Organic Waste Materials Research Articles

Development of Balloon Biogas Plant for Small Farmers

Biogas plants are a sustainable and environmentally friendly way of generating energy from organic waste materials such as animal manure, crop residues, and food waste. In addition to producing biogas, these plants also generate nutrient-rich bio-slurry, which can be used as a fertilizer to improve soil fertility and crop yields.The utilization of natural resources for cooking gas generation has been a long-standing practice in various countries. However, the prevalent issue with existing systems lies in their chambers, which are prone to damage due to low-quality materials. Additionally, their construction often requires skilled labor and high-quality materials, posing challenges in affordability and accessibility. A comparison study conducted by referring problems that lead to troubleshooting in Biogas Plants between various types of biogas and a novel balloon-type biogas system has been designed and developed to address these limitations. The system exhibits cost-effectiveness, weather resistance, and thermophilic characteristics, enabling operation at high temperatures of 50°-55°C, within the range suitable for the digestion of mesophilic bacteria (40°-50°C) that contribute to gas generation. The work also elaborated to enhance biogas efficiency by incorporating a scrubber module capable of removing impurities such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide (CO2), and water vapor (H2O).

QUALITY TEST OF CMC (CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE) USING SEMI-BATCH REAKTOR

Carboxymethyl Cellulose, one of the additives commonly used in the industrial sector, is carboxymethyl cellulose. The state of the art of this research is because no research makes a reactor to manufacture carboxymethyl cellulose. This study tested the quality of making carboxymethyl cellulose using a semi-batch reactor using samples of potential organic cellulose waste materials: durian seeds, taro rods, and bagasse. This sample has been used to make carboxymethyl cellulose in previous studies using a laboratory scale. Then compared, the manufacture of carboxymethyl cellulose using a reactor laboratory scale. From the result obtained, carboxymethyl cellulose from durian seeds, taro rod, and bagasse made on a laboratory scale and using a reactor has become carboxymethyl cellulose in quality number 1 and 2, which are commonly called carboxymethyl cellulose industrial grade and food chemical codex quality which met the minimum quality requirements by SNI 8762; 2019. Carboxymethyl cellulose from durian seeds, taro rod, and bagasse obtained from research that has been tested with FTIR, the spectra of the best results of carboxymethyl cellulose from durian seeds, taro rod, and bagasse can be seen in the picture there are similar peaks that appear indicates carboxymethyl cellulose durian seeds, carboxymethyl cellulose taro rod, and carboxymethyl cellulose bagasse produced in this study have the same chemical molecule as industrial grade and food chemical codex.1.2

Effectiveness of Organic Waste Material Noise Dampening in Minimizing Noise Levels in Animal Feed Industry Machinery

Animal feed production machine specially in pellet machine to produce cylindrical animal feed, there is a pressing screw which high noise intensity. The industry has production machinery with high noise exposure and organic waste that can function as noise damping material. The aims of study to determine the effectiveness of noise absorbers from organic materials on machines. Methods of research is experimental. The object used the production machinery that will be intervened with organic damper on machines then measured by instruments: Sound Level Meter (noise intensity) and ArcGis 10.3 application for noise mapping areas. Analysis of research data with Wilcoxon test. The results showed that the noise intensity of machines exceeded the threshold limited value, an average of 96,75 and 97,35 dBA per 8 hours/day with the most red color zones. After using noise dampers, the noise intensity on the machine decreased to an average of 84,85 and 85,25 dBA/8 hours/day with the most green color zones. Statistical test results with a p-value of 0.000 show that there is a difference before and after the application of noise absorbers on machines. This study shows the effectiveness of organic waste material noise absorbers in minimizing noise levels in animal feed industry machinery.

