Organization Of Public Space Research Articles

Towards a Study of the Architectural Decoration of Public Buildings in Parion During the Early Roman Empire

Parion was one of the principal centers of the Roman province of Asia, and the remains of several public buildings adorned with intricate architectural decorations have been uncovered and partially explored. Among these structures are a theater, an odeon, and thermae, all dating to the Roman Empire. In addition to these edifices, other public buildings in the central part of Roman-era Parion remain undiscovered, raising im-portant questions about the organization of public space and the architectural character of the city’s core during the Early Empire. One of the most promising areas for further exploration is the “Agora” sector, bordered to the south by the odeon and to the north by the theater and thermae. This article offers an architectural and histori-cal analysis of the Corinthian order details found in this sector. The architectural elements discussed were un-covered during archaeological excavations conducted between 2015 and 2022 (Figs. 1-6). Although the availa-ble materials are insufficient to definitively identify the specific structures to which these decorative elements belonged, their forms, ornamentation, dimensions, and modules exhibit notable similarities to the architectural details of the southern façade of Hadrian’s Gate in Ephesus. This resemblance suggests a commonality in their architectural compositions and, by extension, the types of structures they adorned. Consequently, it is plausible to infer that these architectural elements were part of a portico associated with a building complex in the Agora. The design of this complex (or at least part of it) likely reflects Hadrian’s extensive building program in the Ro-man province of Asia.

COMPOSITIONAL AND PLANNING COMPONENT OF THE UNIQUENESS OF THE ARCHITECTURAL SPACE OF THE ENVIRONMENT

The study of public spaces through their analysis is key to the recon-struction of historical cities and districts, their adaptation to modern needs, and the resolution of design conflicts. The purpose of the analysis of public spaces should be to determine their "uniqueness" and the potential to improve this quality. The theoretical concepts put forward are confirmed by examples of the organization of public spaces in Astana, methods of analysis of archival materials and studies of modern urban devel-opment. Five factors of the "uniqueness" of public space are established. Based on the analysis of all existing theories, a generalizing idea of the principles of the development of the uniqueness factors of a particular public space is given. Analysis has shown that when planning and implementing the framework of the city, it is important to preserve or qualitatively introduce unique public spaces into its structure. The example of Asta-na has shown that when the status and population of any city changes, a number of dif-ficulties arise that affect the functional and planning framework of the city and the quality of perception of public spaces. Thus, the discrepancy between the large-scale system and the violation of stylistic unity is more often revealed, which destroys the ex-isting identity of the urban environment. A clear understanding of the essence of the problem will help to form the concept of an integrated approach in the design of public spaces and will pave the way for new searches in the architecture of the objects under study.

Urban Design 1960−2020. Evolution of the curriculum. Case of Faculty of Architecture, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

This paper presents the results of research on the evolution of the curriculum of urban design at the Faculty of Architecture of Wroclaw University of Science and Technology (Poland). Urban Design is one of the many courses that future engineers in the program of Architecture and Urban Design participate in. Urban Design is an important subject, it deals with land development and the organization of public space. Several dozen study programs, project topics and form of classes were analyzed. The teaching of Urban Design was juxtaposed with changes taking place in post-war cities, trends and planning documents. The research results allow us to see the current state of urban design education and in what direction it is evolving.

TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC SPACE FORMS

The article summarizes the main forms of public space and their types and development trends. Features of open, covered, atrium forms of public space and public space with a complex structure are described.
 The conditions of the active functioning of a comfortable public space are considered. Examples of progressive projects of the organization of public space, which are implemented in world practice and which illustrate the proposed classification of public spaces by form, are given. Modern possibilities of organizing public space, which can be included inside the building and located outside relative to the buildings, are based on the main groups of forms: open public space (area with design in an open urban environment), covered public space (area with design in an open urban environment with canopy structure), atrium public space (communication and recreation atrium part of a public building) and public space of a complex structure (combination of open, covered and atrium parts: vertically at different levels or by blocking horizontally). The most complicated form of a complex with public space is a multi-level combination of a transport hub, a shopping center and a recreation area on the upper levels.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ КОНЦЕПЦИИ ТУРИСТИЧЕСКОГО ЦЕНТРА САЛЕХАРДА

