Animal Organism Research Articles

Endoreplication-Why Are We Not Using Its Full Application Potential?

Endoreplication-a process that is common in plants and also accompanies changes in the development of animal organisms-has been seen from a new perspective in recent years. In the paper, we not only shed light on this view, but we would also like to promote an understanding of the application potential of this phenomenon in plant cultivation. Endoreplication is a pathway for cell development, slightly different from the classical somatic cell cycle, which ends with mitosis. Since many rounds of DNA synthesis take place within its course, endoreplication is a kind of evolutionary compensation for the relatively small amount of genetic material that plants possess. It allows for its multiplication and active use through transcription and translation. The presence of endoreplication in plants has many positive consequences. In this case, repeatedly produced copies of genes, through the corresponding transcripts, help the plant acquire the favorable properties for which proteins are responsible directly or indirectly. These include features that are desirable in terms of cultivation and marketing: a greater saturation of fruit and flower colors, a stronger aroma, a sweeter fruit taste, an accumulation of nutrients, an increased resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, superior tolerance to adverse environmental conditions, and faster organ growth (and consequently the faster growth of the whole plant and its biomass). The two last features are related to the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio-the greater the content of DNA in the nucleus, the higher the volume of cytoplasm, and thus the larger the cell size. Endoreplication not only allows cells to reach larger sizes but also to save the materials used to build organelles, which are then passed on to daughter cells after division, thus ending the classic cell cycle. However, the content of genetic material in the cell nucleus determines the number of corresponding organelles. The article also draws attention to the potential practical applications of the phenomenon and the factors currently limiting its use.

Current Review of Increasing Animal Health Threat of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Harms, Limitations, and Alternatives to Manage Their Toxicity.

Perfluorinated and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), more than 4700 in number, are a group of widely used man-made chemicals that accumulate in living things and the environment over time. They are known as "forever chemicals" because they are extremely persistent in our environment and body. Because PFAS have been widely used for many decades, their presence is evident globally, and their persistence and potential toxicity create concern for animals, humans and environmental health. They can have multiple adverse health effects, such as liver damage, thyroid disease, obesity, fertility problems, and cancer. The most significant source of living exposure to PFAS is dietary intake (food and water), but given massive industrial and domestic use, these substances are now punctually present not only domestically but also in the outdoor environment. For example, livestock and wildlife can be exposed to PFAS through contaminated water, soil, substrate, air, or food. In this review, we have analyzed and exposed the characteristics of PFAS and their various uses and reported data on their presence in the environment, from industrialized to less populated areas. In several areas of the planet, even in areas far from large population centers, the presence of PFAS was confirmed, both in marine and terrestrial animals (organisms). Among the most common PFAS identified are undoubtedly perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), two of the most widely used and, to date, among the most studied in terms of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. The objective of this review is to provide insights into the toxic potential of PFAS, their exposure, and related mechanisms.

Infrared thermography as a method of diagnosing reproductive pathologies in animals

The development and practical implementation of unique instrumental methods for diagnosing obstetric, gynecological, and andrological pathologies remain relevant. In this regard, thermography shows promise as a non-contact remote diagnostic express method that allows detecting differences in the distribution and intensity of infrared radiation depending on the physiological or pathological state of the animal organism. In this regard, the purpose of the work was to present the possibility of using the infrared thermography method for diagnosing reproductive pathologies in animals. Assessing the functional state and conducting preventive diagnosis of pathological processes in the genitals using thermal imagers can be crucial in animal reproduction. In addition, exceptional safety, autonomy, and non-contact qualities make thermal imagers indispensable in veterinary medicine. Therefore, thermography provides identification and differentiation of the phases of the sexual cycle and preventive diagnosis of obstetric-gynecological and andrological pathologies at a pre- or subclinical stage of development, dystrophic or inflammatory. Practical utilization of thermal imagers enables, in some cases, to make a final diagnostic conclusion; in others, to receive only preventive information followed by thorough, further comprehensive and specific research.