Influence of Local Additives on Water Based Drilling Mud: A Review

This review paper focuses on the use of local additives in water-based drilling mud to reduce environmental impact and improve drilling operations. Drilling mud plays a crucial role in drilling operations by acting as a coolant, carrying drilled particles, stabilizing the wellbore, and preventing wellbore issues. However, poorly formulated drilling mud can lead to drilling difficulties and environmental pollution. Therefore, the exploration of organic-based drilling mud additives, sourced locally in Nigeria, is discussed in this paper.it highlights the potential of transforming organic waste materials, such as rice husk, cassava, corn cobs, and more, into usable products for drilling mud. By utilizing these locally sourced organic materials, the environmental impact of drilling waste can be minimized. The importance of waste management in the oil and gas industry is emphasized, as it is crucial for sustainable drilling practices. The paper further discusses various studies and experiments conducted on the use of local polymers and natural materials as substitutes for imported additives in water-based drilling mud. These materials include cassava starches, agro-waste materials, eco-friendly drilling fluid additives, and various plant-based substances. The performance and effectiveness of these materials are evaluated in terms of viscosity control and fluid loss prevention. The results indicate that many of these local polymers and natural materials can be viable and have shown positive results in terms of improving the rheological and filtration characteristics of the mud, reducing fluid loss, and enhancing overall mud qualities. Earlier studies on the use of agro-waste products as additives in drilling fluids are reviewed in this paper. These studies examine the properties affected by local materials, the type of mud used, and the findings of each study. The economic analysis of using agro-waste materials as drilling additives is also discussed. The conclusion highlights the availability and affordability of agricultural waste materials as potential substitutes for traditional drilling additives, which can help reduce drilling costs. The paper also provides recommendations for future research in this area.

Tehnologije konverzije bioenergije - pregled i studija slučaja

The conversion of organic waste and energy crops into fuel would help society by producing clean fuel from the regenerative feedstock. Industrial biofuels may be non-polluting and sustainable if properly linked with natural ecological cycles. A common method of producing heat and power from bioenergy is biomass gasification. Furthermore, pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization are promising thermochemical processes for converting biomass into liquefied fuels and chemicals. Anaerobic digestion is another well-established method that successfully transforms organic waste matter into biogas. The purpose of the study is to review current bio-energy conversion technologies and to provide quantitative data and interpretation of the heating value, proximate and elemental analysis, and product yields specific to bioenergy recovery from some selected biomass materials such as olive mill waste and cotton stalks. Moreover, some products from the conversion (e.g. biochar from pyrolysis) can be used as a soil additive to recover nutrients and carbon in the soil. The latter can additionally act as water storage. Therefore, utilizing biomass has the potential to be a significant source of energy and an opportunity to reduce environmental issues and financial costs. This study contributes to the needed understanding of energy derived from thermal and biological conversion products of biomass. In this context, according to the characteristics of different kinds of biomass, appropriate utilization methods should be applied to produce bioenergy to realize environmental, economic and energy benefits. The study concluded with some comments on the future potential of these processes.

Microbiological aspects of the process of anaerobic decomposition of waste organic matter

Microbiological aspects of the process of anaerobic decomposition of waste organic matter

Production of Vermicast Using Various Organic Waste Materials by African Night Crawler (Eudrilus eugeniae) Cultured on Portable Bin

Production of Vermicast Using Various Organic Waste Materials by African Night Crawler (Eudrilus eugeniae) Cultured on Portable Bin

Production of Vermicast Using Various Organic Waste Materials by African Night Crawler (Eudrilus eugeniae) Cultured on Portable Bin

Production of Vermicast Using Various Organic Waste Materials by African Night Crawler (Eudrilus eugeniae) Cultured on Portable Bin

Research on the Electrical and Mechanical Properties of Conductive Epoxy Composite

T his paper reported on the possibility of using organic materials in the production of green epoxy conductive composites. Epoxy composite samples were produced through the hybridization of carbonized coconut fibre filler (CCS), raffia palm fibre (RPF), carbon black (CB), and carbon fibre (CF), using the simple hand lay-up technique. Then the electrical properties (electrical resistivity and electrical conductivity) and the mechanical properties (tensile strength) of the composite samples were tested accordingly, using the ASTM D6343 – 14, ASTM B193 and ASTM D 3039 approved methods. Results obtained from the laboratory tests revealed that both the CCS and RPF (organic materials) have significant influence on the mechanical and electrical properties of the composite samples. It was observed that the electrical conductivity of the composite samples increased (4.34x10-3 S/cm to 4.48x10-3 S/cm) as the CCS loading increased from 3% to 6% (by mass); before it started to decline after 9% (by mass) CCS loading, recording lowest conductivity of 9x10-4 S/cm at 15% CCS volume. The electrical resistivity of the composite samples was noted to decline from 2.90x107 Ωcm to 2.83x107 Ωcm as the CCS content in the composite increased from 3% to 6%, before it started to increase after 9% CCS quantity, with the S5 composite sample (15% CCS quantity) having the highest electrical resistivity of 3.80x107 Ωcm. Regarding the composite’s mechanical properties, the study depicted that the S1 composite sample had the highest tensile strength of 98.3 MPa, while the S5 composite developed the lowest tensile strength of 62.7 MPa, portraying that the CCS and RAF has a substantial effect on the composites samples’ tensile strength. This study’s results portrayed the possibility of producing lightweight, high-tensile strength conductive composite from organic waste materials, which can be utilized in several engineering applications.

