Organic Waste Products Research Articles

Acceleration of Composting by Addition of Clinker to Tea Leaf Compost

The disposal of tea leaves discarded in the tea beverage market and clinker from coal-fired power plants has an impact on the environment; however, there are no reported cases of their combination for composting. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of adding clinker from a coal-fired power plant to compost based on tea leaves, an organic waste product, on the composting rate and quality. The tea leaves-only compost was designated as Clinker 0%, and composts with 20% (w/w), 40% (w/w), and 60% (w/w) tea leaves supplemented with clinker were designated as Clinker 20, 40, and 60%, respectively. Each mixed material was placed in a 35 L polypropylene container with a lid and allowed to compost for 95 days. The composting rate was evaluated by the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in hot water extract and plant tests using juvenile komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis). The addition of clinker reduced the COD at the beginning of composting by 52.0, 74.3, and 86.7% in Clinker 20, 40, and 60%, respectively, compared to Clinker 0%. Furthermore, root elongation one month after composting was inhibited by Clinker 0% (60.1% relative to distilled water), but not by the addition of clinker (91.7–102.7% relative to distilled water). This suggests that the addition of clinker to tea leaf compost may accelerate composting.

Efektivitas Produksi Biogas Mini Dari Limbah Dapur (KW) Dan Kotoran Sapi (CM)

Biogas is renewable energy. It is a free gas produced from kitchen waste (KW) and cow dung (CM). This can be used as an effective tool for households and communities to manage waste intelligently and use renewable energy. This is free gas produced from KW and CM. The effectiveness of mini biogas from KW and CM includes efficiency in waste management, energy generation, environmental benefits, cost effectiveness and socio-economic impact. The technology provides long-term answers to challenges, leading to a greener and more sustainable future. The use of biogas has emerged as a promising alternative energy source in efforts to find sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions. It is a flexible fuel produced through Anaerobic Digestion (AD) of organic materials as a waste management tool. Mini biogas generators demonstrate a feasible and effective process in converting waste streams into useful energy by exploiting the potential of natural recycling systems. It is also a colorless, flammable gas mixture produced from organic waste products. The methane (CH4) content contributes 50-70 percent and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the biogas composition. The total volume of gas we obtained was 73 ml, the combined percentage was 73%, and the presence of CH4 gas in the mixture was effective with the flame. It can be used for cooking and power generation, and process waste is recycled as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) advance.

Making Detergents from Organic Waste Products

The development of the food processing industry from agricultural products is always accompanied by environmental pollution because of the disposal of organic waste products. Therefore, utilizing organic waste products to create useful products is important both economically and in terms of environmental protection. This study presents some ways to utilize organic waste to create useful products. Agricultural waste sources such as lemon peels, grapefruit peels, and orange peels, etc. can be considered important raw materials for making detergents or natural soaps, or can also be extracted to obtain compounds and useful organic substances

Budidaya Maggot Lalat BSF: solusi limbah dan peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat Desa Bakalan

Bakalan Village, experiencing a significant increase in organic waste production, faces challenges in waste management due to the absence of a Temporary Disposal Site (TDS). This study investigates the implementation of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) maggot cultivation in Bakalan Village, Purwosari Subdistrict, Pasuruan District, East Java, as an innovative solution for organic waste management and an alternative income source. This community service program was initiated to provide training and insight to the village residents about the economic potential of BSF maggot cultivation. The activity involved 46 village residents and was conducted on July 5, 2021, introducing maggot cultivation techniques and their use as an alternative feed for livestock. The results indicate a reduction in the volume of organic waste in the village and an increased awareness among the community about the economic value of organic waste. Dried and further processed maggots showed an increase in selling price from IDR 8,000 to IDR 30,000 - IDR 40,000 per kilogram. This study highlights the link between sustainable waste management and local economic development, providing insights into BSF maggot cultivation practices as an effective method to reduce organic waste and increase the income of the residents in Bakalan Village.

