Public Administration Organizations Research Articles

The Relationship Between Public Administration and Third Sector Organizations: Voluntary Failure Theory and Beyond

Abstract Among Lester Salamon’s early theoretical contributions was the introduction of the “Voluntary Failure” concept. In a series of articles published in the second half of the 1980s (Salamon, L. M. 1987a. “Of Market Failure, Voluntary Failure, and Third-Party Government: Toward a Theory of Government-Nonprofit Relations in the Modern Welfare State.” Journal of Voluntary Action Research 16 (1–2): 29–49. Reprinted in Salamon (1995): 33–49, Salamon, L. M. 1987b. “Partners in Public Service: The Scope and Theory of Government-Nonprofit Relations,” In The Nonprofit Sector. A Research Handbook, edited by W. Powell Walter, 99–117. New Haven: Yale University Press, Salamon, L. M. 1989. “The Voluntary Sector and the Future of the Welfare State.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 18 (1): 11–24. Reprinted in Salamon (1995): 203–19) Salamon rejects the existing theories concerning the existence and the growth of nonprofit entities, both demand-side theories such as “government failure” (Weisbrod) and “contract failure” (Hansmann) and supply-side theories (James). He introduces the so-called “third-party government” approach underlining the interdependence between the state and various other (profit and nonprofit) social actors (Salamon Lester M. and Toepler S. 2015. “Government–Nonprofit Cooperation: Anomaly or Necessity?” Voluntas 26: 2155–77). The “voluntary failure theory” is based on the recognition of four limits of nonprofit organizations’ action: (a) philanthropic insufficiency; (b) philanthropic particularism; (c) philanthropic paternalism; (d) philanthropic amateurism. These shortcomings can be overcome by the creation of an institutional framework of collaboration between the public administration and the most organized part of civil society, namely the so-called third-sector organizations. The aim of this paper is to open a discussion around the adequacy of the above-mentioned approach to explain the complex configurations that current relationships between public administration and third sector organizations have assumed in Western democracies, especially in the field of welfare policies. We will do so through the analysis of the recent scientific literature on government-nonprofit relationships, with a particular focus on the so-called “new public governance” (Osborne Stephen, P. 2006. “The New Public Governance?” Public Management Review 8 (3): 377–87, Osborne Stephen, P. ed. 2009. The New Public Governance? Emerging Perspectives on the Theory and Practice of Public Governance. London: Routledge) and the co-creation and co-production paradigm (Torfing, J., E. Sørensen., and A. Røiseland. 2016. “Transforming the Public Sector into an Arena for Co-creation: Barriers, Drivers, Benefits, and Ways Forward.” Administration & Society: 1–31), that emphasize the involvement of citizens (i.e. users or clients) and their associations in the definition of the policies, programs, and services directed to them.

De første 25 års sagsdannelse

The first 25 years of records management – an archive guide on AIDS/HIV in the National Archives’ collections 1981 – 2006. In the Danish National Archives, different kinds of records give insight to the history of AIDS/HIV. Our aim with this article is to present some of the most relevant records about the disease from the public administration and private organizations. The article will reflect the tran- sition in the public administration from storing the information on paper to using digital media for archiving. We will pay attention to how the records about the disease were created as well as how to find them in the archive.

E-government as a tool to improve the efficiency of public administration: The case of Kazakhstan

Digitalization contributed to the modernization of public administration, particularly e-government development. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of e-government in improving the efficiency of public administration in Kazakhstan. The research methods are comparative, economic-statistical, and qualitative content analysis. The sources of statistical data were the Bureau of National Statistics, the Committee of public services, the e-government portal, and reports of international organizations and national development institutions. The study determined that e-government is a modern paradigm of public administration that contributes to the efficiency of public administration; its development and efficiency are significantly influenced by financial, economic, technological, and legal factors. Kazakhstan has a high level of e-government development. The e-government development portal in Kazakhstan has contributed to improving public administration, especially during the pandemic. However, e-government requires further development, as its functioning has various issues (low degree of information relevance, insufficient portal filling, and low share of automated functions). At the same time, the readiness of public administration organizations for digital transformation is medium. The study proposes recommendations for Kazakhstan’s e-government development to improve public administration, mainly developing technological infrastructure and digital human capital. The results can contribute to the further e-government development in Kazakhstan and enrich the theoretical base in increasing the efficiency of public administration in the context of digital transformation. AcknowledgmentsThis study is supported by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant “Priorities and mechanisms of inclusive regional development of Kazakhstan in the context of overcoming the economic recession,” IRN AP09259004).

