvae. Certain stimulating effect was also shown by extracts from other plant organs, which indicates the integrity of the flow of all physiological processes in the plant organism. Due to the genetically fixed mechanism of activation and suspension of physiological processes, a clear synchronization of the ontogenesis of cyst nematodes in accordance with the organogenesis of host plants has been noted. Since the development of heteroderides occurs only in one plant populated by them, sedentary phytoparasites react sensitively to changes in the biochemical composition of the plant organism, due to biological aging or adverse factors of different nature, causing their pathology. The perennial cyclical nature of the development of sedimentary nematodes in accordance with the organogenesis of typical host plants caused the formation of their population adaptation.

Development and investigation of common wheat lines of winter cultivar Bezostaya 1 with combinations of dominant alleles of VRN-1 loci

VRNgenes, determining wheat sensitivity to vernalization, are the main genetic system that defnes the duration of the entire growing period and the durations of the main organogenesis phases. To date, several alleles have been described forVRN-1loci, and allele­specifc primers have been developed that allow rapid identifcation of allelic spectra in common wheat varieties and lines. The unequal influence of different alleles ofVRN-1loci on the duration of the growing period has also been shown; however, there is little information on the effect of the combination of different alleles on heading time. In developing genotypes having different alleles of dominantVRNgenes on the base of the same genetic background, it is necessary to study the genetic effects ofVRNgenes on the duration of the growing season and the individual developmental phases, as well as on productivity. Most varieties presently grown in Russia carry the dominant alleles of twoVRN-1genes:Vrn-A1aandVrn-B1aorVrn-B1c; thus, the task was to create lines combining the dominant alleles ofVrn-A1awithVrn-B1aandVrn-B1cagainst the genetic background of the winter variety Bezostaya 1 (Bez1Vrn-A1a/Vrn-B1aand Bez1Vrn-A1a/Vrn-B1c). Homozygous plants were isolated in the F2 generation by using known allele­specifc primers for theVrn-A1andVrn-B1loci. The durations of the tillering–frst node period, which is the key stage determining growing duration, and the period from shoots to heading were signifcantly reduced in lines with a combination of two dominant alleles ofVRN-1loci compared to isogenic lines of Bezostaya 1 with the dominant allelesVrn-B1aandVrn-B1c. The duration of these developmental phases also decreased in the obtained lines as compared to the isogenic line containing the dominantVrn-A1aallele, but the differences were not signifcant. No substantial differences were found in the duration of other growing phases in lines with two dominant alleles of theVRN-1loci as compared to isogenic lines of Bezostaya 1.

Rabbit Whole Embryo Culture.

The rabbit is a mainstay of regulatory developmental toxicity testing; however, due to the historic absence of experimental tools for this species, there is a dearth of information about its fundamental embryology and the mechanisms underlying developmental toxicity. Relatively recently, there have been advances in the methods of rabbit whole embryo culture (WEC), and this has prompted an increase in understanding of rabbit embryogenesis. Described herein are the methods used to remove early somite-stage embryos (gestation day 9) and sustain their growth for 48h. Although there are similarities to the well-described rodent WEC, there are also important differences. Akin to rodent WEC, the major phases of organogenesis can be investigated, including neural tube development, cardiac looping, segmentation, and the development of the anlagen of the optic and otic regions, craniofacial development, somites, and early limb bud development. Unlike the rodent, rabbit WEC requires the use of an apparatus that allows for the continuous gassing of embryos, and one may observe the expansion and closure of the visceral yolk sac around the embryo. After completion of the culture period, embryos are examined across several growth and developmental parameters including a quantitative morphological scoring system. Embryonic growth and development in the absence of maternal influences allows for the study of the direct action of agents or their metabolites on the embryo. The use of both rodent and rabbit WEC together is a powerful strategy with which to investigate species-specific vulnerabilities to specific agents.

Inflammation and de-differentiation in pancreatic carcinogenesis.

Pancreatic cancer is a malignancy with an extremely poor prognosis. Chronic pancreatitis is a well-known risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Inflammation is thought to influence carcinogenesis through DNA damage and activation of intracellular signaling pathways. Many transcription factors and signaling pathways co-operate to determine and maintain cell identity at each phase of pancreatic organogenesis and cell differentiation. Recent studies have shown that carcinogenesis is promoted through the suppression of transcription factors related to differentiation. Pancreatitis also demonstrates transcriptional changes, suggesting that multifactorial epigenetic changes lead to impaired differentiation. Taken together, these factors may constitute an important framework for pancreatic carcinogenesis. In this review, we discuss the role of inflammation and de-differentiation in the development of pancreatic cancer, as well as the future of novel therapeutic applications.