In the context of growing interest in the development of Arctic cities, it is necessary to form new public spaces. In the system of organizing tourist flows, the need to create public, business and cultural centers is determined.
 The object of the study is the system of organization of public space for tourists and residents of the northern city: the system of functional organization and features of the volume-spatial solution associated with the conditions of the Arctic climate. The specifics of the developing northern region of Salekhard are considered.
 The methodological basis is a generalization of the experience of designing tourist centers and public spaces of northern cities, as well as a historical and cultural analysis of the territory of Salekhard. The result of the study is the definition of the functional and spatial organization of the tourist center. The tourist center system is presented in the design concept

FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF THE PUBLIC ENVIRONMENT THROUGH THE ANALYSIS OF CONSTRUCTIVE SOLUTIONS

The buildings of the city form an environment for various types of social activities. The structure of the buildings reflected the history of the development of architecture, culture, and political life of different countries and eras. New types of activities, which are gradually developing, led to the need for the emergence of appropriate public spaces, buildings, structures. Revealing the influence of constructive solutions on the formation of the public environment will make it possible to more expediently, qualitatively and harmoniously form public spaces. Taking into account the peculiarities of the architectural planning organization and constructive solutions of public buildings is an important factor not only for carrying out restoration works on redesign and revitalization of spaces, but also for the development of modern design.
 The relevance of the study is determined by the need to take into account in the process of creating conceptual solutions for the design of a harmonious subject-spatial environment of public purpose based on constructive solutions.
 Public spaces are pedestrian streets, squares, boulevards, embankments formed under the influence of historical, cultural, social and economic factors. In the social dimension, the listed objects are a publicly accessible area. The question of the formation of public spaces is particularly relevant in view of the changes of the last decades in the field of economy and culture, which affect the transformation of cities.
 Public space, as a space of social activity, can be interpreted as a flagship in responding to socio-economic changes. The multidimensionality of the use of public space as a territory: communication, representation and commerce reflects the socio-economic and political model of society. Accordingly, the spatial and functional renewal of public spaces is a sign of further city-wide transformations, which necessitates the study of the laws of their formation and construction.
 This article describes the peculiarities of the formation of the public environment. The factors influencing the organization of public spaces were considered, the signs and prerequisites of their formation were identified.

Działalność doktora Henryka Jordana na rzecz dzieci i młodzieży. W poszukiwaniu współczesnych odniesień

The activity of Dr. Henryk Jordan played an important role in the development of health education in Galicia, Eastern Europe, in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries. This article revolves around Jordan’s concept of the development of the physical condition of Poles and the physical education system for children and adolescents. Henryk Jordan’s actions have been re-interpreted in the context of building various educational establishments. His efforts, focused on organizing free time for students, were aimed at ensuring their sustainable development. In this respect, the creation of the City Park was Henryk Jordan’s great achievements, serving the physical education of children and adolescents and promotion of mass sport. This organization of public space can be a valuable guideline for architects and educators who create friendly spaces for children and young people. At the same time, the article pinpoints that the target audience and the users are members of local communities whose voices should always be heard and considered. When this happens, they form a relationship with friendly space which takes them into an existential dimension.

Exposition mechanism for promoting technologies for creating environmentally sustainable cities

The environmental agenda of global development, temporarily suspended by the sanctions regime due to objective circumstances, cannot be lifted, it needs to be reset, taking into account the logistical, technological and investment constraints that have arisen. Possibly less ambitious and locally focused eco-projects are required. The analysis of the experience of eco-cities recognized as the best has shown that the effectiveness of the integrated use of cleaning and recycling technologies, methods of reproduction and consumption of energy resources, technologies of transportation and organization of public spaces, smart regulation of the housing and communal system, etc. it is sufficient to compensate for the impact of rising cost factors. At the same time, the frontal implementation of eco-technologies in practice is hindered by political instability, low investment activity, and the lack of development of technologies, especially bearing in mind the confirmation of the effectiveness of their use in practice. Taking into account the practical results and the identified problems, the author suggests using an exposition mechanism for promoting eco-projects with the possibility of iterative, as soon as ready, expansion of innovative technological content of projects.

