Organic Poisons Research Articles

Functionalized nitrogen-enrich graphene as a highly efficient photocatalyst for oxidative cyclization of thioamide and degradation of Dye

Functionalized photocatalysts have shown to be an effective method for oxidative cyclization processes and the degradation of organic poisons like chemicals and dyes. In this study, we report the facile, environmentally friendly, room-temperature (RT) synthesis and development of a graphene-based visible light active photocatalyst (NenG-RhB) which is thermodynamically converted to nitrogen-enriched graphene (NenG) covalently bonded to a light-harvesting RhB molecule [9-(2-Carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-N, N‑diethyl-3H-xanthen-3-iminium chloride)]. The NenG-RhB photocatalyst is extremely effective, resulting in good oxidative cyclization of aromatic thioamide (92.5 %) and degradation efficiency of industrial orange G (97.29 %) under solar light. The current research focuses on the invention and implementation of a nitrogen-enrich graphene-based photocatalyst for direct solar medicinal chemical synthesis and industrial dye degradation in wastewater using solar light.

Dramatically enhanced SERS and photocatalytic performances over a portable Ag nanoparticles anchored flower-like metal-organic frameworks induced by TiO2/Zn sheet

Aimed at obtaining a new type of bi-functional materials for highly efficient surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) detection and photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants, a low content of Ag nanoparticles (0.5 wt. % Ag) anchored flower-like 2-methylimidazole zinc metal organic frameworks (ZIF-8) induced by TiO2/Zn sheet was facilely constructed without adding any reductants or UV-light reduction. With p-aminothiophenol (PATP, a typical pesticide) as an analyte, SERS and photocatalytic degradation performances of the resulting Zn/TiO2/ZIF-8/Ag (Zn-TZA) sheet were evaluated. The cost-effective Zn-TZA sheet exhibited high SERS activity and excellent stability towards PATP detection, and its detection limit can reach 1 × 10-11 M. In addition, the Zn-TZA sheet showed high and stable photocatalytic performance for PATP degradation. In particularly, by means of the plug and play Zn-TZA, the detection and degradation of PATP in real samples can also be effectively achieved. The strong coupling and electron transfer among Ag NPs, TiO2/Zn, and ZIF-8 in the Zn-TZA sheet were very advantageous to enhancing the bi-functionality. Additionally, the increased enrichment of PATP on the special sheet was also an important factor for the enhanced bi-functionality. It will provide new ideas for designing competitive bi-functional materials that are used to detect and degrade organic poisons in waste water.

Establishment and application of a screening method for 354 organic toxicants in blood and urine with high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry.

A rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous screening of 354 organic poisons and metabolites in blood and urine, including drugs, medications, pesticides, rodenticides, veterinary drugs, alkaloids, and mycotoxins with a multi-toxicant chromatography-mass spectrometry information library. The method and library showed good prospects in clinical poisoning screening and forensic toxicological identification. Blood and urine samples were extracted successively with ethyl acetate in acidic and alkaline conditions; then, the extract was blown to nearly dry by nitrogen gas and redissolved with methanol-aqueous solution (v:v, 50:50), and the dissolved solution was analyzed by LC-MS/MS after filtering. Precursor ions' m/z was set for identification, retention time, fragment ions, and isotopic pattern which were used for confirmation. No interference peaks were found in the blank samples, showing good specificity. The LODs of toxicants in urine and blood were 1.00×10-3-50.0 ng/mL and 2.07×10-3-50.0 ng/mL, respectively, while the LOQs were 3.30×10-3-1.67×102 ng/mL and 6.91×10-3-1.67×102 ng/mL. The intra-day precision and inter-day precision of urine samples were 2.31-9.13% and 4.75-12.3%, respectively, which were 1.92-10.8% and 2.01-12.1% in blood samples. The established method was applied to analyze 9 cases of clinical poisoning patients, and bromadiolone, carbofuran, and amanitins were detected, respectively. A total of 382 biospecimens from drug abusers were analyzed with the proposed method, which indicated that some drugs were detected in 62 cases, mainly including methamphetamine, heroin, and MDMA. The results were consistent with the information from traditional liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.

Tracking the Causes of a Mass Fish Kill at a Mediterranean River within a Protected Area

In this study, an extreme event observed at the intermittent Mediterranean Bogdanas River within the territory of the protected area of the National Park of Lakes Koronia-Volvi and Macedonian Temp that led to a mass fish kill was investigated. We aimed to define the main pressures affecting water quality and biota, specifically fish. No organic poisons, pesticides or heavy metal concentrations were detected in fish tissue, while high values of BOD5, COD, TN and conductivity were measured in water samples. These results, combined with the prevailing hydroclimatic factors (high temperatures and low water flow), lead to the assumption that mass fish mortality was triggered by high organic loads discharged from an upstream point source of pollution, and in particular an active landfill.

