Organizational Budget Research Articles

Управление изменениями организационной модели бюджетирования российского банка при внедрении гибких подходов к управлению ИТ-проектами

The research project described in this article is intended to identify the requirements for the target organizational budgeting model of a company implementing agile approach in managing IT projects and to develop recommendations concerning these requirements. To collect data relevant for the research an interview and a questionnaire were conducted among the key participants of processes of managing project portfolio, and also some materials from meetings inside the company were used. The most significant results of this project ready to be applied in other companies are:
 •• the activity-based costs allocation model, which allows to improve the project planning quality and to increase the benefits estimation objectiveness;
 •• the open access integrated IS model providing the transparency of project portfolio budgeting process and possibilities for cascading the metrics of strategic goals achievement set in Balanced Scorecards and increments delivered by agile-teams.

State and Use of Land Resources in Russia: Trends of the Current Decade

The paper considers the state of the land fund in the Russian Federation, primarily the reclaimed land fund. It has been established that the negative tendency to reduction in the area of irrigated land that prevailed in previous post-Soviet decades has been overcome. But there is still a significant proportion of unused reclaimed land, for the development of which funds from budgets of various levels and agricultural organizations were previously expended. In fact, irrigation covers less than 30% of land recorded as irrigated. Due to the special conditions of mass privatization of agricultural land in the 1990s, a significant part of it has turned out to be abandoned: according to various estimates, its area is from 30 to 50 mln ha. In general, the trends of the last decade are positive, but the results achieved are assessed as insufficient.

Utility analysis of character assessment in employee placement

PurposeThere has been a surge of interest in leader character and a push to bring character into mainstream management theory and practice. Research has shown that CEOs and board members have many questions about the construct of leader character. For example, they like to see hard data indicating to what extent character contributes to organizational performance. Human resource management professionals are often confronted with the need to discuss and demonstrate the value of training and development initiatives. The question as to whether such interventions have a dollars-and-cents return on the investment is an important one to consider for any organizational decision-maker, especially given the demand for increased accountability, the push for transparency and tightening budgets in organizations. The authors investigated the potential dollar impact associated with the placement of managers based on the assessment of leader character, and they used utility analysis to estimate the dollar value associated with the use of one instrument – the Leader Character Insight Assessment or LCIA – to measure leader character.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used field data collected for purposes of succession planning in a large Canadian manufacturing organization. The focus was on identifying senior management candidates suitable for placement into the most senior levels of leadership in the organization. Peers completed the LCIA to obtain leader character ratings of the candidates. The LCIA is a behaviorally based and validated instrument to assess leader character. Performance assessments of the candidates were obtained through supervisor ratings.FindingsThe correlation between the leader character measure provided by peers and performance assessed by the supervisor was 0.30 (p < 0.01). Using the data required to calculate ΔU from the Brogden-Cronbach-Gleser model leads to an estimate of CAD $564,128 for the use of the LCIA over the expected tenure of 15 years, which is equivalent to CAD $37,609 yearly; and CAD $375,285 over an expected tenure of 10 years, which is equivalent to CAD $37,529 yearly. The results of the study also indicate that there is still a positive and sizeable return on investment or ROI associated with the LCIA in employee placement even with highly conservative adjustments to the basic utility analysis formula.Originality/valueUtility analysis is a quantitative and robust method of evaluating human resource programs. The authors provide an illustration of the potential utility of the LCIA in a selection process for senior managers. They assert that selecting and promoting managers on leader character and developing their character-based leadership will not only leverage their own contributions to the organization but also contribute to a trickle-down effect on employees below them.