Biodegradation of low, medium and high molecular weight phthalate by Gordonia sp. in a batch system: Kinetics and phytotoxicity analyses

ABSTRACTPhthalic acid esters (PAEs) are highly toxic compounds and can disrupt the hormonal balance of human, animal, and aquatic organisms. Due to the hazardous nature of such compounds, their removal from constituent wastewater before discharging into the environment is mandatory. This study focused on the biodegradation of dimethyl phthalates (DMP), di-n-butyl phthalates (DBP), and di-n-octyl phthalates (DnOP) by Gordonia sp. in a batch system. Initially, five different concentrations of DBP, DMP, and DnOP (200–1000 mg/L) were chosen individually as the sole carbon source to examine their effect on the biodegradation and biomass growth of Gordonia sp. Complete degradation of DBP and DMP was achieved up to 1000 mg/L initial concentration within 96 h, whereas in case of DnOP, the degradation value was only 83.5% at 120 h for the same initial concentration. The experimental data were fitted into various substrate inhibition kinetic models, and accurate predicted values of degradation of all the three PAEs were obtained using the Tiesser model in comparison with other models, which yielded the highest and lowest R2 and SSE values of 0.99 and 0.02 × 10−4, respectively. In addition, the phytotoxicity of PAEs degraded samples was assessed and more than 50% germination index value was observed for DMP and DBP degraded sample which established the treatment efficiency of Gordonia sp. in degrading DMP and DBP. Hence, high DMP and DEP degradation and phytotoxicity removal efficiency of Gordonia sp. demonstrate its potential for the treatment of PAEs contaminated wastewater.

Dynamics of electrophysiological parameters of variability of the heart rate of cows

Studies of the heart of cattle are important in veterinary practice due to insufficient attention to heart diseases in this type of animal of the Jersey cow breed. The heart is important for the animal organism, which provides a balance between the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. During the experiment, the animals were divided into four groups according to the stress index and the initial vegetative tone. The stress index (TI) is an indicator that most fully informs about the degree of stress of the compensatory internal mechanisms of the body, as well as the level of functioning of the central circuit of heart rhythm regulation. An analysis of the cardiovascular system of animals was carried out according to R.M. Baevsky, sinus heart rate was recorded with subsequent analysis of the structure. The studies were carried out using the modern complex electrocardiographic laboratory "CONAN 4.5" developed at the Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov at the Department of Higher Nervous Activity. A comparative analysis of the numerical characteristics of electrophysiological indicators was carried out. Based on these data, the breed characteristics of the Jersey cows were established. Analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) is a widely used method in medical practice to assess autonomic regulation and the state of the heart. Mathematical analysis of the electrocardiogram allows you to determine the indices and identify the state of the autonomic nervous system. An important role is played by the issue of meeting the needs of the population in dairy products. For this reason, the livestock industry is developing rapidly. However, when improving dairy cattle breeding, it is necessary to take into account the physiological capabilities and characteristics of animals at all stages of their ontogenesis. The study of the cardiovascular system is of great importance in veterinary medical and preventive work.

Structural and functional studies of tropomyosin isoforms Tpm4.1 and Tpm2.1

Tropomyosin (Tpm) is one of the most important partners of the actin filament, largely determining its properties. In animal organisms, there are different isoforms of Tpm, which are believed to be involved in the regulation of various cellular functions. However, the molecular mechanisms of regulation of the functions of actin filaments by various cytoplasmic isoforms of Tpm are still poorly understood. In our work, we used various methods to study the properties of Tpm2.1 and Tpm4.1 isoforms and compared them both with each other and with the properties of Tpm isoforms that had already been subjected to more detailed study earlier. The isoforms Tpm2.1 and Tpm4.1 almost did not differ from each other in their affinity for F-actin, in the thermal stability of their molecules and in their resistance to limited proteolysis by trypsin, but they differed markedly in viscosity of their solutions and in the thermal stability of their complexes with F-actin. The main difference of Tpm2.1 and Tpm4.1 from other previously studied Tpm isoforms (such, for example, as Tpm1.6 and Tpm1.7) is their extremely low thermal stability measured by CD and DSC methods. The possible causes of this instability are considered in detail when comparing the amino acid sequences of Tpm4.1 and Tpm2.1 with the sequences of isoforms Tpm1.6 and Tpm1.7, which did not differ from Tpm4.1 and Tpm2.1, respectively, by the exon structure of their genes.

Milk Exosomes: Next-Generation Agents for Delivery of Anticancer Drugs and Therapeutic Nucleic Acids.