Human Capital and Performance Management in the Albanian Public Organizations

Developing an effective, competent and forward-looking public service as well as strong but lean state institutions is one of the greatest challenges nations around the world face today. Researchers as well as governors have highlighted the central role of the human capital in the public services offer. Organization scientists have long considered human capital as a strategic asset that contributes to organizational effectiveness. Whereas the strategic importance of human capital has been widely studied in the case of for-profit organizations, measurement difficulties and the role of human capital in the public sector have received little attention. In a democratic, civil, postmodern society, one of the main tasks is the development of systems for managing the efficiency of human capital in the context of public administration, as a means of obtaining higher levels of labor productivity. Actually, it should be acknowledged that orienting the performance management system to support the attraction of new human potential in public administration at all levels can better achieve this efficiency in the utilization of human resources. In this context, a new approach to the human capital management process is being actualized, which includes employee engagement and key factors of employee engagement at every stage. Albania public administration organizations suffer a lack of flexibility in using the human capital management instruments in favor of a better individual and organizational performance because of the rigid legal framework under which it functions. On the other hand, the special character of the public administration organizations and the public services note the added value of the role of the public administrator. This study tends to bridge this gap on the literature on the importance of the human capital and its impact on the performance of the public organizations as well as to practically evaluate the influence of the human capital on the perceived performance of the Albanian public organizations.
 
 Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 17 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023

The role of LMX and organizational climate in improving performance and effectiveness of local public administration: evidence from the Metropolis GZM

Since the 1990s, along with the transformation of public administration and the emergence of new concepts of public management, the improvement of organisational effectiveness and performance (OEP) of local public administration has become an important goal of regional policies in many countries. The OEP of local public administration has started to be considered as an essential factor affecting the process of regional socio-economic development. However, to improve the performance of local public administration, factors influencing the OEP of public administration organizations need to be determined. Consequently, the purpose of this paper is to identify how such factors as the quality of relations between leaders and subordinates as well as learning climate influence the OEP of public administration organizations.
 Method/approach: The paper presents the results of a survey research conducted among 153 employees of municipal offices in the Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolis (i.e. Metropolis GZM). A model of relationships between LMX, organizational learning climate, and the OEP was examined with the use of Structural Equation Modeling and path analysis.
 Findings: It was found that the LMX affected the OEP only indirectly through its impact on organizational learning climate which in turn influences the OEP. Therefore, the study also revealed that organizational learning climate mediated the relationship between the LMX and the OEP.
 Originality: The presented results of the study have provided empirical evidence regarding the influence of LMX and organizational climate on the OEP of public organizations which was hitherto absent in the literature on the subject. A novel conclusion from this study is that the high quality of relationships between leaders and subordinates and organizational learning climate improve the OEP of local public administration organizations. Highly effective local public administration can become a driver of the regional development promoting new ideas, innovation and local incentives.

The Ancient Origins of Modern Public Administration (Based on the Materials of the Hebrew Bible)

Currently, there is a certain discrepancy between the theory of public administration and declarations in this area to the real state of affairs in the modern state. The purpose of the study is to search for the origins of public administration in the texts of the Hebrew Bible, as well as to compare modern principles of public administration with biblical ones in order to demonstrate the relevance of politically oriented texts of an ancient religious monument. Comparative analysis, retrospective analysis, as well as the system method were used as scientific methods in this study. The work used the texts of the Holy Scriptures, as well as the approaches of domestic and foreign scientists to understanding these texts in the context of studying the basics of public administration. A comparative study of modern principles of public administration and those foundations of statehood, which were described in the Hebrew Bible, allows us to demonstrate their continuity. The authors come to the conclusion that, if we do not take into account the divine version of the cessation of the existence of the statehood of the ancient Jews for a long time, it can be stated that it was the violation of the principles of state organization that destroyed the ancient state. But the politically well-developed mentality of the people and political culture allowed this statehood to resume after millennia. Thus, the organization of public administration, according to the Hebrew Bible, with proper adaptation to modern realities, can at least partially solve problems in this area.