Influence of Organic Waste on Nutrient Composition of Compost and the Impact of Sawdust on Composting Process.

To improve soil health and fertility use of compost is a better idea than chemical fertilizers. Compost is a product of the degradation of waste organic matter. The choice of organic waste to get a good quality of compost is needed for the proper recycling of organic waste. So, the present study was to identify the effect of the type of organic waste on the physical properties and nutrient content of compost. The experiment was conducted with four types of organic waste (Fruit waste, vegetable waste, cooked leftovers, and farm waste). The analysis shows that type of organic waste in composting influences the nutrient content of compost but the physical properties of compost are not much affected by the type of organic waste. It was observed that waste from cooked leftover food contains more nutrient content than other waste. So this waste is more suitable for composting. During the study effect of sawdust as a bulking agent was also observed. Sawdust significantly affects the composting process as it accelerates composting and also affects the quality of compost.

The Application of Biochar from Waste Biomass to Improve Soil Fertility and Soil Enzyme Activity and Increase Carbon Sequestration

Biochar (BC) is a material that has many applications in agricultural and environmental activities. The aim of the study was to define the influence of BC produced in low-temperature pyrolysis from various organic waste materials, including one-month-old compost (OMOC), pine bark (PB), pine needle mulch (NM), pine cones (PC) and maple leaves (ML), on soil enzyme activity as well as its relation with organic matter properties. A 60-day incubation pot experiment was set up to investigate the influence of BC amendment on soil (S) characteristics. After incubation, we investigated the activity of soil enzymes, the content of available phosphorus (AP), potassium (AK) and magnesium (AMg), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its fractional composition (content and share of carbon and nitrogen of humic (CHAs, NHAs) and fulvic (CFAs, NFAs) acids and humin fractions). The effect of the amended biochars differed depending on the feedstock material. In general, the use of biochar enriched the soil with AP, AK and AMg increased the soil carbon stock, increased the intensity of nitrogen transformation and influenced the soil enzyme activity. OMOC and ML biochars significantly increased soil fertility, which was expressed by the high value of the CHA/CFA ratio.

Comparative study of rose and hibiscus petals powders in latent friction ridge analysis

Fingerprints are the friction ridges found on the fingers and palm of hands. These prints are considered the most valuable evidence in the court of law as these ridges provide uniqueness to every individual. Powder dusting is one of the prevalent approaches to developing fingerprints on various surfaces. This involves the application of finely formulated powders on the fingermark impression using a camel hair brush. in this article, we have used organic household waste materials like rose and hibiscus petals for developing the powders used in latent fingerprints development. The particle of powder gets adhered to sweat and moisture deposited on the surface of fingers, palm, and sole, which provide effective visualization and give the fingerprint details (minutiae). Finally, the formulation of the powder sticks to the ridges, and the excess powder is blown away. The powder is multicolored in this case, the patterns are apparent, resulting in an exceptional outcome. The objective of the study is to provide a replacement to the conventional, expensive and toxic laboratory powders. These organic powders are easily available, eco-friendly, cost-effective and non-toxic approach for latent fingerprint development and is a reliable technique to use at crime scene and future use.

Current Status and Prospects of Valorizing Organic Waste via Arrested Anaerobic Digestion: Production and Separation of Volatile Fatty Acids

Volatile fatty acids (VFA) are intermediary degradation products during anaerobic digestion (AD) that are subsequently converted to methanogenic substrates, such as hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and acetic acid (CH3COOH). The final step of AD is the conversion of these methanogenic substrates into biogas, a mixture of methane (CH4) and CO2. In arrested AD (AAD), the methanogenic step is suppressed to inhibit VFA conversion to biogas, making VFA the main product of AAD, with CO2 and H2. VFA recovered from the AAD fermentation can be further converted to sustainable biofuels and bioproducts. Although this concept is known, commercialization of the AAD concept has been hindered by low VFA titers and productivity and lack of cost-effective separation methods for recovering VFA. This article reviews the different techniques used to rewire AD to AAD and the current state of the art of VFA production with AAD, emphasizing recent developments made for increasing the production and separation of VFA from complex organic materials. Finally, this paper discusses VFA production by AAD could play a pivotal role in producing sustainable jet fuels from agricultural biomass and wet organic waste materials.