Exosomes are nanovesicles 40-120 nm in diameter secreted by almost all cell types and providing humoral intercellular interactions. Given the natural origin and high biocompatibility, the potential for loading various anticancer molecules and therapeutic nucleic acids inside, and the surface modification possibility for targeted delivery, exosomes are considered to be a promising means of delivery to cell cultures and experimental animal organisms. Milk is a unique natural source of exosomes available in semi-preparative and preparative quantities. Milk exosomes are highly resistant to the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. In vitro studies have demonstrated that milk exosomes have an affinity to epithelial cells, are digested by cells by endocytosis mechanism, and can be used for oral delivery. With milk exosome membranes containing hydrophilic and hydrophobic components, exosomes can be loaded with hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. This review covers a number of scalable protocols for isolating and purifying exosomes from human, cow, and horse milk. Additionally, it considers passive and active methods for drug loading into exosomes, as well as methods for modifying and functionalizing the surface of milk exosomes with specific molecules for more efficient and specific delivery to target cells. In addition, the review considers various approaches to visualize exosomes and determine cellular localization and bio-distribution of loaded drug molecules in tissues. In conclusion, we outline new challenges for studying milk exosomes, a new generation of targeted delivery agents.

Application of the Se NPs-Chitosan molecular complex for the correction of selenium deficiency in rats model

Selenium is an integral component of vital biologically active compounds of the human body. Currently, the population of many countries is characterized by selenium deficiency. In this regard, many preparations of inorganic and organic forms of selenium have been developed. Nevertheless, it is evident that the most effective solution to the problem is to enrich the diet with bioavailable forms of selenium. Thus, this work aimed to synthesize and study the antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects of the molecular complex of selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) and chitosan in laboratory rats with induced hyposelenosis. During the experiment with animals, we found that as a result of 70-day consumption of food with a low selenium content, rats develop an alimentary selenium deficiency state, as evidenced by a significant decrease in the content of this trace element in control group rats to 48.2 ±6.71 µg/kg versus 149.3 ±21.63 µg/kg in intact animals. Course, administration of the molecular complex Se NPs- Chitosan to rats of the experimental group, contributed to the replenishment of selenium deficiency: its concentration in the blood of animals was 96.6 ±3.57 µg/kg. Thus, in animals of the control group, there was a decrease in the total number of lymphocytes by 2.7 times, T-lymphocytes – by 1.8 times, and B-lymphocytes – by 2.3 times compared with similar data in intact animals. In the context of hyposelenosis, it is worth mentioning that there was a slight increase in the content of T-helper cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. The synthesized Se NPs – Chitosan complex administration during hyposelenosis demonstrated a notable immunomodulatory effect by restoring the body's immune response indicators. Thus, the total number of lymphocytes increased by 3 times, T-lymphocytes – by 1.9 times, and B-lymphocytes – by 2 times. The number of T-helper cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes increased by 1.9 times compared to the group of intact animals and 1.6 times compared to selenium-deficient rats. Thus, the course introduction of the molecular complex Se NPs – Chitosan against the background of selenium deficiency was accompanied by inhibition of free radical oxidation processes, activation of the antioxidant system and restoration of the immune status of the organism of laboratory animals.

MiR-497 Regulates LATS1 through the PPARG Pathway to Participate in Fatty Acid Synthesis in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells.

Nutrient metabolism is required to maintain energy balance in animal organisms, and fatty acids play an irreplaceable role in fat metabolism. In this study, microRNA sequencing was performed on mammary gland tissues collected from cows during early, peak, and late lactation to determine miRNA expression profiles. Differentially expressed miRNA (miR-497) was selected for functional studies of fatty acid substitution. Simulants of miR-497 impaired fat metabolism [triacylglycerol (TAG) and cholesterol], whereas knockdown of miR-497 promoted fat metabolism in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) in vitro. In addition, in vitro experiments on BMECs showed that miR-497 could down-regulate C16:1, C17:1, C18:1, and C20:1 as well as long-chain polyunsaturated fats. Thus, these data expand the discovery of a critical role for miR-497 in mediating adipocyte differentiation. Through bioinformatics analysis and further validation, we identified large tumor suppressor kinase 1 (LATS1) as a target of miR-497. siRNA-LATS1 increased concentrations of fatty acids, TAG, and cholesterol in cells, indicating an active role of LATS1 in milk fat metabolism. In summary, miR-497/LATS1 can regulate the biological processes associated with TAG, cholesterol, and unsaturated fatty acid synthesis in cells, providing an experimental basis for further elucidating the mechanistic regulation of lipid metabolism in BMECs.