Drought resistance of winter soft wheat samples in the primary phase of organogenesis and change of leaf area and chlorophyll content in leaves under the conditions of water stress

There has been conducted laboratory assessment of drought resistance of winter soft wheat samples on an osmatic solution (sucrose 16 atm.). The maximum values of this indicator ranged from 70.0% (“Lidiya”) to 79.3% (“Asket”). According to the results of vegetation trials, it was established that in conditions of insufficient moisture supply (aridity of 30% PV) during the flowering phase, the total leaf area of winter wheat varieties and lines varied from 45.2 cm2 (“Volny Don”) to 63.4 cm2 (“Kazachka”), and in the phase of milky ripeness of grain, the total leaf area ranged from 3.5 cm2 (“260/09”) to 17.7 cm2 (“Polina”). The varieties “Krasa Dona”, “Kapitan”, “Lidiya”, “Asket” showed the best ratio of the upper leaves area to the lower ones under arid conditions (in favor of the upper ones in the flowering phase). In the phase of milky ripeness, the presence of lower green leaves was identified in the varieties “Kapitan”, “Krasa Dona”, “Izyumnka”. The amount of accumulated pigments (chlorophyll) in the leaves remains the highest during the flowering period and the milky ripeness of the grain in the varieties “Kapitan” (3.1 and 2.6 m/100g of dry matter), “Kazachka” (2.9 and 2.4 mg/100g of dry matter), “Krasa Dona” (2.8 and 2.4 mg/100g of dry matter), “Asket” (2.7 and 2.3 mg/100g of dry matter), “Lidiya” (2.6 and 2.4 mg/100g of dry matter), “Izyumnka” (2.5 and 2.1 mg/100g of dry matter).

Role of moxifloxacin-dexamethasone in cardiac histomorphometric findings among Wistar rats from infected mothers.

To investigate cardiac changes in young rats, whose mothers underwent autogenic fecal peritonitis, during organogenesis phase and to evaluate the role of intravenous administration of moxifloxacin and dexamethasone in preventing infection-related cardiac changes. A prospective histomorphometric study was performed on 29 hearts of Wistar four-month old rats. Animals were divided into three groups: Negative Control Group (NCG) included 9 subjects from healthy mothers; Positive Control Group (PCG) included 10 subjects from mothers with fecal peritonitis (intra-abdominal injection of 10% autogenic fecal suspension in the gestational period) and did not receive any treatment; and Intervention Group (IG), with 10 animals whose infected mothers received moxifloxacin and dexamethasone treatment 24 hours after induction of fecal peritonitis. Nuclear count was higher in the IG group as compared to PCG (p = 0.0016) and in NCG as compared to PCG (p = 0.0380). There was no significant difference in nuclear counts between NCG and IG. Induced autogenic fecal peritonitis in pregnant Wistar rats determined myocardial changes in young rats that could be avoided by the early administration of intravenous moxifloxacin and dexamethasone.

INFLUENCE OF BIOPREPARATION RHYZOHUMIN AND PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR BIOGLOBINE ON SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN-FIXING SYSTEM AND YIELD OF SOYBEAN

The paper presents the results of study on the influence of pre-sowing treatment of soybeanseeds with the microbial preparation Rhyzohumin and growth regulator Bioglobine, and their separate application (Rhyzohumin was used for seeds bacterization while growth regulator was appliedfoliar during different phases of plants organogenesis) on the formation and functioning of a symbiotic nitrogen-fixing apparatus in the conditions of the north-eastern forest-steppe of Ukraine.Separate application of studied preparations has intensively stimulated the formation and activityof soybean-rhizobial symbiosis, compared to their joint application. Considering their stage-bystage application the preparations has a positive action and increase the grain yield of soybeans.

Environmental and individual exposure and the risk of congenital anomalies: a review of recent epidemiological evidence.

Environmental and individual exposure and the risk of congenital anomalies: a review of recent epidemiological evidence.

Genetic factors in hypopituitarism. The role of transcription factors in pituitary hormone deficiency

Developmental disorders affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary system can result in pituitary hormone deficiency showing a diverse clinical presentation. A significant majority of these disorders are closely linked to defects in transcription factor genes which play a major role in pituitary development. Those affecting the early phase of organogenesis typically lead to complex conditions affecting the pituitary as well as structures in the central nervous system. Transcription factors involved in the late phase can result in combined but rarely isolated pituitary hormone deficiency without extra-pituitary manifestation. Identifying the defects in these pituitary transcription factor genes may provide a useful tool in predicting disease progression as well as screening family members. Several pituitary transcription factors can be detected in the adult gland as well which is strongly emphasized in the World Health Organization's most recent guideline for pituitary tumor classification. Our review summarizes the current essential knowledge relevant for clinical endocrinologists. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(7): 278-284.