Effects of increasing phenyl acid concentrations on the AD process of a multiple-biogas-reactor system

Anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic waste materials is an ecological way to produce biogas. However, organic wastes can comprise high amounts of aromatic compounds like phenyl acids (PA) which can cause process impairments. Here, three of six thermophilic, semi-continuously fed biogas reactors were exposed to increasing PA concentrations at two different input speeds (consecutive experiments). Biochemical (gas, volatile fatty acid (VFA) and PA analyses) as well as molecular biological analyses (qPCR and amplicon sequencing) were done to monitor the AD process. Biogas production was completely inhibited at the end of both approaches. An increase in acetate and propionate concentrations were the earliest signs of process impairments. Methanosarcina spp. was the dominant methanogen during biogas production; however, their absolute abundances were low in impaired reactors. Syntrophic VFA oxidation and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis became relevant in impaired but still biogas producing reactors. The combination of biochemical and metagenomic data and the consideration of input speed using six parallel, lab-scale bioreactors showed that a decrease in biogas production is a time-delayed sign of process impairments and VFA monitoring on-site would be useful to early counteract impeding restrictions. Moreover, this study confirmed that syntrophic VFA oxidation is relevant in stressed AD systems and that further knowledge on these cooperations is pending.

A review on catalytic CO2 pyrolysis of organic wastes to high-value products

As an alternative to conventional pyrolysis, CO2-assisted pyrolysis is ideal for treating organic waste materials such as plant biomass, animal manure, domestic and municipal wastes as the usage of CO2 facilitates the decomposition of materials and inhibits the formation of many harmful chemical compounds. The application of catalysts in CO2 pyrolysis has been viewed as a way to valorise waste on a large scale. This article provides insight into the advantages of using CO2 and catalysts in pyrolysis and a list of catalysts currently used in CO2 pyrolysis. The main purpose of this review is to summarise the findings of recent analyses of catalytic CO2 pyrolysis of wastes. The study also discusses the different procedures involved in catalyst preparation and provides a broad review of the effects of catalytic CO2 pyrolysis on pyrolysis products’ quantity and quality. The article concludes by evaluating the competency level of catalytic CO2 pyrolysis technology and providing an overview of the technique's current challenges and future recommendations. The review is in line with fostering the usage of CO2 to meet CO2 emission regulations outlined by the 2015 Paris Agreement.

Dry waste of red tea leaves and rose petals confer salinity stress tolerance in strawberry plants via modulation of growth and physiology

Climate change is considered one of the major contributing factors to soil salinization, leading to land degradation. Several alternative organic waste materials are proposed for agricultural sustainability. Strawberry ( Fragaria ananassa cv. Tioga) is one of the most consumed crop plants on a global scale due to its numerous economic and industrial benefits. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand how varying concentrations of diluted salt water (0%, 10%, 40%, 80%, 100%) affected the growth and physiology of Fragaria ananassa cv. Tioga. Our results indicated that shoot fresh weight (SFW), shoot dry weight (SDW), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW), leaf area, fruits weight, fruits per plants, relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll a and b significantly decreased in salt-stressed strawberry plants as compared to control plants. Moreover, salinity stress increased the malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), sodium (Na) content, SOD and APX activity. However, the application of dry waster of tea leaves (DWT) and dry waste of rose petals (DWR) led to improvements in chlorophyll content, RWC and potassium (K) content, antioxidant enzymes activity, and fruit yield of strawberry plants. In comparison to DWT, the best outcome was observed in plants treated with DWR, suggesting a new and eco-friendly strategy to increase crop yields under salt stress in commercial production. In conclusion, DWT and DWR treatments helps in the improvement of strawberries grown under salt stress conditions and increases their tolerance to salt stress.