The Role of Citizens in the Municipalities' Risk Management Process: An Overview in Italy

Risk Management (RM) themes have a central role in private and public admin-istration, improving its performance and resilience, as affirmed by many authors in recent years. The involvement of citizens in public processes derives from the New Public Governance influences, and the evolved consideration from citizen, to partner and customer. However, few authors have investigated whether and how citizen participation is involved in the RM process. This paper aims to cover the gap on the citizens' role in the RM process of public administration organizations, with a focus on corruption risk. In particular, the analysis focused on Italian mu-nicipalities and was conducted on a sample of 110 provincial capitals. Though the analysis of the Italian legislation, we discuss whether access requests (ARs) are a useful tool for citizens through which to exercise their control activity, thus partici-pating in the RM process of the municipality.

Characteristics of pneumoconiosis in Zhejiang Province, China from 2006 to 2020: a descriptive study

BackgroundPneumoconiosis is the most prevalent occupational disease and displays different patterns in each province of China. Clarifying specific incidence patterns and temporal trends in Zhejiang Province can help provide valuable information on the prevention of pneumoconiosis.MethodsAnnual reports of pneumoconiosis for Zhejiang Province from 2006 to 2020 were extracted from the National Occupational Disease and Occupational Health Information Monitoring System. The information of cases included regions, diagnosis ages, genders, exposure durations, pneumoconiosis categories and stages, the first year of exposure, enterprise industries, scales and ownerships.ResultsTotally 6037 new cases of pneumoconiosis were reported between 2006 and 2020, which increased at first and then gradually declined since 2013. Among all pneumoconiosis cases, silicosis accounted for the majority (72.17%). Most of the cases occurred in small-scale and domestic-funded enterprises, which accounted for 71.75% and 96.97%, respectively. When analyzing the industry distribution, the cases were mainly concentrated in mining (37.12%), manufacturing (31.11%) and ‘public administration and social organization’ (23.94%) industry. The average diagnosis age among the pneumoconiosis cases was 55.44 years, and the median exposure duration was 11.00 years. Significantly older diagnosis age and longer exposure duration were found in females, coal workers’ pneumoconiosis cases, cases with higher stages, cases with the first year of dust exposure earlier and cases from large-scale companies. In regional distribution, the top three cities reporting the most pneumoconiosis cases in Zhejiang Province were Taizhou, Quzhou and Hangzhou.ConclusionThe current situation of pneumoconiosis in Zhejiang Province was still serious, and government should further strengthen the surveillance of occupational diseases and supervision of enterprises. Moreover, publicity and education regarding pneumoconiosis should be carried out to raise awareness of dust exposure risk and associated health consequences.

THE ROLE OF THE PRINCIPLES OF DECENTRALIZATION IN THE CONCEPT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

This article analyzes the role of decentralization in the modernization of public administration, the essence of the concept of decentralization of public administration, the principles of decentralization of public administration, methods of influencing public administration, the method of govarnance, the form of organization of public administration, as well as the transfer of a certain amount of authority, the principle of decentralization of public administration. In addition, the ultimate goal of the redistribution of public administration functions is important as the principle of decentralized public administration, which serves to create the opportunity to make optimal governance decisions based on the common interests of the population, the balance of interests at the state , regional (regional) and local levels. The article considers the possibility of self-government at the level of local administrative-territorial units, as well as the formation of the institution of decentralization.

Conceptual Research on the Organization of Local Public Administration in Romania and Republic of Moldova

Conceptual Research on the Organization of Local Public Administration in Romania and Republic of Moldova

Энциклопедисты петербургской власти. К изданию архивного справочника «Органы власти и управления Санкт-Петербурга. 1775–1993»

The review is devoted to analysis and review of the content of the first two volumes of a large-scale five-volume archival project, which is being carried out by the central city state archives employees under the charge of the Archival Committee of St. Petersburg. The project is to produce a comprehensive reference book on the history of city government and administration and state institutions of St. Petersburg—Petrograd—Leningrad—St. Petersburg. The reference book covers a significant historical period, staring from the moment the city government was established during the gubernia reform of the Empress Catherine the Great and ending with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation B. N. Yeltsin no. 2252 of December 21, 1993, which put an end to the Soviet authorities’ existence in the northern capital. The reference book results from long years of the authors-compilers’ research of pre-revolutionary and Soviet archival fonds and regulatory legal acts concerning creation, reorganization, liquidation of the regional power structures of St. Petersburg—Petrograd—Leningrad—St. Petersburg. On the basis of a representative complex of archival documents, previously unintroduced into scientific use, the first two volumes offer over 130 detailed historical references on the history of state authorities and state institutions. Every article is supplemented with comprehensive references: archival ciphers, sources, detailed bibliography of published works on the history of this particular branch of public administration or city organization. The first volume contains 60 articles and is devoted to the highest city authorities and administration: from the Commander-in-Chief in St. Petersburg (1780–97, 1805–08, 1812–16) to the Leningrad City Committee of the CPSU (1931–90). The second volume includes 78 historical references on the governing bodies of the city economy: from the Petrograd Treasury Chamber (1780–1918) to the Main Directorate for Housing, Civil, and Industrial Construction in the city of Leningrad (1955–89). The reviewed publication permits to study general and particular in the organization of public administration over 200 years of Russian history, without its usual division into pre-revolutionary and Soviet history, in the largest capital city of Russia. The reader obtains informative historical background and all scientific apparatus necessary for the subsequent organization of their own research.