Back to the roots of modern analytical toxicology: Jean Servais Stas and the Bocarmé murder case

In 1850 the Belgian Count Hypolyte Visart de Bocarmé was accused of having killed his brother-in-law Gustave Fougnies by poisoning with nicotine. Bocarmé had isolated nicotine from tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum). J. S. Stas (1813-1891) was committed expert and managed to convince the poisoner. He was the first scientist to deproteinize organ tissues by alcohol and could successfully identify nicotine after diethyl ether extraction from the victim's organs. During court trial this identification was challenged by his mentor M. J. B. Orfila from Paris, who had stated 3 years before, that it would never be possible to isolate and identify organic poisons from organ tissues.

Detoxification Therapy in Critical States of Toxic Etiology

Objective: to improve the results of detoxification therapy for acute exogenous intoxications. Materials and methods. More than 20 thousand patients with intoxication caused by psychopharmacological agents, organic phosphorus compounds, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and other poisons, in whose treatment enhanced natural detoxification methods, as well as artificial detoxification methods and antidote therapy were used, were examined. Results. Complex detoxification should include efferent methods (hemosorption, hemo- and peritoneal dialysis and intestinal lavage, as well as physiohemotherapy (magnetic, laser, and ultraviolet) and chemohemotherapy with sodium hypochlorite) and should be composed of 2 basic stages: 1) to reduce for a short space of time (1—2 h) the blood poison level to the life-safe one (below the lethal or critical one) that promotes elimination of severe hemostatic disorders, wherein the leading role is played by efferent methods and chemohemotherapy and 2) to terminate a detoxifying process within 1—2 days, which is predominantly associated with the effect of physiohemotherapy as a potent stimulant of natural detoxification and which is achieved just via further stabilization of homeostatic disorders. In the somatogenic stage, detoxification is continued through the program use of physiochemical hemotheraupetic methods and drugs. Conclusion. Introduction of the above principle of complex detoxification performed by a certain algorithm contributes to the higher rate of freeing the blood and urine from exo- and endogenous toxicants by 1.4-12 times and to the significant (more than 2-fold) mortality reduction achieved in an intensive care unit, Moscow City Center of Acute Intoxication Management.

Adsorption of Formaldehyde on Pt(111) and Pt(100) Electrodes: Cyclic Voltammetry and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

The adsorption of formaldehyde (HCHO) on Pt(111) and Pt(100) electrodes was examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) in 0.1 M HClO(4). The extent of HCHO adsorption at both Pt electrodes was evaluated by comparing the CVs, particularly for the hydrogen adsorption and desorption between 0.05 and 0.4 V, obtained in 0.1 M HClO(4) with and without HCHO. The adsorption of HCHO on these Pt electrodes was significant only when [HCHO] >/= 10 mM. Adsorbed organic intermediate species acted as poisons, blocking Pt surfaces and causing delays in the oxidation of HCHO. Compared to Pt(111), Pt(100) was more prone to poisoning, as indicated by a 200 mV positive shift of the onset of HCHO oxidation. However, Pt(100) exhibited an activity 3 times higher than that of Pt(111), as indicated by the difference in peak current density of HCHO oxidation. Molecular resolution STM revealed highly ordered structures of Pt(111)-( radical7 x radical7)R19.1 degrees and Pt(100)-( radical2 x radical2) in the potential region between 0.1 and 0.3 V. Voltammetric measurements further showed that the organic poisons produced by HCHO adsorption behaved differently from the intentionally dosed CO admolecules, which supports the assumption for the formation of HCO or COH adspecies, rather than CO, as the poison. On both Pt electrodes, HCHO oxidation commenced preferentially at step sites at the onset potential of this reaction, but it occurred uniformly at the peak potentials.