SPOR ORGANİZASYONLARINDA GÖNÜLLÜLÜK FAALİYETLERİNİN YÖNETİM STRATEJİLERİ VE UYGULAMALARI

Gönüllülük kavramı, gelişen teknoloji ve karmaşık bir düzeye dönüşen sosyal yapı sebebiyle çok farklı koşullarda ortaya konabilen bir içeriğe dönüşmüştür. Kimileri bu kavramı hayırse­verlik ve yardımseverlik olmak gibi bireysel fark­lılıklarla ilişkilendirirken, kimileri de kültürel etkenlerle ve değerlerle açıkla­maktadır. Gönüllülük, küresel düzeyde Birleşmiş Milletler gibi pek çok kuruluş tarafından da ele alınmış ve 2001 yılında Birleşmiş Milletler tarafından “Uluslararası Gönüllüler Yılı” olarak ilan edilmiştir. 5 Aralık günü de “Uluslararası Gönüllüler Günü” olarak kutlanmakta, bu günde gönüllü çalışmaların faydalarını duyurmak ve gönüllü katılımın artırılması amaçlanmıştır. Spor sektöründe ise gönüllülük kavramı, ücret talep etmeden, zamanlarını ve çabalarını spor organizasyonlarının başarısına adayan, uluslararası spor organizasyonlarının ihtiyacı olan insanın sayısal ve nitelik bakımından vazgeçilemez bir parçasını oluşturmaktadır. Spor organizasyonlarında gönüllüler, artık profesyonel elemanlar kadar etkin konumlarda görev almaktadır. Bireylerin kişisel nitelikleri doğrultusunda aktif olarak görevlendirilen gönüllüler düzenlenen organizasyonların kalitesini yükseltmekte ve ayrıca spor organizasyonlarının bütçelerini de rahatlatmaktadır. Uluslararası Olimpiyat Komitesi, Uluslararası Spor Federasyonları ve diğer spor organizasyonları da sporda gönüllük faaliyetlerine ve uygulamalarına önem vermektedir. Örneğin, 2020 Tokyo olimpiyatlarına yönelik, gönüllülerin işe alımı ve eğitimiyle ilgili “Olimpiyat ve Paralimpik Oyunları Tokyo 2020 için Gönüllülük Stratejisi” yayınlamıştır. Bu kapsamda, Tokyo 2020 Olimpiyatları için toplam da 110.000'den fazla gönüllünün aktif rol alması öngörülmektedir. Spor organizasyonlarını düzenleyen kurum/kuruluşların gönüllük kültürüne sahip birey ve organizasyonlarla çalışması, organizasyonların ulusal/uluslararası alanda başarılı olması adına son derece önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, spor organizasyonlarında gönüllülük faaliyetleriyle ilgili yönetimler, stratejiler ve uygulamalar betimsel yöntemle değerlendirilmiştir.

The Royal Air Force: Budget Preparation, Control &amp;amp; Execution

This paper serves as a primer on the budgeting process of the Royal Air Force (the RAF-UK) and examines both the procedural elements of the RAF’s budget as well as its context within the overall UK budgeting framework. This serves to highlight the complexity of organizational budgeting for Air Force purposes, as well as the intricacy of various agents involved in budget-making, execution, and accountability. The paper also identifies major projects underway at the RAF and emphasizes the limitations of defence budgeting more generally.

Risk Analysis: A Panacea for Capital Budgeting Decisions

The purpose for every business undertaking is profit which serves as a return from investment activities. Profit creation in business will forever remain a mirriage if business activities are not properly anticipated, planned and coordinated. Risk analysis is one of the major means of projecting the future outcome of any business before a decision to embark on it or not can be taken, hence the reason for this study. In this study, the researcher observed the role that risk analysis played in investment decision making (capital Budgeting) in business organizations, determine the level of acceptability of risk analysis as investment decision tool, ascertain the impact financial risk analysis has in the evaluation of projects viability and investment portfolios selection, and make recommendations to stakeholders in the investment sector in Nigeria using Niger Mill Ltd, Calabar as a case study. The statistical instruments employed to collect data for this study are questionnaires and oral interviews which constitute the primary sources, while published textbooks, Journals and internet materials serve as the secondary sources of data. The sampling method used for this study is the stratified random sampling method, while chi-square (x2) statistical model was used to test the three hypotheses formulated for this work. Major findings made from this study are that; there is a high level of acceptability of risk analysis as a major tool for investment decision, staff of various organizations in Nigeria are well acquainted with the various methods of financial risk Analysis, there are enough trained hands in the country to handle risk analysis related issues, and the fact that there can be no meaningful investment decision without a proper financial risk analysis.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ БЮДЖЕТИРОВАНИЯ В КОММЕРЧЕСКИХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯХ

The article is devoted to the features of budgeting process in commercial organizations and to the current approaches to planning as an instrument to improve competitive ability of business. We study the theory and current practice of budgeting in commercial organizations of various types and identify the main trends in the development of planning in terms of business demand and implementation of new technologies.