КОНЦЕПТ "КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНІСТЬ ДЕРЖАВИ" ЯК АНАЛІТИЧНИЙ ІНСТРУМЕНТ У ДОСЛІДЖЕННІ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ДЕРЖАВНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ

B a c k g r o u n d . The article analyzes various approaches to understanding the effectiveness of public administration, which are in foreign and Ukrainian scientific thought. The study found that administrative efficiency is often understood as the effectiveness of the organization and functioning of public administration. Administrative efficiency is also understood as the efficiency of management bodies and officials. The authors emphasize that the principles, criteria and factors of the study of effectiveness are very vague. This affects the objectivity of the reflection of the qualitative result of the activities of the public administration body. The purpose of the article is to show that administrative efficiency is a component of the general social efficiency of public administration, so it can be studied with the help of analytical tools of competitiveness state. M e t h o d s . The study was conducted at the Department of Public Administration of the Educational and Scientific Institute of Public Administration and Civil Service of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. The main methods and approaches are institutional, sociological, historical, cultural, complex. The main sources of this study were the works of authors who investigated the effectiveness of public administration, namely, the content of the concept, approaches to evaluation, where conclusions were drawn about the effectiveness and limitations of individual methodologies. As well as Ukrainian legislation and analytical reports of international organizations on the country's competitiveness, which provide up-to-date information on the strengths and weaknesses of government institutions and state authorities. R e s u l t s . The scientific novelty of the study is that the authors offer new tools for the study of administrative efficiency. The key results and the background. It competitiveness of the state. "Competitiveness of state" in the context of studying the effectiveness and efficiency of public administration, the subjects of public administration is not considered deeply in the Ukrainian science of public administration. Moreover, in Ukraine, the effectiveness of public administration is increasingly associated with the competencies of civil servants. The authors do not agree with this position and suggest a deeper analysis, firstly, the relationship between public administration efficiency and the competitiveness of state and, secondly, a deeper study of the analytical capabilities of the theoretical and methodological construct "competitiveness of state". C o n c l u s i o n s . As a result, the authors argue that the task of administrative efficiency as an indicator is to reflect an understanding of the activities of institutions, which depends on the efficiency and behavior of both public and private actors, a legal and administrative basis within which individuals, firms and governments interact. And it determines the quality of public institutions.

Отдельные проблемы правовой организации федерального государственного карантинного фитосанитарного контроля (надзора)009-0000-2032-2590

Introduction. Proper organization of state quarantine phytosanitary control (supervision) is a factor affecting the state of economic and food security, since it involves the application of measures aimed at preventing the penetration and spread of biological organisms harmful to the crop industry. The legal norms regulating the organization of state phytosanitary control (supervision) form one of the most important legal institutions in the structure of administrative and legal regulation of the agro-industrial complex. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted using general scientific methodology (analysis, synthesis, dialectical and system-structural methods), as well as the formal legal method. For this purpose, the necessary regulatory and legal framework was used, and the scientific argumentation of the formulated ideas was based on the study of theoretical sources, in which topical issues of the legal organization of public administration, control and supervisory activities and plant quarantine were considered. Analysis. The main directions of the analysis are the problems of organizing and implementing state quarantine phytosanitary control (supervision) with a statement of the circumstances that prevent the normal implementation of control and supervisory measures. Results. The expediency of legislative registration of the monitoring of the quarantine phytosanitary condition of the territory of the Russian Federation and the measures of administrative coercion applied during its implementation in the form of an integral part of the state quarantine phytosanitary control (supervision) has been established. Further development of its regulatory and legal regulation may be associated with the unification of terminology affecting such measures as inspection and inspection. The conclusion is formulated about the need to take organizational and legal measures to increase the level of material and technical security of the relevant bodies and officials.