Concrete with Organic Waste Materials as Aggregate Replacement

The disposal of high volumes of organic waste is a global issue. Using organic waste instead of sand as an aggregate material for concrete could reduce the strain on waste treatment processes and on the extraction of finite resources. At the same time, it could be a climate change mitigation strategy, by storing the biogenic carbon contained in the organic waste. This project investigated the viability of replacing 10% of fine aggregate in concrete with various organic waste materials, namely rice husk ash, wood ash, corncob granules, and wheat straw. The fresh concrete’s properties were studied using the slump test, and the hardened concrete’s mechanical properties were measured using the compressive strength and flexural strength tests. In this study, 14 days of curing were considered for the mechanical tests, although the 28-day mechanical strength is more generally accepted. The mechanical performances along with a life cycle assessment (LCA) comparison between the concrete with organic waste and traditional concrete were conducted. The results suggested that rice husk ash and wood ash are the most-suitable organic waste products for use as aggregate replacers considering the mechanical properties. The concrete samples incorporating wheat straw and corncob granules exhibited relatively low strength; unless advanced treatment methods are applied to enhance the concrete’s performance, the utilization of these organic wastes in concrete may be limited. The environmental impact assessment of traditional concrete shows that the main contributor to almost every impact category is the production of Portland cement. Sand production contributes only marginally to the overall impact of the concrete. In terms of life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, traditional concrete exhibits the lowest GWP impact per cubic meter when mechanical properties are included in the functional unit used for the comparison. Nevertheless, concrete samples with wood ash and rice husk ash partially offset their lower compressive strength with higher carbon sequestration, showing a similar GWP impact to traditional concrete. This makes them promising alternatives, especially for cases where limited compressive strengths are needed. Further investigations to improve their mechanical properties and optimize their performance are warranted.

Neodymium recovery from permanent magnets: A breakthrough approach using Deep Eutectic Solvents and Mica

The NdFeB permanent magnets, that contain Neodymium (Nd) are invariably required for the renewable energy industries. Conventional solvent extraction-based procedures for extracting neodymium from these magnets have considerable drawbacks, including high energy consumption, the usage of chemicals, and the production of secondary organic waste. This study presents an innovative approach to address these challenges. To our knowledge, this study is the first to utilise the combination of salicylic acid and choline chloride (SA-ChCl) to make deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for leaching neodymium from discarded neodymium-ferrite magnets and mica for recovery process. Several analyses were performed to verify the efficacy of this strategy. The successful synthesis of DESs was confirmed by FTIR measurement, and Nd adsorption on the adsorbent was shown to be remarkable. Aliphatic hydrocarbons were detected in the DESs by NMR spectroscopy, and the adsorbent's crystalline structure and surface shape were shown, respectively, by XRD patterns and SEM micrographs. It was discovered that variables including the solid/liquid mass ratio, leaching period, and temperature had an impact on both the leaching efficiency and the separation factor. The ideal parameters were discovered to be 1.2 g/L, 200 rpm, and 60 °C, respectively, during the study's investigation into the effects of mica dose, stirring rate, and temperature on mica adsorption. With a maximum leaching effectiveness of 97 %, this technique offers hope for DESs reuse. The maximum desorption efficiency was also demonstrated by calcium chloride, allowing for efficient recycling of the mica adsorbent. Interestingly, a model of an artificial neural network (ANN) with 10 neurons and one hidden layer was created to predict the greatest Nd recovery, validating the efficiency of the DESs-Mica technique in boosting Neodymium recovery from discarded permanent magnets.

Local Beneficial Microorganisms Impact Carbon and Nitrogen Mineralization in a Lixisol Incubated with Organic Waste Products