Take chicks as an example: Rummeliibacillus stabekisii CY2 enhances immunity and regulates intestinal microbiota by degrading LPS to promote organism growth and development

Human and animal organisms are in a state of low-grade inflammation caused by low concentrations of LPS. The novel potential probiotic Rummeliibacillus stabekisii CY2 was pre-proven in vitro to reduce LPS. Explored its effect in vivo, chicks were fed in different groups (0, CY2L, and CY2H). Results showed that CY2H had significantly lower serum levels of LPS and the inflammatory factors IL-1 and IL-6, reduced low-grade inflammatory levels, and significantly higher levels of the inflammatory inhibitory factor IL-10. The structure of the chicks’ intestinal microbiota was improved. The relative abundance of the potentially probiotic Lactobacillales increased significantly. Importantly, the growth performance of chicks has been significantly improved. In conclusion, CY2 supplementation can improve immunity through the degradation of LPS, alleviate low-grade inflammation, improve intestinal microbiota, and thus promote the growth of the chicks.

Structural and Functional Properties of Tropomyosin Isoforms Tpm4.1 and Tpm2.1.

Tropomyosin (Tpm) is one of the most important partners of actin filament that largely determines its properties. In animal organisms, there are different isoforms of Tpm, which are believed to be involved in the regulation of various cellular functions. However, molecular mechanisms by which various Tpm cytoplasmic regulate of the functioning of actin filaments are still poorly understood. Here, we investigated the properties of Tpm2.1 and Tpm4.1 isoforms and compared them to each other and to more extensively studied Tpm isoforms. Tpm2.1 and Tpm4.1 were very similar in their affinity to F-actin, thermal stability, and resistance to limited proteolysis by trypsin, but differed markedly in the viscosity of their solutions and thermal stability of their complexes with F-actin. The main difference of Tpm2.1 and Tpm4.1 from other Tpm isoforms (e.g., Tpm1.6 and Tpm1.7) was their extremely low thermal stability as measured by the CD and DSC methods. We suggested the possible causes of this instability based on comparing the amino acid sequences of Tpm4.1 and Tpm2.1 with the sequences of Tpm1.6 and Tpm1.7 isoforms, respectively, that have similar exon structure.

Effects of allogeneic blood transfusion on the immunity parameters in recipient rabbits

Blood transfusion is always associated with immunological risks. In animals, immune conflicts can occur, because other than erythrocytes and plasma factors, many other antigens (leukocytes, trombocytes) are not accounted for. This publication is focused on morphological changes in blood of recipient rabbits following allogeneic transfusion. Modeling of blood transfusion was performed on five clinically healthy rabbits by intravenous injection of allogeneic whole blood in estimation of 5.5 mL/kg of body weight. The materials for the study were the blood samples, gathered on the 3rd, 7th, and 23th days after the transfusion. We determined that in the organism of the recipient animals, there occurred post-transfusion leukocytosis. Increase in the number of leukocytes in the experimental animals did not exceed the physiological parameters. After whole-blood transfusion, the amount of lymphocytes and granulocytes in the recipient rabbits did not significantly change over 23 days of the experiment. We recorded significant decrease in the amount of monocytes on the 3–23rd day after allogeneic transfusion in the organism of the recipient rabbits. Following the blood transfusion, percentage of T-lymphocytes in the recipient rabbits increased compared with the initial condition on the 3rd and 7th days of the experimental studies, and decreased on the 23rd day. Percentage of B-lymphocytes in the recipient rabbits after the allogeneic blood transfusion increased compared with the initial level, indicating activation of specific immunity. The whole-blood transfusion led to decrease in the percentage of O-lymphocytes in the recipient on the 3rd day of the experiment, and increase on the 7th and 23rd days of the experiment, as compared with the initial condition. The conducted studies of allogeneic transplantation of whole blood demonstrate that whole-blood transfusion entails a cascade of complex immunological reactions in the recipient animals. The prospects for further research are studies of influence of allogeneic transfusion of blood components on the parameters of specific and non-specific links of immunity of the recipient animals.