Radical-Chain Oxidation of Isopropyl Alcohol Inhibited by Uracil Additives

At present, it is commonly believed that damage to cerebral neurons caused by convulsive poisons is related to the process of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the cell membranes [1, 2]. It was established that some uracil derivatives are capable of inhibiting the LPO process, their antioxidant activity being correlated with the prophylactic effect with respect to intoxication with methanol and other organic poisons. It was also demonstrated that uracils are capable of stimulating regeneration and immunogenesis [3]. At the same time, it was found that the immunomodulant properties of drugs correlate with their ability to inhibit the radical-chain oxidation of organic compounds. In order to study the activity of some uracils in reactions with oxyperoxy radicals, we selected the model reaction of oxidation of isopropyl alcohol. The potential antioxidants were uracil (U), methyluracil (MU), and 5–hydroxy-6-methyluracil (HMU). The antioxidant activity of these uracils were studied with respect to the reaction of initiated oxidation of isopropyl alcohol at 75°C. The oxidation inhibition effect was evaluated by the change in the rate of oxygen absorption from air in the presence of uracils, which was determined using a high-sensitivity manometric setup. The initial isopropyl alcohol, purified by conventional methods [4], was characterized by the kinetic purity expressed by the oxidation capacity parameter determined in a special experiment: k

Trends in techniques for the extraction of drugs and pesticides from biological specimens prior to chromatographic separation and detection

The isolation of non-volatile organic poisons from biological specimens is often difficult and time consuming. This paper surveys the isolation of common drugs and pesticides from biological specimens, including serum, blood and tissue, and the effect of experimental variables on the recovery of compounds, with emphasis on recent trends in extraction techniques and new methods under development, particularly those applicable to forensic toxicology. Traditional liquid-liquid extraction techniques are increasingly being replaced by or used in combination with newer extraction techniques such as solid-phase and supercritical fluid extraction. The potential advantages and problems encountered when incorporating these new methodologies in the isolation of drugs and pesticides from biological matrices are discussed. Although early implementation of solid-phase extraction techniques in forensic toxicology has been hampered by a variety of problems, including extract quality, reproducibility and selectivity, improvements in sorbent quality and elution solvents continue to facilitate their replacement of traditional liquid-liquid extraction methods. Future developments in supercritical fluid extraction should allow this technique to develop in an extremely powerful quantitative tool for the isolation of drugs and pesticides either from solid-phase sorbents or from their endogenous matrices.

Toxic substances in rivers and streams

Many of the toxic substances entering freshwaters today are those which were present several decades ago, but others have become significant recently. The effects of toxicants in flowing waters are modified by unidirectional transport and dispersion which afford the potential for a degree of ‘self-purification’. The chemical quality of the receiving water also affects toxicity. Biological factors also contribute to the ultimate effect of pollutants. The potential for accumulation of toxic substances within tissues increases the significance of certain pollutants which may be present in water even though ambient concentrations are very low. The biota of flowing waters may be restored, following catastrophic entry of pollutants, by drift from unaffected regions upstream. The range of potential toxic substances is very extensive and includes inorganic poisons, organic poisons, heavy metals, pesticides and PCBs. Metals, pesticides and PCBs have the greatest potential for bioaccumulation. Few generalisations can be made regarding the effects of toxic substances on the biota. Each species tends to respond to different toxicants in different ways and even at different stages in its life-history. Toxicity tests conducted under controlled laboratory conditions sometimes produce conflicting results: it is not then to be unexpected that field observations should sometimes vary widely. Determinations of toxicity in laboratory tests must be applied with caution to field conditions and it is not wise to extrapolate findings to other species or environments.

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT OF PHOSPHATE BYHYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA

The absorption of phosphate ion by Hymenolepis diminuta involved diffusion at all substrate concentrations tested. Mediated transport predominated at lower substrate concentrations and it exhibited saturation kinetics with Vmax, and Km values of 0.056 µmol ethanol-extractable inorganic phosphate/g ethanol extracted dry wt/2 min and 1.19mM, respectively, obtained from the Lineweaver-Burk transformation. The Vmax and Km values determined by the Hanes-Woolf phot were 0.136 µmol ethanol-extractable inorganic phosphate/g ethanol extracted dry wt/2 min and 3.64 mM, respectively. Absorption was influenced by changes in pH, temperature, and sodium ion concentration. Stable inorganic phosphate inhibited transport competitively. Various organic phosphates and common metabolic poisons introduced had no effect on transport. However, transport was inhibited by molybdate. From these data, it can be deduced that a separate transport system exists for phosphorus in H. diminuta.

The Reaction of Titanium(IV) with Hydrogen at Palladium Membranes

A colorimetric study was made of the kinetics of the reduction of acidic titanium (IV) chloride solutions by hydrogen diffusing through a palladium membrane. The rate of this reaction was found to be first order with respect to the concentration of the titanium and was inhibited by the addition of organic poisons. The inhibition followed an adsorption isotherm leading to the conclusion that the rate of the reaction was controlled either by adsorption of titanium(IV) or by a reaction involving an adsorbed titanium (IV) species.