Growing awareness of the environmental impact of intensive agriculture has prompted a quest for more sustainable approaches. The most promising alternatives include the application of organic waste products (OWPs), as well as biofertilizers containing local beneficial microorganisms (BMs) on cultivated soils. This study was designed to assess the effects of BMs on carbon and nitrogen mineralization of OWPs. A 28-day laboratory incubation experiment was conducted at 28 °C with a soil, three OWPs (poultry litter (PL), cow dung (CD), and sewage sludge (SS)), and three BMs (groundnut + millet from Saint-Louis (LGM), groundnut from the southern groundnut basin (BG), and rice from the southern groundnut basin (BR) in Senegal), alone and combined. The results showed that the C mineralization from OWP + BM + soil mixtures exceeded (range 13–41%) those measured for OWP + soil. The BM input induced an increase or reduction in OWP nitrogen mineralization, depending on the type of BM and OWP. However, the net mineral nitrogen (Nmin) obtained with the PL-LGM and SS-BG combinations was 13.6- and 1.7-fold higher than with PL and SS, respectively, at 28 days. The addition of BM seemed to lead to a decrease in the C: N ratio, an improvement in the availability of nitrogen, and an increase in microbial activity in the OWP + BM + soil mixture. Our results generated new information on the variation patterns of OWP carbon and nitrogen in OWP-BM-soil systems. This novel insight will be developed to guide the most appropriate choice of OWP-BM mixtures for improved fertilization in sustainable production systems.

Utilizing Resources and Reducing Emissions through Waste-to-Energy Technologies in Food Processing in the Southeast Asian Agricultural Industry

The application of waste-to-energy (WTE) technology in Southeast Asian food processing is examined in this study, with an emphasis on emissions reduction and better resource usage. To evaluate the social, environmental, and economic effects, quantitative evaluations were carried out at a few chosen facilities. The findings show that there has been a 60% decrease in greenhouse gas emissions, a 25% gain in energy efficiency, and a 40% reduction in the production of organic waste on a daily basis. Positive returns on an initial investment of $5 million on average, together with the creation of 200 jobs per facility, are indicators of economic feasibility. The research highlights the revolutionary possibilities of WTE technology and offers practical suggestions for the area's sustainable growth.

Nitrogen fertilizer replacement values of organic amendments: determination and prediction

AbstractThe nitrogen fertilizer replacement value (NFRV) quantifies the value of organic amendments as a nitrogen (N) fertilizer, and is commonly defined as the extent to which organic fertilizer N can replace mineral fertilizer N. NFRVs can be calculated by comparing the crop N uptake from equal N application rates of mineral and organic fertilizer, or by comparing the N rates of both fertilizers needed to obtain equal crop N uptake. Currently, NFRVs are mainly known for animal manure, whereas other organic waste products may become available as fertilizer products in the future. In this study, a pot experiment with spring wheat was performed to (1) assess NFRVs of a range of organic amendments; (2) compare NFRVs based on equal N application with NFRVs based on equal N uptake; and (3) assess which product characteristics explain observed variation. Observed NFRVs varied between 6.2 and 78.8%, with the lowest value for raw food waste and the highest for fishmeal. NFRVs were overestimated when calculated based on equal N application rate (with on average 6.9% point), and more so at high N application rate (9.0% point). NFRVs should therefore be calculated based on equal N uptake from organic and mineral fertilizers. Nitrogen concentration of the organic fertilizer provided the best explanation of variation observed in NFRVs (R2 = 0.86). These findings give valuable insights into the large variation in value of organic waste streams as organic fertilizer and can support decisions on sustainable N application rates, to increase crop N uptake and reduce N losses to the environment.

Do Vermicompost Applications Improve Growth Performance, Pharmaceutically Important Alkaloids, Phenolic Content, Free Radical Scavenging Potency and Defense Enzyme Activities in Summer Snowflake (Leucojum aestivum L.)?

Leucojum aestivum L. contains galanthamine and lycorine, which are two pharmaceutically valuable alkaloids. Vermicompost (VC), an organic waste product created by earthworms enhances soil quality and can improve the medicinal quality of the plant that is crucial to the pharmaceutical industry. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of four different VC concentrations (5 %, 10 %, 25 %, and 50 %) on L. aestivum growth parameters, alkaloid levels (galanthamine and lycorine), total phenol-flavonoid content, free radical scavenging potential, and defense enzyme activities (SOD and CAT) compared to control (no VC). The width, length, and fresh weight of the leaves were improved by 10 % VC treatment. The highest total phenolic content was found in the bulbs and leaves treated with 50 % VC. HPLC-DAD analysis of alkaloids showed that 10 % and 50 % VC treatments contained the most galanthamine in the bulb and leaf extracts, respectively. The application of 25 % VC was the most efficient in terms of lycorine content in both extracts. CAT activity was elevated at 10 %, 25 %, and 50 % VC. Based on the growth performance and galanthamine content of the bulbs and leaves, it can be concluded that a 10 % VC application was the most effective in the cultivation of L. aestivum.