Influence of daily feeding ration of cattle on the transfer of 137Cs and 90Sr to animal organisms and manure in the agroecosystems of Central Forest-Steppe

The ration of feeding for large cattle was investigated and analyzed in terms of the transfer of 137Cs and 90Sr to muscle tissue, bones, milk, and manure biomass. The specific activity of radionuclides 137Cs and 90Sr was determined in the daily feeding ration of animals. It was found that the soil contamination density of 137Cs at the «Nadiya» farm ranged from 104.2 to 396.5 Bq/m2, while for 90Sr, it ranged from 9.4 to 36.2 Bq/m2. The fields at the «Ivanivske» farm had soil contamination densities of 137Cs ranging from 37.5 to 283.6 Bq/m2 and 90Sr ranging from 7.4 to 32.1 Bq/m2. The soil contamination density of 137Cs at the NNDC BNAU ranged from 4.18 to 8.66 Bq/m2, while for 90Sr, it ranged from 0.44 to 0.88 Bq/m2. The results of the ration assessment indicate that the average daily intake of 137Cs from feed into the animal’s body at the «Nadiya» farm was 375.3±84.2 Bq/kg, and for 90Sr, it was 345.1±98.2 Bq/kg. Significantly lower amounts of radionuclides from the ration entered the animals’ bodies at the «Ivanivske» farm, with an average daily intake of 137Cs at 174.9 Bq/kg and 90Sr at 236.0 Bq/kg. The lowest transfer coefficients of 137Cs and 90Sr from the daily ration to the body were observed at the NNDC BNAU, with 8.56 Bq for 137Cs and 9.69 Bq for 90Sr. It was determined that, overall, the muscle tissue of animals received 6.37% of 137Cs and 0.06% of 90Sr from the ration at the «Nadiya» farm; 2.0% of 137Cs and 0.02% of 90Sr at the «Ivanivske» farm, and 2.22% of 137Cs at the NNDC BNAU. In the case of bones, it was 6.47% of 90Sr at the «Nadiya» farm; 5.47% of 90Sr at the «Ivanivske» farm, and 0.41% of 90Sr at the NNDC BNAU. The obtained results confirmed that 137Cs is capable of evenly accumulating in all organs of the animal, while 90Sr selectively or predominantly accumulates in specific organs. It was established that under conditions of prolonged intake of radionuclides through the ration into the body of large cattle, 85–90% is excreted with the manure biomass.

OZONIZED VEGETABLE OIL AND VETERINARY APPLICATION

Ozone (O3) is a molecule composed of three atoms of oxygen, very unstable, capable of reacting with various substances in the animal organism, giving rise to by-products that will participate in biochemical reactions. Under this reality, O3 has a broad mechanism of action and can be used in various pathologies of animals, being widely used in the treatment of wound healing. O3 is a substance found naturally in the Earth's atmosphere, however, for its therapeutic use, O3 is produced by a medical generator, which, through high-voltage-electrical-discharges, is capable of capturing medical oxygen from a cylinder and disintegrating it. it so that its molecules are reorganized in the form of ozone. Ozone therapy is considered an integrative therapy that is characterized by the application of a mixture of ozone gas and oxygen gas (O2), with a maximum of 5% O3 (CARNEIRO, 2023; DI FILIPPO et al., 2020). Because it has a broad mechanism of action, ozone therapy is effective in several animal pathologies. The purpose of repeated administration of ozone is to create resistance against oxidative stress by stimulating the antioxidant system, therefore, medicinal ozone is considered a prodrug, as its by-products are responsible for biological effects in the patient's body (DE OLIVEIRA et al., 2014; VASCONCELOS et al., 2022). Ozone in its medicinal use has established itself as a promising treatment and prophylaxis for several conditions, mainly due to its broad mechanism of action, with beneficial effects such as immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and healing. Allows penetration into the deep layers of the skin, increasing the supply of oxygen to the cells and strengthening the natural protective barrier. When using the product in oil, it should be used by applying a few drops to the affected areas of the skin several times a day and, in accordance with the guidance of the veterinarian, the treated area should be massaged (WILMINK; VAN WEEREN, 2004). The use of O3 is recommended when the patient has itching, skin inflammation, bacterial skin infections, fungal infections, hardened scar tissue, eczema, fissures, gingivitis and ear infections, always following the advice of the veterinarian. The application of ozone in the form of ozonated oil has been reported to be the most effective.

A New Genus of the Zooproblematics of the Family Siphogonuchitidae

A new genus and species Monoshanites dentatus gen. et sp. nov. of asymmetric sclerites of problematic animal organisms belonging to the family Siphogonuchitidae is described from the Khevte–Tsakhir–Nuruu section of Western Mongolia (Tommotian Stage, Beds with Halkieria amorpha, Bayangol Formation). The microstructure of sclerites with a double wall was studied: the inner layer is lamellar, the outer layer is columnar.