Possibilities of remediation of the personnel substrate of the Slovak public administration

!e public perception and evaluation of the functionality of public authorities depends on the personnel substrate of public administration bodies. !e public is primarily focused on its own problems of everyday life, in the solution of which the public administration and especially its personnel have their share. !e work and attitudes of the personnel of public authorities towards citizens as clients receiving and using speci"c services provided by the public administration organisations naturally also re$ect the public’s attitude towards their own statehood. !ese social relations are inherently highly variable and therefore politically and socially extremely fragile. All the more importance should therefore be attached to the personnel base of the public administration bodies by the public authorities. Public administration reforms are intended to be a means of rationalising the activities of the public administration system. As a rule, however, they are oriented towards revitalising its organisational structure and institutional network, but not towards improving the functioning of the bureaucratic apparatus of the state. Despite the fact that the true essence and goal of its professional activities is such administration of public afairs, which must ideally be carried out solely for the bene"t of the citizens of the state. Since public administration bodies are made up of collectives of people who form an essentially heterogeneous conglomerate in the form of a personnel system, albeit outwardly homogeneous, the state can in fact regulate the guarantees of its operation only to a certain extent and within certain limits. !e decisive place, that is to say, the guarantee and the task of ful"lling the functions attributed to the public administration by the state, therefore belongs to the work portfolio of public administration officials of all levels and types, other managerial employees and the executive bureaucratic apparatus. Officials employed by the state itself in the public administration must therefore meet certain personal, professional and quali"cation criteria. If these requirements are in a divergent relationship with reality, then it is not at all possible for public servants to carry out the internal and external functions of the state in accordance with the political, economic, social and cultural aims of the political power. Although the value of each state as a sovereign political form of organisation of society can be classi"ed according to various indicators, perhaps the most signi"cant are those that can be conceived and monitored on the basis of the establishment and evaluation of the achieved parameters of the quality of life of its population. !e quality of life of the population is also determined by the way in which public affairs are managed. Public administration is therefore a speci"c service of the state provided to the public in its interest and under its responsibility. It is therefore also measurable by the level of satisfaction achieved by the population with its performance. In terms of quality, the performance of public administration is almost exclusively in the hands of the apparatus of public administration bodies, their personnel base (personnel substrate). !is is why the actions of individual officials integrated into the personnel base of the public administration have a signi"cant impact on public opinion. Rersefore, the search for possibilities leading to the improvement of the quality of the activities of the personnel base of the Slovak public administration is still a topical task of both science and practice.

Regional Management Centers as a New Form of Management Activity

The article explores a little-studied topic about the modern form of regional governance based on interdepartmental communication. On the example of the Regional Management Centers (RMC) as a modern form of communication among different departments and of an informational interaction among citizens and authorities, the authors analyze the ways of forming a new public management concept, based on actors-network concept and digitalization ethics, the analysis of social networks, the concept of figuration and the fractal evolutionary concept. The authors assume that the introduction of mechanisms of an online interaction and networking creates proactive connections between citizens and authorities and increases the level of confidence and the management efficiency. The empirical data were collected through a range of interviews with representatives of different departments directly linked with the RMC activity, as well as through the documents analysis and descriptive statistics. As a result of the study, the authors draw conclusions about the importance of a network approach in the organization of public administration, where the SDGs can become a full-fledged tool as part of the new paradigm of New Public Government (NPG). At the same time, the important goals are both increasing the level of digital maturity of the population and the readiness of the system itself for restructuring at all levels.

DOCUMENTATION MANAGEMENT AND THE AUDIT TRAIL IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Our world and the issue of its public administration are undergoing transformations in the form of complex digitization. The ensuing changes are also affecting processes within public administration organizations and include modernization of documentation management. The question remains as to how documentation management can be effectively set up for modern public administration. As such, the research objective of the present paper is the design of documentation management and the audit trail so as to ensure the effectiveness of public administration. From fulfilling this goal, we can hypothetically expect a significant simplification and streamlining of documentation management, which will provide, among other things, information sufficient for conducting auditing activities and ensuring the effectiveness of the public administration system – the audit trail. Analytical testing is used to meet this objective, where documentation processing intervals were measured on a selected sample of 284 documents in the field of public administration organizations. The sample included directives, work procedures, forms, and operating rules that constitute controlled documentation. The conclusions of this research have primarily yielded a schematic workflow of documentation management in public administration. The proposed documentation management workflow will specifically enable public administration to increase efficiency, consistently implement the audit trail, and increase computerization, which will contribute holistically to the development of public administration. Keywords: Administration, Audit, Documentation, Management, Trail