A novel method for extracting metals from asteroids using non-aqueous deep eutectic solvents

Extra-terrestrial mining and metal processing are vital for access to strategic metals for space exploration. This study demonstrates for the first time the catalytic dissolution of metals from meteorite proxies of metal-rich asteroids using a deep eutectic solvent (DES). DESs are of particular interest for extra-terrestrial mining as they can be designed to have relatively low vapour pressures and could potentially be made from organic waste products created in extra-terrestrial settlements. Three types of meteorites were investigated: two chondrites (H3, H5) and one iron (IAB-MG) meteorite. Chondrite samples were composed of silicates (olivine, pyroxene) with metal-rich phases occurring as native metal alloys, sulphides and oxides. Metallic Fe–Ni and troilite (FeS) are the most abundant metal-bearing phases in all three samples, particularly in the iron-rich meteorite. The samples were subjected to chemical micro-etching experiments with iodine and iron(III) chloride as oxidising agents in a DES formed from the mixture of choline chloride and ethylene glycol. Micro-etching experiments demonstrated that Fe–Ni rich phases are effectively leached out in this system, while other mineral phases remain unreactive.

Pemanfaatan Sampah Organik dan Anorganik dalam Upaya Pengelolaan Sampah di Desa Besuki, Situbondo

Besuki Village is one of the villages with an average community whose livelihood is in the trade sector, thus household waste production is a major problem in the village. The purpose of this kkn program is to utilize organic and inorganic waste to reduce the amount of waste in Besuki village by applying education to the community about the types of waste and the utilization that can be done. The method used in this work program is by conducting counseling and practice / utilization. The counseling and utilization carried out produced organic waste products, namely solid compost and liquid compost (POC) and inorganic waste products, namely ecobricks. With the counseling and practice of waste utilization, it is expected that composting will be applied to the garden and TOGA garden in Besuki Village, and environmental cadres in the village can make ecobricks which can later be used to decorate and make useful items in Besuki Village.

BIOETHANOL (ENVIRONMENT SUPPORT FUEL) PRODUCTION AND OPTIMIZATION FROM PINEAPPLE PEEL AND BANANA PEEL

<p>The goal of this investigation was to focus on the viability of synchronous aging of natural product waste with Aspergillus Niger TISTR 3063 co-societies producing ethanol. Additionally noted was how the aging temperature affected the yield of ethanol. Peels from pineapple and banana were used as substrates, and they were prepared by being slashed into little rectangular pieces. A 250 ml Erlenmeyer jar containing glucose was used to mature several bundles of natural product waste as a control. Analysis of the factors involved in the production of organic waste included sugar, pH, TS, vs, debris, moisture, COD, and TKN. In my review, bio ethanol was produced from banana strips and pineapple strips using pretreatment techniques, more specifically, soluble and acidic pretreatment. The process of aging interaction is then used to produce bio-ethanol. However, the production of bioethanol from food crops needs to be regulated to ensure food security and requires line-by-line analysis to move potential financial and environmental risks. Utilizing Plan Master Programming version 13, determine whether the nature of the bioethanol has changed after synthesis.Using plan master programming, it is possible to see how the item ethanol is being streamlined. Plot the chart for the item's actual and predicted values, one component diagram, and 3D surface. The fuel qualities of the bioethanol that was given were thought to be comparable to those of diesel fuel, and they also complied with ASTM regulations.</p>