THE ROLE OF INFORMATION ASYMMETRY IN MODERATING THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENTS AND BUDGETING PARTICIPATION TOWARDS BUDGETING GAP IN PIUI IN EAST JAVA

This study aims to examine the effect of organizational commitment and budgeting participation on budgeting gap at the Private Islamic University Institutions (PIUI) in the work area of Kopertais IV Pantura Cluster, using information asymmetry as a moderating variable. The analysis was conducted on 136 lecturers as respondents who served as deans, vice deans, chairpersons and secretaries of the study program, director and assistant director of the postgraduate program, and heads of administration from 20 PIUIs in East Java province spread across Gresik, Lamongan, Tuban, and Bojonegoro regions. The research hypothesis testing was carried out by MRA analysis. The research findings show that: organizational commitment has a significant negative effect on budgeting gap, budgeting participation has a positive effect on budgeting gap, information asymmetry does not play a role in moderating the influence of organizational commitment on budgeting gap, and information asymmetry provide weakening effect of budgeting participation on budgeting gap.

RESTRUCTURING OF LOCAL BUDGET INCOME AS AN INALIENABLE CONDITION OF DEVELOPMENT THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM OF UKRAINE

The necessity to clarify the place in the conceptual apparatus and the restructuring of local budget incomes in the context of development the budget and financial systems of Ukraine are substantiated. The socio-economic nature of budget incomes is disclosed, the status and structure the sources of revenue is assessed, and prospects for further changes in the structure and volume of local budget incomes as an integral part of financial system are identified. In the course of research the theory and practice of revenue formation the local budgets of Ukraine, it was found that the operating procedure for formation revenues of the general government sector for a long period is characterized by chronic shortfall of funds in almost all its sub-sectors. The most acute problem is the problem of local budget deficits, which is often explained by the low level of their own incomes, thus the excessive centralization of incomes in the budget system. Administrative-territorial reform in Ukraine aimed at optimizing the structure of budget system and improving the management of budget resources objectively involves restructuring local budget incomes towards their further decentralization. Measures related to the decentralization of budget resources will undoubtedly mitigate the severity, but the problem of lack funds in the budgetary system of Ukraine is not overcome, since the key causes of lack funds and opportunities for their elimination are in the plane of organization the economy and its financial system. It is revealed that the problem, which is also on the agenda of both financial science and practice, is the ratio (subordination of concepts) between incomes and revenues, as well as between expenses and expenditures, which are key components of budgets and budgets of budgetary institutions and organizations. Their using in modern conditions is disordered, therefore contradictory. Estimating the state of centralization budget resources in 2019 at the level of local budgets indicates on the role growth of base budgets, but the share of centralized resources remains quite high, due to the significant differences in the development of territories and the need for financial equalization of their incomes at the level of individual regions. It is proposed to determine the level of financial autonomy of local authorities both on the basis of reporting data on local budget incomes and expenditures, which is commonly practiced in research, and on the basis of projected calculations. In general, it is advisable to make the calculations based on several approaches: 1) by volume of financial resources concentrated in local budgets: -in relation to the consolidated budget of Ukraine; -in relation to the consolidated budget of the region; 2) by list the sources of revenues to certain types of local budgets; 3) according to the norms set by the legislator of transfer income to certain types of local budgets. The list of subjects of study the local budgets, in addition to the financial relations that take place between different levels of budget system and the financial resources that such relationships materialize in practice, is proposed to include the sources and rates of income to the general and special funds of local budgets. This significantly expands the field of scientific research and the possibility of improving intergovernmental budgets, and financial relations in general. Key words: local budgets, budget incomes, budget revenues, budget resources, financial system, intergovernmental relations, budget decentralization.

Empirical Study on the Impact of Business Strategy on Annual Budget Performance

This study was aimed at studying the impact of business strategy on annual budget performance among selected private organizations with the objectives of identifying the business strategy modalities used in such an organization and compares budget performance with business growth. Purposive and sampling techniques were used to conveniently select fifteen organizations as the sample size by conducting semi-structured interviews along with the aid of questionnaires to respondents who are top management members of the targeted samples within the studies area. The response from the respondents was statistically analyzed using Origin 6.1, statistical software. The results indicated that majority of the surveyed organizations are passive on using a specific business strategy modality with response values range from 3.27 – 4.13 and Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.81, an indication that different organization pursue different goals and therefore uses different strategies to enhance the organization's budget performance and an indication of a high level of internal consistency in the surveyed organizations' business strategies. It may also be affirmed that business strategies employed helped the organizations' annual budget performance as the reported values indicated a strong agreement by the respondents with average budget performance values of 4.00 – 4.17 and Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.82. It is therefore recommended that budget strategies should be implemented diagnostically and traditionally used to ensure better budget and organization's performances.