Removal of heavy metals from stormwater runoff using granulated drinking water treatment residuals

Stormwater runoff is a significant source of heavy metals, including cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni), which pose ecological and human health problems. Various filter media have been evaluated for heavy metal removal from stormwater via adsorption, most involving chemical- or energy-intensive processes. Aluminum-based drinking water treatment residuals (WTR), a non-hazardous byproduct of drinking water treatment, are an inexpensive sorbent for heavy metals. However, the low permeability of WTR is a problem and requires mixing with sand and carbon materials to improve flow; but such amendments also reduce its sorption capacity. To overcome this problem, a granulated WTR sorbent was generated using a green technique involving organic materials and a low-energy process. Batch studies showed that WTR granules remove Cd, Cr, and Ni simultaneously. Metal removal was adequately described by pseudo-second-order kinetic models and Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The overall removal performance was Cr > Cd > Ni. The presence of divalent cations in solution negatively affected metal removal; anions had a strong effect on Cd removal. A triple-layer surface complexation model adequately described metal removal. Results demonstrated the strong potential of the WTR granules to emerge as green filter media for the removal of heavy metals from stormwater runoff. • WTR granules are sustainable sorbents that can simultaneously remove Cd, Cr, and Ni. • WTR granules were made from a waste byproduct and organic material with low energy. • The environmental parameters affected the removal of Cd, Cr, and Ni. • Surface complexation model could adequately describe the removal of Cd, Cr, and Ni.

Design Optimization for Grey Water Treatment

Abstract: India is facing a water crisis and by 2025 it is estimated that India's population will be suffering from severe water scarcity. Although India occupies only 3.29 million km2 of the geographical area which forms 2.4% of the world's land area, it supports over 15% of the world's population with only 4% of the world's water resources. With increased population growth and development, there is a need to critically look at alternative approaches to ensure water availability. The scarcity of water is soon going to incapacitate the entire world and therefore the sooner newer methods are devised to utilize water in all its possible forms the better for mankind. Ground water and surface water are rapidly getting contaminated by pollutants and hence cannot be utilized for irrigation purposes. Thus, an alternative water source, i.e. grey water comes into play. Grey water is easily available and through an inexpensive laboratory-scale treatment method like ours it can be purified so that it can serve for irrigation and household purposes. Five liters of grey water was treated by physical, chemical, and biological aided treatment procedures which were divided into three main methods namely primary, secondary and tertiary treatment. These alternative resources include rainwater and the bulk of water used in the household will emerge as grey water and contain some minerals, and organic waste materials dissolved and suspended in it. When this is allowed to flow out this will join the sewage and be bacteriologically contaminated, resulting in a sewage stream. It is possible to intercept this grey water, at the household level, and treat it so that it can be recycled for garden washing and flushing purposes as well.

Current challenges and future technology in photofermentation-driven biohydrogen production by utilizing algae and bacteria

Biohydrogen is perceived as the versatile fuel of the future, having the ability to replace fossil fuels in many industrial and commercial sectors and offering the promise of fulfilling future renewable energy demands. Among various options available for the generation of biohydrogen, photofermentation with the help of microbes and algae is one of the most eye-catching approaches due to its relative efficiency, cost economics, and reduced environmental impacts. Generation of biohydrogen by dark fermentation, microbial electrolysis cell as well as photofermentation, along with their bioprocesses, already have been discussed in earlier literature. Photofermentation offers advantages of both biophotolysis (utilization of light energy) and dark fermentation (utilization of organic waste materials as substrate). Many researchers have been reported successful biohydrogen production from photofermentation-based techniques, however not much information is available regarding the considerable gap in industrial and economic challenges in the production of biohydrogen at the commercial level through photofermentation. Efforts have been made in this review to provide updated information on various new technologies being used in this sector, such as the integration of photofermentation with dark fermentation, the use of recombinant DNA technology, and the use of bionanotechnology to improve biohydrogen production through the utilization of various waste. Various challenges in this sector, as well as future perspectives, have been meticulously addressed in order to explore the future of green biohydrogen production for a sustainable future.

“In-vivo” and “in-vitro” Experiments on the Influence of Compost Preparations and Heavy Metals on Soil Enzymes Activities and Soil Health


 Enriching soils with composts and organic waste material will be necessary because high C soils have strong climate change resilience and guarantee stable yields. Annually ≈1 billion tons of agricultural waste is produced which can be brought back to soils after adequate treatment and can relieve atmosphere from CO2. In a field trial municipal solid waste compost (MSW), sphagnum peat (WT), and black peat (HT) were tested. Basic soil parameters pH, C-content and plant nutrients (K, Mg) are significantly increased by MSW. WT and HT were uninfluential. Similar effects are found for microelements Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu. MSW increased microelements significantly.