A REVIEW OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE EU COUNTRIES AND THE EXPERIENCE OF ITS ENERGY USE

The article is devoted to the review of waste management in the EU countries and the study of the practices of their energy use. The amount and sources of waste generation in the EU countries and the current trends in its management are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the analysis of production and collection of organic (food) waste by the population; evaluated the top 5 best European models of their collection (open container; door-to-door collection; open container on the street, accessible only to owners; collection of household waste divided into two streams «wet/dry»; composting directly on the territory of their generation). The door-to-door model has shown the highest efficiency when implemented by the households in most European countries in most cases. Two main directions of organic waste management were analyzed: composting and anaerobic fermentation with biogas production. These directions of waste use correspond to the principles of the circular economy and help to use the available potential of waste. Anaerobic digestion of waste is preferred to the composting because it produces both energy resources (biogas, which can be purified to biomethane and also converted into electrical and thermal energy) and biofertilizers (digestate). The experience of individual European countries in the energy use of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (hereinafter referred to as MSW) is presented. It is substantiated that the use of waste of various origins (households, enterprises, municipal wastewater, etc.) for the production of biogas is actively developing in European countries; both the number of manufacturing enterprises and their production capacities are growing. A trend towards an increase in the production of biomethane – purified biogas, which has a wider application then biogas – has been noted. The production of biomethane and biogas in relation to the total gas consumption in the sixteen largest European countries is analyzed, the largest percentage of substitution as of 2021 is noted in Denmark – 5% of natural gas was replaced by biogas, 19% – by biomethane. It has been confirmed that European countries are intensifying the production of energy carriers from waste in order to reduce dependence on buying natural gas from russia. An increase in energy independence on russian energy resources is expected to accelerate as a reaction to hostilities in Ukraine.

Polysaccharides as Economic and Sustainable Raw Materials for the Preparation of Adsorbents for Water Treatment

Adsorption processes, due to their technical simplicity and cost-effectiveness, have arisen as one of the most well-known, straightforward solutions to water pollution. In this context, polysaccharides, due to their abundance, biodegradability, and biocompatibility, are appealing raw materials for the design of adsorbents. Moreover, some of them, such as chitosan, can be obtained from organic waste products, and their use additionally contributes to solving another concerning problem: organic waste accumulation. Unfortunately, due to their low adsorption capacities and/or physicochemical properties, native polysaccharides are not suitable for this purpose. However, there are alternatives that can overcome these physical or chemical limitations, often taking advantage of the versatility of their polyhydroxylated structure. In this context, this review aims to present an overview of the advances from 2019 onwards in the design of new adsorbents for water treatment from cellulose, alginate, chitosan, and starch, addressing the two main strategies reported in the literature: the preparation of either polysaccharide-based composites or polysaccharide derivatives. It is important to point out that, herein, special emphasis is placed on the relationship between the chemical structure and the efficiency as adsorbents of the analyzed materials, in an attempt to contribute to the rational design of adsorbents obtained from polysaccharides.

Combined Di-Ammonium Phosphate and Straw Return Increase Yield in Sweet Corn

Straw returning is an environmentally friendly method to improve soil health and agricultural productivity by reusing organic waste products. However, fields are often also treated with inorganic fertilizers, and the effect of the interaction between phosphate fertilizer application and straw return on crop yield remains unclear. Therefore, a full-factorial, two-year field experiment was conducted on sweet corn (NARC-16 in late 2021 and Kashmeri-19 in early 2022) to explore how crop yield may be optimized by combining straw return with efficient phosphate fertilization. The experiment involved the application of DAP, SSP, and NP (three different types of phosphates) and the application of crop waste byproducts, namely the residual stover left after sorghum and maize harvesting. We compared control fields with no crop waste or phosphate addition (CR0 and PS0) to experimental plots treated with various phosphates and straw return. Growth parameters such as days to emergence, tasseling, silking and maturity, emergence rate (emergence m−2), height of plant, number of leaves, leaf area per plant, and yield were evaluated, and the influence of the treatment on the economic value of crops was estimated. Phosphorus and straw return were applied at rates of 90 kg per hectare and 5 tons per hectare, respectively. The best P-crop straw combination treatment involved DAP (90 kg ha−1) with the incorporation of 5 tons’ ha−1 of maize straw, which resulted in delayed tasseling (50 days), early silking (68 days), taller plants (178 cm), improved thousand-grain weight (233 g), maximum biological yield (11,349 kg ha−1) and grain yield (3760 kg ha−1). The application of DAP with maize straw return resulted in the highest plant height, biological yield, and grain yield of sweet corn during the second year of the experiment, despite the first year’s yield being influenced by a natural disaster. This combined management strategy (using either DAP or crop residuals) was found to have a more a favorable cost–benefit ratio (BCR) efficiency. In conclusion, increasing the use of crop residuals can help reduce the expensive application of synthetic mineral fertilizers like SSP and NP, while significantly increasing sweet corn production and improving profit margins. Considering the importance of environmental friendliness and sustainable agriculture, the combined use of DAP and straw return is considered a viable method.