Investment activity in conditions of automation use of budgeting system

The search of investments and ensuring their effective use is a problem in the agroindustrial complex. The structure of resources attracted to Russia by industries requires improvement. The main reason for this situation is the lack of an effective system of incentives to attract investment, their protection, guarantees of high-efficiency use and insurance. From these positions, in our opinion, the system of organization of production, accounting, control, budgeting of investment processes is of particular interest. Automation of budgeting in agroindustrial organizations will allow providing production efficiency and producing of competitive products. We suggest using the “1C: ERP Enterprise Management” application solution on the “1C: Enterprise 8” platform. This software product was tested in CJSC Glinki of the Kurgan region. Basic budgets were drawn up and financial reports were generated in an automated mode. According to the proceeds from the sale of a number of products, the deviation of the plan from the fact was not more than 5%. When building budgeting at the enterprise, the analysis of deviations of the budget items actual values from those planned showed that the permissible threshold was not exceeded. So, the work done on automation of budgeting with the help of a software product has brought a positive effect. We analyzed the economic effect of the software product according to public data for 2018 on 136 published implementation projects with economic indicators confirmed by 1C clients. There is a tendency to increase one or another indicator for all the criteria presented.

Prioritization of strategic initiatives in the context of natural disaster prevention

Goal: The purpose of this paper is to build the structure of a multicriteria decision model that supports definition and prioritization of strategic initiatives by an institution performing in the prevention of natural disasters.&#x0D; Design/Methodology/Approach: The Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methodological process is adopted to build a multicriteria evaluation model. A two-phase process is followed, employing a top-down approach, based on Value-Focused Thinking (VFT), in combination with the Multi Attribute Value Theory (MAVT) method. The participants of the MCDA process were experts of the control room in the case study institution.&#x0D; Results: The proposed methodology not only helped decision makers to enumerate a number of strategic initiatives to accomplish the organizational objective, but also helped them to establish a structured procedure to prioritize these initiatives.&#x0D; Limitations: Absence of a criterion related to the organization budget in the model; limited scope of participation in the process; absence of quantitative criteria.&#x0D; Practical implications: The major practical contributions are as follows: an structured model that supports the strategic planning process; a better allocation of resources (human, financial, and materials) in projects that are truly aligned with the strategic objective of the organization; the organizational learning coming from the exercise of reflection on values, objectives and preferences; and the legitimacy of decisions as a result of the participative character of the construction process of the model.&#x0D; Originality/Value: In this study, a multicriteria evaluation model is structured and applied as support for strategic decision making in the context of a natural disaster early warning system. The model has a significant application potential, since it encourages the adoption of structured decision support methods rather than traditional empirical decision making. Thus, the value of the study lies in the contribution that the proposed model can offer to more effective disaster prevention.

NATIONAL SUBSCRIPTION AND LIBRARY ACQUISITION. PART ONE. MATERIAL AND ELECTRONIC ACQUISITION BUDGETS IN RUSSIA

Introduction. Electronic acquisition budgets are indicators of the information supply of research and education in the organization and affect its research output. The national level subscription to the global citation indexes Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus and the Freedom Collection of Elsevier released 70% of eleсtronic acquisition expenditures in the Russian libraries. The article studies the effect of the state-funded national subscription on the structure and temporal dynamics of material and electronic acquisition budgets in the Russian libraries.Materials and Methods. Materials comprise results of the data processing of the surveys on acquisition budgets in 2012–2018 and published results of the international surveys. Following our previous studies, we analyzed three main reference groups: universities (with a separate group of the Russian leading universities), research institutions and public libraries. For the purpose of this study, we created additional sub-groups of leading institutions (centers of excellence) in each reference group. From the survey data we calculated the average unit costs (both of the material and electronic acquisition budgets) in each reference group/sub-group. We also calculated relative shares of electronic and print resources in the library material budgets.Results. Since 2016, the material budgets of Russian libraries have grown after the fall caused by the economic crisis in 2014. The state-funded national subscription to the global citation indexes and the Freedom Collection of Elsevier resulted in the 2–4 times decrease in material and electronic acquisition budgets of the centers of excellence in each reference group.Discussion and Conclusions. For the first time, our study revealed the negative effect of the state-funded national subscription on the material and acquisition budgets in Russian organizations. We registered a decrease in the material budgets of the major Russian public and scientific libraries and universities.