ГРАДОСТРОИТЕЛЬСТВО ПОСЛЕ ПАНДЕМИИ: ВИДЕНИЕ И НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ

The principles of the urban formation have always been built on socialization, the construction of public spaces and the systematization of the huge human masses’ interaction. Of course, in the formation of urban space there are objects that allowing you to feel solitude, but still the city has always been a place of interaction. But the COVID-19 pandemic has changed modern views of the urban environment. The article discusses the relevance of urban development in a pandemic situation. Examples of city development after pandemics in human history are given. It is considered how the COVID-19 coronavirus has changed the understanding of the organization of urban space and human housing. Possible options for changing the conditions of the urban area are analyzed. This research tries to review developed factors of the urban area under the influence of epidemics and their consequences, among which there may be changes in the organization of public spaces on a scale from specific urban are to global solution.

BLUE LINES AS TOWN-BUILDING LIMITATIONS OF COASTAL WATER AREA

The characteristics and problems of coastal water areas and coastal territories are considered. The use of coastal areas for economic, residential, and industrial buildings led to their degradation and gave rise to a number of legal, ecological, technical, and urban planning problems. Coastal water areas and territories are important natural and urban planning complexes in the planning structure of the city, because they enrich the urban fabric with public and recreational space, coastal flora and fauna, a picturesque landscape, and improve the microclimate of the urban environment. Professional organization, beautification, preservation and protection of coastal water areas and their coastal territories is one of the dominant urban planning tasks due to the fact that coastal territories are extremely vulnerable, the most exploited and investment-attractive zones. Preservation of the natural balance between the water area and the coastal area in the conditions of an urbanized environment is an urgent task of city planners. The advantages of the organization of the coastal man-made system have been proven. The urban planning organization of the coastal territory of the river is a set of measures for engineering preparation and improvement of the territory, which include the definition and measurements of the site, the identification of its natural features, the determination of the borders of the coastal territory, zoning with the definition of restrictions (water protection zone, coastal protective strip, green lines), project development, technical support of architectural and landscape improvement under the condition of maintaining and preserving the natural balance of the river ecosystem. The importance of establishing the Blue Lines of urban planning restrictions of coastal water areas is substantiated. Green and Blue lines should become tools for limiting the urbanized load on the natural component of cities and settlements, protecting and safeguarding the purity of the water body, the balance of the ecotone component, the river biocenosis, and the paradynamic connections of the river ecosystem during its urban development. The blue lines of urban planning restrictions – the boundaries of the water area cut – will contribute to the preservation of the maximum allowable sizes of coastal water areas, a tool for preserving the natural component in the urbanized environment, which will help solve the problem of balanced, rational and harmonious use of coastal water areas and territories. In addition to the obvious advantages of improving the microclimate of the urban environment, the appearance of recreational and pedestrian zones, the organization of public space (city friendly for people), the return of historical and cultural significance, professional urban planning organization and the revitalization of river ecosystems will have long-term economic profit – the coastal areas of revived water areas will become promising objects for investments.