Dynamics of nutrient elements and potentially toxic elements during composting with different organic wastes

The presence and bioavailability of potentially toxic elements in the soil–plant system are major limitations to the application of compost to agricultural soils. In this study, the content changes of nutrients and potentially toxic elements in four organic wastes, namely household waste, sewage sludge, chicken manure, and cow/sheep manure, were analyzed during composting, and the quality of compost products was assessed in view of their impact on the environment. The objective of this study was to determine the evolution of 21 metal elements, including macroelements (Na, K, Ca, Mg), microelements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, Ni), and potentially toxic elements (Ti, Al, Cr, Cd, Pb, Sb, Li, Co, Be, In, and Sn) during composting. Results showed that the contents of these elements varied considerably between different organic wastes. The contents of some elements (Na, K, Ca, Fe, Ti, Cu) increased substantially after composting due to organic matter decomposition and weight loss, whereas other elements (Mg, Co, Mo, Cr, In) decreased due to water leaching. The compost obtained was characterized by heavy metal contents not exceeding the permissible limits. Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out to further analyze the relationships between the studied elements in different organic waste and compost products. The PCA results revealed that the macroelements (Na, K, Ca, Mg) contents negatively correlated with PC1, whereas microelements and potentially toxic elements positively correlated with PC1. From the results of the PCA, it was possible to classify the different compost products.

Are carbon-storing soils more sensitive to climate change? A laboratory evaluation for agricultural temperate soils

A range of agroecological practices allow to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, which makes a positive impact on climate change mitigation and soil health, but the permanence of this additional SOC storage can be questioned, in particular in a climate change context. Increased temperatures, accentuated evaporation of terrestrial water and increased atmosphere moisture content are anticipated, resulting in more frequent droughts and heavy precipitation events. Understanding the SOC dynamics and assessing the sensitivity of carbon mineralization to these climatic events is necessary to anticipate future carbon losses in terrestrial ecosystems. To this respect, it seems relevant to investigate carbon-storing soils as increased carbon mineralization induced by climate change may limit the carbon storing potential in agricultural soils. Thus, we evaluated the sensitivity of SOC mineralization to increased temperature, decreased soil moisture and drying-rewetting cycles using soils from long-term field experiments. We performed an incubation experiment on topsoil (0–30 cm) samples from temperate luvisols that had been under 20 years under conservation agriculture (CA), organic agriculture (ORG) and conventional agriculture (CON-LC) at the La Cage experiment, and under organic waste products (OWPs) applications in QualiAgro experiment, including biowaste composts (BIOW), residual municipal solid waste composts (MSW), farmyard manure (FYM) and conventional agriculture without organic inputs (CON-QA). Soil samples were incubated in the lab for 3 months under different temperature conditions (20, 28 and 35 °C) or under different moisture conditions (matric potential: pF1.5; pF 2.5 and pF 4.2) or under several dry (pF 4.2)-wet (pF 1.5) cycles (DWC). The results shown that, whatever the agricultural practices, soil moisture regime and temperature significantly affect the SOC mineralization. Overall, the DWC did not stimulate soil carbon mineralization relative to wet controls (pF1.5 and pF2.5). Whatever the soil moisture regime and temperature, specific carbon mineralization was similar between agricultural practices at La Cage, while at QualiAgro, specific carbon mineralization was lower in soils receiving organic waste products (OWPs) compared to the baseline soil. These results suggest a strong carbon stabilization by OWPs in soils as assessed by laboratory incubation experiments. Within each long-term experiment, we observed no significant difference between the carbon-storing soils (CA, ORG, MSW, FYM and BIOW) and their respective baseline soils (CON-LC and CON-QA) in the delta SOC mineralized whatever the soil moisture regime. The Q10 also indicated no significant difference between carbon-storing soils and their respective baseline soils. These results indicate that the SOC mineralization in carbon-storing soils had a similar sensitivity to the soil moisture regime and temperature as the baseline ones. Hence, the implementation of these agroecological practices appears beneficial for climate change mitigation, even in the context of extreme climatic events.