Оценка возможности использования отходов железо-магниевого производства для очистки сточных вод от тяжелых металлов (Cd2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Cu2+)

Relevant problems associated with treatment of industrial wastewater from heavy metal ions are considered. Due to industrial development, the amount of wastewater increases as well as the risks of heavy metals getting into surface and groundwater, accumulating in water bodies and becoming aggressive environmental pollutants, which affect the animal and human organisms. To assess the possibility of extracting metal ions (Cd2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Cu2+) from industrial wastewater and their further treatment, studies were carried out on redistribution of heavy metals in the “wastewater – waste” system using iron-magnesium production waste. Samples of the investigated waste weighing 0.1; 0.2; 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2 g were taken for wastewater volume of 50 ml per each subsample. Contact time varied from 5 to 180 min, waste fraction was 1 mm. The interaction process showed that the waste efficiently removes metal ions (Cd2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Cu2+) from industrial wastewater. The efficiency of removing a pollutant from the solution depends on the weight of the waste subsample, initial concentration of metal ions, and contact time.

Expression of the hypoxia-inducible factor as a predictor of the resistance of the organism of laboratory animals to hypoxia

BACKGROUND:One of the key transcriptional regulators that determine the bodys resistance to hypoxia is the hypoxia-inducible factorHIF-1, the study of the role of which in the bodys resistance to extreme influences can justify new directions in medical technologies for its increase.
 AIM:To evaluate the quantitative contribution of the level of expression of the hypoxia-inducible factorHIF-1in various tissues of laboratory animals to the increase in the resistance of animals to the effects of hypoxic hypoxia.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS:The study was carried out on outbred white laboratory rats obtained from the Rappolovo nursery weighing 180220 g. To conduct the study, animals were previously tested for an individual level of resistance to hypoxia, which made it possible to form experimental groups from highly resistant and low resistant animals. Biological material was taken from all animals (whole blood, plasma, tissues of the heart, liver, kidneys, brain), in which the expression of theHIF-1andTSPOgenes (housekeeping gene) was determined by the Real-Time-PCR method. Total RNA was isolated from the test material by affinity sorption,synthesis of the first strand of cDNA, amplification, followed by determination of the expression level of theHIF-1gene in rats was carried out according to the instructions and the manufacturers protocol by PCR with detection of the accumulation of reaction products in real time (Real-Time PCR) using a CFX-96 detecting amplifier (Bio-Rad, USA) and specific primers and probes for theHIF-1gene in rats (DNK-Sintez, Russia). Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out using the ANOVA analysis of variance.
 RESULTS:It has been established that the level of resistance of animals to hypoxia is largely determined by their genetic characteristics. Even under normoxic conditions, the expression of theTSPOhousekeeping gene in animals with a high level of resistance to hypoxia differed with a high degree of reliability from low-resistance animals (in the kidneys, liver, and brain, on average, by 4060%; in the heart, by 25%). The values of the expression of this gene, determined in whole blood or plasma, make it possible to differentiate groups of animals according to the level of resistance to hypoxia. A similar ratio between animals with high and low resistance is also observed in tissues obtained immediately after hypoxic exposure. An analysis of the reaction of the genomic regulation system to extreme exposure showed that it increased the expression of the TSPO gene by 1.62 times equally in all tissues, regardless of the level of animal resistance. For theHIF-1gene, similar patterns were found, but the severity of their manifestations is more and significant.
 CONCLUSIONS:The main organ that provides a high level of resistance to hypoxia associated with the basic (under normoxic conditions) expression ofHIF-1is the brain. The expression of the hypoxia-inducible factor in it is more than 300 times higher than the expression of the housekeeping genes. The second most important organ is the liver, in whichHIF-1expression activity is more than 15 times higher than the expression of housekeeping genes. Under conditions of moderate hypoxia, a compensatory-adaptive reaction is noted, associated with the activation of hypoxic defense mechanisms in blood and liver cells, and in low-resistant animals, also in the brain tissue. In the myocardium, such a compensatory-adaptive reaction is activated only in the group of highly resistant animals. A high level of basal expression of theHIF-1transcription factor under daily (normoxic) conditions may be a predictor of a high level of resistance to hypoxia in a given animal.