Search for requirements for the width of pedestrian roads in the context of the classification of public space

Walking has long been the primary means of human transport. Nevertheless, in recent decades, the insufficient emphasis has been placed on it in the creation and renewal of public space. It focuses mainly on the needs of road transport, the volume of which is constantly growing enormously. It is only in recent years that the view begins to be re-evaluated and trends in the organization of public space gradually changed, as it is true that a larger supply generates a greater demand. Therefore, leading architects are gradually changing their approaches to the organization of public space and put humans, pedestrian transport, and its requirements first. In the Czech Republic, the trend is gradually changing, as it is worldwide. Walking again plays an important role in the creation of sustainable mobility plans for the cities of the Czech Republic. The main problems arise in the actual implementation of these ideas, as the legislative requirements are formulated only in general, unlike the requirements for road transport, which sets out the requirements for minimum road profiles in the context of design speed and traffic intensity in a given cross-section. These requirements are set out in Decree No. 501/2006 Coll. on general requirements for land use and also in CSN 73 6110 Design of local roads (CSN is Czech technical norm). However, such a categorization of requirements for pedestrian roads is not yet solved uniformly for the entire territory of the Czech Republic, even though CSN 73 6110 deals with sidewalks (functional group D roads). ). So far, this categorization is replaced only by seldom locally valid methodologies, manuals, or requirements and regulations in the town plans of individual cities. This paper aims to search for current approaches, legislative requirements, and approaches to addressing the width requirements for pedestrian roads in public space in the context of the classification of this area.

A Design Approach as a Possible Organization of Public Spaces in Emergency Areas

The paper tries to identify, through strategic design axes, some areas in emergency contexts to locate collective spaces serving the local population, such as schools, community centres and spaces for aggregation. These public places have the purpose of regenerating the surrounding context by improving the quality of life and above all by strengthening the identity of the place through social and cultural spaces that the community identifies as landmarks of the settlement fabric. Through the analysis of some case studies in East Africa, the research tries to highlight some infrastructural axes which to locate permanent public services by reducing the distances between inhabited areas and primary services. The aim is to link the scattered and fragmented settlements in the territory without identity, with an axis of public services that could accommodate more functions and at the same time increase their size according to the needs of the local community. A design approach allows these areas to be developed strategically with a new configuration of services along certain infrastructural axes. A well-managed and effective regeneration of these areas in emergency contexts is essential to strengthening the identity of the place. The comparison of the selected case studies could represent an opportunity to rethink the planning of services in emergency areas to provide guidelines for practitioners involved in these particular contexts. And once again the paper wants to demonstrate how an architectural approach can solve a possible organization of spaces within fragmented contexts.

Sustainable Symbiotic Relationship in The Human Ecosystem in The Development of Public Spaces (Case of Hanoi Historical Inner-City Area)

In the last few years, the concept of the Human Ecosystem has been mentioned a lot frequently in Urban Environments related to social and natural ecosystems. The organization of public spaces cannot help but affect the relationships between human and natural ecology, economy, and culture. Perhaps the human activities have compromised the ecosystem so those relationships can be easily broken down. But it can also be enriched orrecovered from failures by establishing Symbiotic Relationships between natural, economic, and cultural elements in urban ecosystems. The research presents theoretical issues of Human Ecosystems in public space organization and specific applications in thecase of Hanoi historical inner-city areas. It focuses on discussing theories of the structure and morphology of Human Ecosystems, the human behavior, the relationship between community behaviors, natural environment, and architecture of public spaces, to organize, enrich, and balance the service ecosystem of public spaces. These features are considered vital by the author in contributing to the preservation of natural resources, urban architectural heritage, creating architectural spaces and planning of public spaces towards ecological and green urban development.

YOUTH INITIATIVES IN TOURISM IN THE ERA OF DIGITALIZATION AND PANDEMIC

The rapid digitalization of the economy since the early 2010s thanks to the rapid development of the mobile Internet and artificial intelligence was accelerated by the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, which caused catastrophic losses in international tourism in 2020. This article considers the perception of the tourist region by the young generation of the era of smartphones and social networks and sets objectives of adapting tourism in the world of VUCA – a world of instability, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity. The priority strategies of tourism development in the regions: the introduction of the unseen tourism management technologies and creation of the online platform of youth leisure, development of concepts modern use of historic buildings while preserving their historical authenticity and romantic atmosphere, organization of public spaces for the exchange of experiences between generations on the basis of mutuall interest and encouragement of projects engaging young people with disabilities. There is a need for long-term planning and the formation of a global system of universal values and human understanding of their place in the “new reality”. This vector of development will lead to a new level of humanity in the future 5–10 years.