Agricultural and municipal organic waste amendments to increase soil organic carbon: How much, how often, and to what end?

AbstractA new version of the Century ecosystem model, modified to better represent chemically and physically recalcitrant organic amendments by allowing the addition of organic waste products (OWP) as a mixture of plant material and surface slow soil organic matter (SOM) controlled by the Indicator of Residual Organic Carbon (IROC), and field observations from a 16‐year wheat corn rotation experiment near Paris, France, were used to assess the long‐term impacts of applying agricultural and municipal organic waste products (OWP) on soil carbon (C) sequestration, grain C and nutrient content, and soil nutrient status. Sixteen years of observed grain C, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) and soil C and nutrient data were used to calibrate and validate the performance of IROC‐Century. A suite of future management scenarios, simulated using this calibrated model, explored multiple frequencies of applications of OWP and fertilizer to evaluate their long‐term impacts on grain C and nutrient content, soil C sequestration, and NO3− leaching. The model effectively simulated the impact of biennial additions of four OWP types on soil C, N, P, and K during the 16‐year experiment. Measured and simulated OWP +fertilizer resulted in higher soil C (highest for well‐decomposed [55%] vs. less‐decomposed [37%] OWP) and N content, while total soil accumulation of N, P, and K was determined by the content of the OWP, regardless of IROC, and OWP greatly reduced the need to add chemical fertilizer while increasing crop production and N, P, and K uptake by the crop. Simulation scenarios using IROC‐Century for future management suggest that the optimal cropping management system to maintain high corn and wheat production and reduce NO3− leaching is to apply OWP biennially for 12 years along with fertilizer and then reduce OWP to every fourth year while continuing to add fertilizer to the wheat crop only. However, reducing the number of OWP additions in these scenarios did decrease the rate of soil carbon sequestration.

Vermicompost Application in Crop Production and Urban Waste Management: A Review Article

The marvelous increase in population, industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural output results in buildup amounts of solid wastes which lead to serious problematic in the environment. The waste management and crop residues are serious problems in the world. The burning of crop residues causes environmental pollution like smog. Disposal of these wastes safely can be achieved by bio-composting and vermicomposting of farm, agro-industrial waste and urban wastes. To manage all kind of waste vermicomposting is the best technique that is economically viable, environment friendly and socially acceptable approach which converts garbage in to black gold; called vermicomposts. Vermicomposts enhances soil biodiversity by promoting the beneficial microbes which in turn enhances plant growth directly by production of plant growth-regulating enzymes and hormones and indirectly by controlling plant diseases, nematodes and other pests, thereby enhancing plant health and minimizing the yield loss. Vermicompost may be used to promote sustainable agriculture due to its distinctive biochemical, biological and physiochemical properties and also used for the safe management of agricultural, domestic, industrial and hospital wastes which may otherwise pose serious threat to life and environment. In preparation of vermicompost, organic waste products are being oxidized via the mutual activity of useful microbes and earthworm. Vermicompost is rich source of all macro and micro nutrients, i.e., Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Potassium (K), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), manganese (Mg), growth promoters and regulators hormones like Auxin, gibberellin, enzymes i.e., protease, lipase, chitinase, beneficial bacteria and fungi. Almost 3,000 species of earthworms are identified for vermicomposting, in which Eisenia fetida, Eisenia Andrei, Eudrilus eugeniae and Perionyn excavates are most suitable for vermicompost preparation. This review focuses on relevant research performed and success in using vermicomposts during the last decade that can help us improve sustainable crop production and municipals and household waste disposal.