Studies on corrosion of surface-treated aluminum alloys in sea water

Several kinds of surface-treated aluminum alloys were dipped in sea water for one year and their corrosion effects were observed.The results obtained were as follows.(1) Among surface treatments such as as pre-treated MBV process, anodizing in sulfuric acid, painting of organic poisons, specimens by the latter two treatments were never corroded because of short dipping times.2) All the specimens treated by MBV process were corroded after dipping for one year and their anticorrosion effect was not very hopeful.(3) The maximum depth of pits formed on the specimens of non-surface treated or MBV treated increased with the increase of dipping time. The depth was large for pure aluminum (such as 1050 and 1100) and 6063 alloy, but it was relatively small for 3003 and 5052 alloys. In alclad 3003 alloy, the core part of 3003 alloy was protected, though the clad part of 7072 alloy was corroded.(4) The relationship between corroded parts and location of barnacles was observed and it was known that many deep pits were formed close to their shells and that several parts just underneath the shells seemed to be dissolved. It was supposed that these results were due to crevice corrosion attack or corrosion effects of secretions of barnacles. Accordingly, the sticking of barnacles was not desirable for aluminum.

Tracer Study of Organic Poisons in the Ship Bottom Paint

船底塗料中の有機毒物の挙動を明らかにする目的で, 有機毒物としてDDTを選び, 14Cをトレーサーとして, その放射能測定より, DDTの溶出速度の経時的変化を調べた。塗料としては, 14C-DDT (比放射能50μCi/gDDT) 20%を含むビニル系船底2号塗料をすり硝子板に塗布し, 天然海水および水道水の流水中に浸漬した。DDTの溶出速度は, 浸漬期間の経過とともに減少し, 約2ヵ月で一定値0.45μ9/cm2・dayに達する。水道水の場合もほぼ同様な結果を得た。また, 浸漬による塗膜の重量および表面の変化についても調べた。溶出したDDTと塗料の組成比は塗布時の組成比とは異なる。海水中に浸漬した塗膜表面の状態は水道水の場合とは異なり, スポンジ状になる。14Cトレーサー法により, 船底塗料中のDDTの溶出現象を追跡しうることがわかった。

有機毒物形船底2号塗料の研究

有機毒物形船底2号塗料の研究

濾紙クロマトグラフィーによる有機毒物の系統的検索法に関する研究 (第1報)

濾紙クロマトグラフィーによる有機毒物の系統的検索法に関する研究 (第1報)

Systematic qualitative analysis of biologic materials for common steam-volatile organic poisons.

Abstract An analytic scheme for the detection of the more common steam-volatile organic poisons is described.

BLACKWATER FEVER (HEMOGLOBINURIA) CAUSE BY SPIDER BITE

It is a common impression, particularly in this section of the country, that blackwater fever (massive hemoglobinuria) is caused only by malarial infections. It is known, however, that occasionally blackwater fever is caused by toxemia from drugs or by severe infections. Lesser grades of hemoglobinuria are common, especially since the use of the various sulfanilamide preparations has become universal. The term hemoglobinuria is used to designate the excretion of the blood pigment in the urine with the absence of red blood cells or with an insufficient number to account for the alteration of the urine. Blackwater fever is the term applied when the amount of this pigment is massive; this large quantity is sufficient to render the urine very dark or black in appearance. Other causes of hemoglobinuria are organic and inorganic poisons such as quinine, phenol, glycerin and blood from incompatible donors, and severe toxemias due to burns and

Rapid Method for Isolation of Organic Poisons

Rapid Method for Isolation of Organic Poisons

THE ANTIDOTAL ACTION OF POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE

Potassium permanganate was recommended as an antidote for certain poisons by Moor,1whose papers embrace a curious mixture of truth and error. Potassium permanganate is commonly recommended as an antidote for organic poisons in the stomach, but there is a striking divergence of opinion concerning the amount to be administered and the concentration of the solution to be used. One hesitates to cite the names of persons with reference to a common error, but a few concrete examples are desirable. Fantus2says: The nearly always fatal dose of barbital is about 10 Gm., of phenobarbital about 4 Gm. and of dial about 2.4 Gm.... The stomach should be washed thoroughly with diluted (pink) permanganate solution. The color of solutions of potassium permanganate varies from lilac to deep purple, depending on the volume and the concentration, and whether viewed by transmitted or reflected light. A physician was once asked