Rational approach towards renovation of public spaces in Krasnoyarsk

This article examines public spaces in the urban environment of Krasnoyarsk and outlines current trends in design. The object of this research is the territories with hydraulic structures – fountains, which have lost their attractiveness and relevance, currently undergo dismantling and remodeling. The author analyzes the needs of Krasnoyarsk residents, latest trends in design and organization of public spaces in Krasnoyarsk. The article describes remodeling of the two most popular fountains of the city as most popular for promenades: the fountain “Adam and Eve”, which now is the sculpture “Valentine and Valentina”; and the fountain “The Seize of Europe”. The research is based on the method of analysis and synthesis of public opinion determined in the course of questionnaires, expert assessments and scientific inquiries regarding the dynamics of urban development. The analysis of beautification of streets of Krasnoyarsk allows assessing the current state of the outdoor furniture in recreation areas. Examples are provided of both a successful approach towards layout of public urban spaces, as well as the projects which potential has not been fulfilled. The author proposes new layout solutions that take into account complex needs of the consumer. The theme of beautification of territory around the fountain remains relevance, and urban planning departments are interested in selecting high-quality outdoor furniture with consideration of color and texture of the materials, laws of rational composition, and maintainability.

PUBLIC SPACES IN THE AREAS OF SUBWAY STATIONS

The purpose of this work is to consider the factors influencing on the features of architectural and urban organization of public spaces in the areas of subway stations as important resources for the development of their network in the structure of the largest cities in Ukraine. Public spaces are considered as publicly accessible areas of the city where informal communications and short-term recreation of citizens take place. The location of these objects in the structure of the transport and communication framework of the city creates the preconditions for the formation of a kind of integrated network of public spaces that perform a special communicative function of the city community. This determines the relevance of this work. The need for such spaces is defined by theoretical understanding and a professional approach to their creation. The study has identified the factors that affect the functional and planning parameters of public spaces in the areas of subway stations’ influence. They consist of three groups:
 - characteristics of the urban situation;
 - type and rank of the transport interchange;
 - the needs of passengers who use the subway station, adjacent public transport stations or visit the area for other reasons.
 The following conclusions have been made on the base of the study:
 
 In the zones of subway stations’ influence the locations are formed that fully correspond to the characteristics of "public spaces". These new functional and spatial formations are one of the complex and dynamic elements of the system of public spaces of the city which have significant potential for the formation of an integral network of spaces of this type.
 It has been improved the necessity of the spatial organization of public spaces in the areas of subway stations’ influence in order to optimize their functional and planning organization and landscaping.
 It has been defined and researched the factors of influence on the organization of public spaces which will allow to define receptions and principles of their functional and planning organization in various urban organization situations and features of formation of the given objects’ network.

Architectural image of modern police buildings in the context of safe urban environment

The authors review the existing concepts of organizing the environment which prevents criminogenic phenomena occurrence. As a result, the authors draw a conclusion that a system approach towards the organization of public spaces is quite prospective while the combination of physical and social space in the context of safe territory is one of the main tasks for making up an architectural & construction object. The article considers the examples of foreign expertise in design and construction of the penitentiary system buildings. The analysis of the available information leads the authors to the conclusion that modern police buildings are characterized by the use of up-to-date technologies and materials, creative and visually attractive solutions, laconic and distinct structures, application of a proper landscape organization of external environment. Most of the considered examples reflect the idea of openness and transparency, the inclusion in the social environment and reliability and safety at the same time. The practical part presents a variant for the building of the police office (department) made with the consideration of the results of the approaches towards the formation of the architectural image of modern police buildings in the context of safe urban environment.