An Analysis of Cybersecurity Policies and Practices in Public Administration

The purpose of this research was to assess the strengths and weaknesses of a public administration organization's hacking policies and practices. According to the findings, the company has a solid cybersecurity base thanks to its comprehensive policies and ongoing training and awareness programs. Nonetheless, there were also opportunities for development, such as in access controls and vulnerability evaluations. A more thorough cybersecurity policy, the use of role-based access control, and more frequent and thorough vulnerability assessments and penetration testing were among the best practices and improvement suggestions uncovered by the research. The company will be better able to safeguard sensitive data and prevent future attacks by implementing these suggestions. This research serves as a useful reminder of the significance of cybersecurity in public administration and emphasizes the need for constant vigilance and advancement in order to remain one step ahead of new threats.

Can Institutionalization Be Considered a Trap in Defining Functional Cross-border Areas? Coopetition and Local Public Services in Borderlands

Abstract Cross-border cooperation can be an example of a non-hierarchical co-governance tool based on the principle of multi-level governance, which was successfully implemented mainly thanks to European integration as part of building EU territorial cohesion. As a new tool, it has not been limited by the experience of public administration organizations to date, and it is largely based on coopetition aimed at more effective co-management of border regions. Within the framework of this paper, we are exploring the new point of view in the debate on functional cross-border areas. In the first part of the paper, we shall move towards the establishment of multi-level governance (MLG) and re-analyze the adequacy of this concept in line with the general scientific discourse of functional cross-border areas. In the next part, on the basis of desk research and analyses of public policy, the tools and forms for MLG research as well as their implementation were identified and compared on the national and cross-border levels. In the last part of the case study from the Czech-Polish border, we identify the determinants for the organization and implementation of cross-border public services as a basis for defining cross-border areas functional for fire protection in the Jesenik District (CZ).

Mediation in administrative proceedings: European experience for Ukraine

The article reveals the European experience of using mediation in administrative proceedings and the implementation of its best practices in Ukraine. Mediation in administrative proceedings has successfully proven itself in European countries. The tradition of alternative resolution of public legal disputes exists in Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Norway and other countries. The ability to use mediation in administrative proceedings is substantiated, the effectiveness of which depends on the peculiarities of each legal system, the organization of public administration and the existing practice of resolving public legal disputes.
 It is indicated that the Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine «On Mediation» are favorable for the use of mediation. The main problem of implementing mediation in administrative proceedings lies in the political will and legislative capabilities of the subjects of power. A certain category of public-law disputes can potentially be resolved through mediation, provided there is a more stable practice and demarcation of discretionary powers of the relevant subjects.
 It is proposed to continue to introduce pilot projects on mediation, in particular in tax disputes, as well as with the participation of local self-government bodies, with further scaling to the entire territory of Ukraine. The necessity of continuing the training of mediators, who would have knowledge of highly specialized legal norms in the field of law and public administration (concerning licensing, registration procedures, property valuation, assessment of taxes or social assistance, etc.) is indicated. It is recommended to introduce relevant disciplines into educational programs, to introduce certificate courses for training mediators that would form relevant competencies, to conduct a large-scale company to popularize procedures for resolving public legal disputes through mediation.

ZEMSTVO REFORM IN RUSSIA: HISTORICAL AND LEGAL CONTEXT

The article deals with the issues of legal regulation of zemstvo self-government in the second half of the 19th century on the basis of valid acts of the Russian empire. Urgency of addressing this theme is determined by the next stage of municipal reform in Russia, conditioned by the inclusion of local self-government and state administration into unified system of public power organization by the Constitution of Russian Federation of 1993 and by the necessity of generalization of historical experience for providing legislative bodies of power with recommendations on application of some legal constructions that haven't lost their significance after a century. The author analyzes the guidelines, decrees and regulations, which laid down the order of organization of zemstvo self-government in the Vyatka province. She describes in detail the transformations carried out in the districts that make up the present-day Udmurtia, comparing the laws of 1864 and 1890. The competence of zemstvos, order of formation, functioning and interaction of zemstvo bodies in exercising their powers are revealed in details. Special attention is paid to the legal regulation of electoral rights of different categories of the population. At the end of the article some conclusions are formulated for effective organization of public administration with zemstvo reforms in modern legal conditions.