Post transfusion reactions in animals (review)

Currently, veterinary specialists are increasingly using blood transfusion in various pathological conditions of the animal body. But at the same time, the effect of hemoconservatives on the body of animals and whole blood has been little studied. The review article provides an analysis of the results of studies of post-transfusion complications in the period from 2008 to 2022. Particular attention in these studies was paid to the frequency of occurrence, the quality of blood or its component, the compatibility of the donor and recipient, complications during and after hemotransfusion. Post-transfusion reactions that can occur as a result of blood transfusion have shown a number of possible immunological and nonimmunological reactions of the organism of animals and humans, the origin of which has been little studied. Posttransfusion reactions of the body include incompatibility reactions, reactions to erythrocyte proteins, reactions to platelets and leukocytes during plasma transfusion, anaphylactoid reactions, hypothermia, heparinization, coagulopathy and thrombosis, microbial contamination, hyperammonemia, hypophosphatemia, hyperkalemia, acidosis, pre-transfusion hemolysis, hemosiderosis. The frequency of occurrence of these reactions has not been sufficiently studied, since mainly isolated cases or studies with a small sample are described. The problem of post-transfusion reactions in animals in our country began to be studied recently. Post-transfusion reactions are practically not monitored, since this requires additional research in a hospital veterinary clinic.

Effect of azodicarbonamide on rats with a high-fat hypercaloric diet

Azodicarbonamide is an important chemical widely used in the industry as a blowing agent in the foam industry and in the food industry as a flour bleaching agent and a dough conditioner. The discussion about its biosafety is ongoing, in a number of countries, the use of azodicarbonamide is limited or even prohibited since a slightly carcinogenic effect of its by-products has been found. Despite this, many manufacturers continue to use it as a food additive. In a laboratory experiment, the effect of various doses of azodicarbonamide on the organism of laboratory animals under the background of a high-fat diet was determined by changes in their body weight, the state and mass indices of internal organs, blood parameters, the functional state of the nervous system, and changes in the intestinal microbiota. Four groups were formed from laboratory male rats, which for 21 days were consuming: a high-fat diet with the addition of 4%, 1%, 0.25%, 0% azodicarbonamide. It has been determined that azodicarbonamide did not cause a change in the organ mass index, but the addition of 4% and 1% of the substance to the diet significantly reduced the intensity of animals' body weight gain. Both excess fat in the diet and different doses of azodicarbonamide mainly caused functional disorders of the parenchymal organs, as evidenced by changes in the activity of blood enzymes (Aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase, De Ritis ratio (AST/ALT), Alkaline phosphatase) and protein metabolism (Total protein, Globulins, Protein coefficient, Urea). Significant changes in the physical and orientation activity and emotional status of the animals were not observed. Low concentrations of azodicarbonamide (0.25% and 1% of the feed mass) caused a pronounced decrease in the number of normal enzymatic properties of Escherichia coli strains below the control group and the reference range, and a high concentration (4%) significantly reduced the number of Lactobacillus bacteria in comparison with the control one but did not exceed references.

Granulated mineral complexes in the rearing of young rams

The purpose of the work was to increase the meat productivity of sheep when introducing granulated mineral complexes produced by the Azot Branch of URALCHEM JSC into their ration. A scientific and economic experiment was carried out on the herd of sheep of Volgograd meat and wool breed. Four groups of young rams with 10 heads in each were formed. The experiment was carrier out for 4 months – from 4 to 8 months of animal age. The animals of the control group were housed on a general farm ration. Their analogues from the experimental groups were fed a mineral compensating additive instead of the mineral part of the ration: the 1st experimental group recipe No. 1, the 2nd experimental group recipe No. 2 and the 3rd experimental group recipe No. 3. It was revealed during the physiological experiment that the organism of animals from the experimental groups compare with the control group absorbed nitrogen obtained with compound feed somewhat better. The highest nitrogen utilization rate was found in sheep that consumed the mineral granulated balancing additive made according to recipe No. 1. It was found that the sheep of the experimental groups, whose rations included the mineral granulated balancing additive had a higher growth rate. The best results were obtained when using the mineral complex made according to recipe No. 1. The profi t from the sale of mutton produced during the experimental period in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd experimental groups exceeded that in the control group by 224,9; 114,5 and 73,8 rubles. The level of profi tability of meat production in the experimental groups was higher than that of the herdmates of the control group by 11,21, 6,41 and 4,10 abs.%, respectively. Thus, in order to increase the meat productivity of young rams we recommend using a diet using mineral granulated complexes. We consider the most optimal complex made according to recipe No. 1.