РОЗВИТОК ФАНДРАЙЗИНГУ ЯК ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ РОБОТИ В УКРАЇНІ

In the article the authors cover a theoretical analysis of scientific literature on the problems of using fundraising as a technology of social work in modern Ukraine. Non-profit organizations act as social intermediaries-implementers of social ideas and programs. They operate between the state, commercial firms and citizens. It is important to develop a comprehensive economy and the state, both for business and society. Fundraising area is a new field of activity for our country. For attraction of resources of sponsors and donors, there are first-rate specialists who are able to replenish the budget of public organizations. The introduction and use of fundraising technology will expand the financial capabilities of social institutions and, consequently, increase the efficiency of their functioning. The dynamics of fundraising development in Ukraine is fast and efficient. An important factor in accelerating this process is the highly skilled training of specialists in this field of activity, which will have the appropriate knowledge, skills, skills and competencies. Fundraising is an almost new area of activity for our country. It has been developed in the US and Europe, where a diverse system of benefits and incentives has been developed for depositors in the social sphere, business entities, foundations or individuals. Free Western Market Traditions Encourage Philanthropy. The social sphere in Ukraine, like no other, needs organized financing from extrabudgetary funds. For a clearer and more professional organization of recruiting sponsors and donors, there are first-rate professionals who can replenish the budget of NGOs. In a market economy, civil society and social initiatives, philanthropy has become a major boon in the form of patronage, sponsorship and support through the provision of grants, donations, material, information resources and more. The proliferation of charity and its form of organized activity has led to the emergence of fundraising, as a science of planning and streamlining actions that will help organized actions for patrons and beneficiaries. Today, fundraising is not sufficiently developed in our country, but in spite of this it has certain prospects. Due to the growing role of civil society organizations, which are able to help the state in solving social problems, it contributes to the development of fundraising in Ukraine. Today the dynamics of fundraising development in Ukraine is noticeably fast and effective. An important factor in the acceleration of this process is the highly qualified training of specialists in this field of activity, who will have the appropriate knowledge, skills.

Seven Pieces of Advice to Improve Your Information Security

Establishing and operating an effective information security management system within an organization is never an easy job. Organizational culture, management support, budget restrictions and many other factors affect the security efforts of a company. Although the information security academic literature is growing, there is no clear guidance in several fields of the topic, therefore the life-tested best practices can be a useful aid in operating such systems. The aim of this paper is to provide a short guidance regarding the basic steps of a beginner information security manager, and maybe to give some useful thoughts to the experienced officers, as well.

Mapping the results of management accounting research in Indonesia

During this time, the publication of the management accounting research is still left behind that of financial accounting. Moreover, there is no description of the previous literature about the causes and effects of management accounting practices in Indonesia. This study aims to describe the accounting management practices in Indonesia by mapping the results of empirical research to answer the questions in each study on what is being observed, what is the direction, what is the type of relationship, and to what level the analysis is. The data collection method used is by mapping the theories which are consistent with the empirical study on management accounting. There are 31 articles which are taken from the accredited national journals and can be tracked online from 2005 to 2017. This study shows that the result of management accounting research consists of four maps. These four maps cover the causes and effects of individual level budgeting; causes and effects of subunit and organizational level budgeting; information for planning and control; performance measures and incentives. The maps with absolutely no research result are: the map of management accounting changes, contract and control: micro processes, individual judgments and decisions, management accounting in historical and social context, organizational change and relation of financial and operational reality. Based on the result, it can be concluded that accounting management research in Indonesia is only restricted on certain topics, especially in the topic of information for planning and control.

How to increase the impact of disaster relief: A study of transportation rates, framework agreements and product distribution

Due to restricted budgets of relief organizations, costs of hiring transportation service providers steer distribution decisions and limit the impact of disaster relief. To improve the success of future humanitarian operations, it is of paramount importance to understand this relationship in detail and to identify mitigation actions, always considering the interdependencies between multiple independent actors in humanitarian logistics. In this paper, we develop a game-theoretic model in order to investigate the influence of transportation costs on distribution decisions in long-term relief operations and to evaluate measures for improving the fulfillment of beneficiary needs. The equilibrium of the model is a Generalized Nash Equilibrium, which has had few applications in the supply chain context to date. We formulate it, utilizing the construct of a Variational Equilibrium, as a Variational Inequality and perform numerical simulations in order to study the effects of three interventions: an increase in carrier competition, a reduction of transportation costs and an extension of framework agreements. The results yield important implications for policy makers and humanitarian organizations (HOs). Increasing the number of preselected carriers strengthens the bargaining power of HOs and improves impact up to a certain limit. The limit is reached when carriers set framework rates equal to transportation unit costs. Reductions of transportation costs have a consistently positive, but decreasing marginal benefit without any upper bound. They provide the highest benefit when the bargaining power of HOs is weak. On the contrary, extending framework agreements enables most improvements when the bargaining power of HOs is strong.