Hyphenated voices: The organization of racialized subjects in contemporary Danish public debate

Applying a conceptual framework of hyphenation, understood as the organization of racialized subjects, this paper investigates rhetorical strategies for working existing hyphens as practiced within an Action Aid Denmark initiative to train young people to become public opinion leaders in anti-discrimination matters. We identify three such rhetorical strategies: (1) Silencing: Racialized subjects are organized by majority voices that speak of/for ‘the Other’; the training explicitly seeks to change the organization of public debate by working this hyphen. (2) Positioning: The main strategy for working the hyphen, as taught in the course, is to speak from a minority position, but in a manner that is recognizable to the majority. Thus, non-white participants are trained to speak with white voice; they become exceptions to the rule, tokens or role models when telling their stories in a scripted manner. And (3) Representing: In telling their own stories, the aspiring opinion leaders come to speak for racialized subjects as a group. Thus, the course (unwittingly) reproduces the current racialized organization of public space in the form of ‘benign discrimination’. On the basis of this analysis, the article advances postcolonial organization studies by demonstrating that hyphenation cannot be overcome, but must be engaged in a continuous process of re-working the hyphen. Thus, the task of researchers and practitioners alike is to show the constraints of current hyphenations and find strategies for organizing subjects in more equal and open relations.

A new approach to the design of street furniture in Krasnoyarsk

The article describes the trends in the field of small architectural forms and outdoor furniture in the public environment of Krasnoyarsk. The objects of study are outdoor furniture located in central and popular public places that shape the image of the urban environment. The article contains a study of street improvement in the city of Krasnoyarsk, which made it possible to assess the current state of furniture used in the city. The research methodology consists in conducting an Internet survey of respondents in the social network “VKontakte”. The survey showed the advantages and disadvantages of existing furniture objects according to ergonomic, artistic, aesthetic, environmental and economic criteria. The collected material made it possible to determine changes in the approach to the design of outdoor furniture for public urban spaces, made it clear the feasibility of an integrated solution for environmental objects. The article demonstrates the design concepts of products with progressive design and improved qualities. The authors-developers propose a modern approach to the organization of public spaces and the design of products, taking into account the anthropometric and physiological characteristics of the population. They explain the use of modern materials in terms of ergonomics and ecology, such as wood-polymer composites, plywood, modified wood. The recommendations of the expert in the person of the chief architect of the city, in the design and implementation of such objects, were taken into account. The results of the analysis have both theoretical and practical significance and will be used in the improvement of urban spaces within the framework of the “Comfortable Urban Environment” program in Krasnoyarsk.

МОДЕЛИ АРХИТЕКТУРНОГО ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫХ ПРОСТРАНСТВ В СТРУКТУРЕ ГОРОДСКИХ АКВАТОРИЙ

An approach to the architectural and landscape formation of public spaces on water, based on a model representation of the contact zone "river-city", is proposed. The functional loads of public spaces that are transferred to the structure of urban water areas are systematized. Several promising methods in the formation of public spaces on water are presented as meaningful levels of interaction between water area and coastal urban structure: 1) a scenario-functional approach to the formation of linear spaces of public pedestrian environment, 2) the addition and development of ecological complex of the waters, 3) the aesthetic harmonization of environment of coastal areas; 4) strengthening the transverse links of the city and the water area through the placement of public spaces on water. The first method based on scenario-functional approach proposes eight functional planning models for organizing public spaces on water: linear-translational model, complex-dissected model, transverse (scenario-functional) model, closed (ring) model, radial (arched) model, fan (beam) model of public spaces in the structure of the water area, reciprocating (combined) model and discrete model. A number of theoretical models of the organization of public spaces in the structure of urban water areas are proposed. They reflect the principles of aesthetic harmonization of riverside landscape, complement and rehabilitate lost qualities of their ecological complex and organize transverse links of urban environment with water area. The presented models expand the range of possible conceptual approaches and methods of riverside and water areas reconstruction, modernization and adaptation to public functions. In addition, they form new methodological tools for pre-project analysis, architectural concept search and modeling of the building-water zone.