Performance assessment and capital budgeting based on performance

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose two performance-based capital budgeting (PBCB) approaches. The proposed approaches aim to assign limited capital within different firms based on their performance. These approaches have been applied to capital budgeting process of the technical and vocational training schools of Semnan Province, Iran for the fiscal year 2014–2016. Although the current capital of each decision-making unit (DMU) is secured in the first approach, the second approach provides possibility of sharing the capital between DMUs.Design/methodology/approachData envelopment analysis which is a broadly used mathematical programming technique for assessing performance of DMUs is utilized for the first phase of both approaches. The proposed models are based on linear programming. Different scenarios are presented and their pros and cons for the capital budgeting process are discussed.FindingsThe proposed approaches are applied to capital budgeting process for a fiscal year of technical and vocational training schools of Semnan Province, Iran. The budget allocation of the previous year has been found to be non-optimal in terms of budget consuming. This emphasizes reconsideration of budget allotment within schools. The results show a high potential for producing more outputs. The second approach that provides the possibility of sharing and realloting of budget between schools based on their performance may be crucial for those schools that are not performing efficiently because there is possibility of losing budget in each given year in contrast with the previous years.Originality/valueThis paper proposes two linear programming-based approaches for the PBCB. The author not only deals with static framework but also proposes dynamic structured models. Using performance-based budgeting in organizations has been emphasized by authorities in Iran for many years. Using the proposed approaches, different suggestion and policy recommendation for decision makers in process of capital budgeting process within period of study are provided for technical and vocational training schools of Semnan Province, Iran.

Assessment and budget allocation of Iranian natural gas distribution company- A CSW DEA based model

Regarding the importance of budgeting in organizations, this research proposes an empirical approach to budget allocation problems. The methodological instrument utilized is data envelopment analysis (DEA) which is a nonparametric mathematical programming technique. In the DEA methodology a standard DEA model should be independently solved to evaluate each decision making unit (DMU). Consequently, it is hard to find the magnitude of budget for each DMU by applying a budget allocation model based on standard DEA models because identifying the DMU under evaluation is problematic. Also, to overcome problems of evaluation using standard DEA models, common set of weights (CSW) DEA models were suggested. These models can be developed for use in budget allocation DEA models that lead to finding a single magnitude of budget for each DMU. Moreover, the opinion of the decision maker can be incorporated into the model using budgetary constraints. As a result, a restricted linear budget allocation CSW DEA model is proposed in which the central authority would like to plan for improving the total efficiency scores of all DMUs. In essence, the proposed model is used to reallocate the available budget and, thus, the results obtained will be a suggestion for budget allocation in subsequent periods. Finally, the proposed model is applied to budget allocation in the Iranian gas industry in which the available budget is reallocated to increase the total efficiency scores of Iranian gas distribution branches.

The Effectiveness the Implementation of the Zero-Based Budgeting in the Saudi Governmental Sectors: An Empirical Study: مدى فعالية تطبيق المُوازَنَة الصِّفْرِيَّة في القطاعات الحكومية السعودية (دراسة ميدانية)

This study aims to identify the effectiveness of implementing zero-based budgeting in the Saudi Governmental Sector. In order to achieve this aim, a descriptive analytical approach is applied; through preparing a well thought out questionnaire that was circulated amongst the a sample of executives who are responsible for budget preparation in the public organizations taken. The results of the current study supported the effectiveness in implementing zero-based budgeting in public organizations in the Saudi Governmental Sector. The results of the study specified that the most important advantage of implementing zero-based budgeting is reducing both the wastage of resources and the huge amounts of monetary allocation to public organizations. Yet this was limited by the major need of training human resources to zero-based budgeting. In line with Vision (2030), the researcher recommends further studies of general budgeting methodology to be implemented in the budgeting preparation process of the governmental sector and suggest newer activities and programs in such process. However, the outcome of the research led to more significant recommendations such as firstly, keeping the responsible executives for budgeting up to date on the development and implementation of new concepts in budgeting, secondly, developing a continual professional program for the employees related to budgeting preparation and implementation, and finally, improving continuously the knowledge of new and existing man power concerned with budget and budget preparation in the public organizations.