Organic Plant Extracts Research Articles

Chemical composition of organic extracts of Phyla nodiflora L. in Syria by GC-MS

IntroductionPhyla nodiflora L. is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Verbenaceae family. It is widely used as an herbal drink to treat many diseases. It has antioxidant, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties. In traditional medicine, it is used to treat skin infections. However, there is little information on the chemical composition of organic plant extracts. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition of organic extracts of P. nodiflora L. MethodsIn this study, organic extracts were prepared using a continuous Soxhlet extractor and four different solvents with increasing polarity from nonpolar to polar solvents (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and isopropanol) to ensure the possibility of extracting a wide range of compounds. GC‒MS analysis was performed to determine the chemical constituents of the organic extracts. ResultsNineteen compounds were identified in the petroleum ether (Et) extract, 14 in the chloroform (Ch) extract, 18 in the ethyl acetate (Ea) extract and 15 in the isopropanol (Is) extract. The most important compounds in the Et extract were 1,1-diethoxyethane (33.9 %) and nonadecane (19.9 %). The most important compound in the Ch extract was octacosane (37.4 %). The most important compounds in the Ea extract were 3-hydroxy-dodecanoic acid (17.7 %) and geranyl isovalerate (15.5 %). The most important compound in the Is extract was behenic acid alcohol (18.6 %). The chemical structures of the major compounds were confirmed by mass spectrometry by studying their fragmentation mechanism and comparing the molecular weights of the resulting fragments with the molecular weights of the peaks present in each mass spectrum. ConclusionsThe results of this study show that the dominant compounds in nonpolar extracts (petroleum ether and chloroform) are hydrocarbons, ethers, epoxides, and silicon compounds, while the dominant compounds in moderately polar extracts (ethyl acetate and isopropanol) are alcohols, carbonyl compounds, and oxygenated terpenes.

Review on novel approaches for controlling aflatoxin B1: Harnessing nature's defenses against food toxins

Aflatoxin B1 is the most harmful food toxin for humans and animals. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, it is ranked as one of the most carcinogenic substances in the world, directly connected to hepatocarcinoma in both humans and animals. Aflatoxin B1 is also involved in the occurrence of pathologies, and aflatoxicoses. Aflatoxin B1 can be produced by fungi from the genus Aspergillus section Flavi in a variety of foods during storage. Once aflatoxins are present, food processing cannot eradicate them. The damage and lack of complete elimination of aflatoxins from foodstuffs make them the most monitored and controlled substances in the world. Given the high-risk of Aflatoxin B1 on both animal and human health, it is important to study their worldwide distribution and existing control methods through a systematic review. Articles published from 1945 to 2022 found on several databases as Scopus, PubMed, Dimensions, Google Scholar and an extraction sieve was used to select the relevant articles. Of the two hundred and twenty-eight (228) French and English scientific articles on aflatoxins identified, forty of the most relevant original articles were selected for inclusion in this review following a rigorous selection process. Several genes are involved in the synthesis of aflatoxin B1. Moreover, certain environmental conditions, in particular oxidative stress are propitious for fungus by over-expressing aflatoxins. However, the fungi defences can be controlled by several methods. Articles showed efficiency of various of them. Good cultural practices and awareness raising are part of the preventive control. Synthetic chemicals such as insecticides and fungicides are chronically used in chemical control of fungal growth and prevent aflatoxins from being produced. Biological control is based on allelic recombination between toxic and atoxic strains. The use of microbial competition is focused on the natural predators of aflatoxic molds, most often lactic acid bacteria, and the natural control relies on the use of natural plant substances. Natural substances like aqueous or organic plant extracts that contain proteins, polyphenols, tannins, antioxidants, flavonoids, terpenes, and chelating ion as well as caffeic acid, gallic acid and ascorbic acid can be used to control fungal contamination currently. These molecules interfere with free radicals to slow down or even inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species significantly reducing the production of aflatoxins making them inactive. Implementation of the means of controlling fungal growth and producing aflatoxins will help make agriculture globally competitive and ensure food security. Key words: Natural substances, Aflatoxin B1, food poisoning, alternative control, biocontrol

Invitor efficacy of organic, inorganic pesticides and predators against mealybug (Phenococcus solenopsis)

Mealybugs (Phenacoccus solenopsis) is a diverstating insect pect of agriculture crops, vegetables, fruits and ornamental plants. In the current study, the impact of synthetic pesticides (malathion, profenophos, and bifenthrin), organic plant extracts (neem, tobacco and eucalyptus) and natural enemies such as lady bird beetle (Coccinella septempunctata), brumus beetle, (Brumus suturalis), spider (Cheiracanthium melanostomus) and green lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea) was examined on the mortality rate of mealybug. The maximum mortality rate was recorded in profenofos followed by bifenthrin and malathion, respectively. The efficacy of neem extract was recorded higher as compared to tobacco and eucalyptus. Lady bird beetle was recorded the efficient natural enemy of the mealybug as compared to green lacewing, brumus beetle and spider. The inorganic pesticides, organic plant extract and natural enemies have great potential to reduce the population of mealy bug

Management of Dry Root Rot of Mungbean Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina Through Organic Amendments, Plant Extracts and Bio-agents

Background: Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek], commonly recognized as green gram, is the most significant and advanced pulse crop grown in Rajasthan. Dry root rot is one of the important diseases of mungbean caused by M. phaseolina, which is responsible for 30 to 40 per cent disease incidence with huge yield loss during seedling to mature stages. Methods: The experiments were conducted for two consecutive years during kharif 2020 and 2021 for managing the disease through organic amendments, plant extracts and bio-agents viz., Trichoderma harzianum (10 g/kg seeds), garlic extract (15%), neem cake (0.5 t/ha) and mustard cake (0.5 t/ha) alone and in combinations through seed as well as soil applications. Result: Our investigations cleared that the maximum disease reduction and highest seed yield were reported by treating the seeds with T. harzianum @10 g/kg seed + soil application of mustard cake @ 0.5 t/ha followed by seed treatment with T. harzianum @ 10 g/kg seed + soil application of neem cake @ 0.5 t/ha. In view of consumer health, present findings may be helpful for growers to get extra benefits by producing organic mungbean.

Controlling of Meloidgyne incognita (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) using nematicides, Linum usitatissimum extract and certain organic acids on four peppers cultivars under greenhouse conditions

Organic acids and plant extracts, which have a nemacidal action and may be used instead of nematicides that pollute the environment, are one way for controlling the pepper root-knot nematode. We provide in this study for a first time a new strategy for management Meloidgyne incognita (Kofoid and White) by using organic acids and plant extract compared to nematicides on four peppers cultivars (Super amarr, Super mard, Super noura and Werta) under greenhouse conditions compared to nematicides. This study aimed to evaluate 0.1% of organic acids (humic and salicylic acid) and 0.1% of Linum usitatissimum extract on plant parameters of pepper varieties (Super amarr, Super mard, Super noura and Werta) and control of M. incognita under greenhouse conditions compared to four nematicides (Oxamyl 24% SL, Fosthiazates 75% EC, Ethoprophos N40% EC and Fenamiphos 40% EC). Our data obtained four nematicides were more effectiveness than other treatments in reduced galls and egg masses of M. incognita. Whilst, humic and salicylic acids have remarkably higher nematicidal activity than L. usitatissimum in all lines of pepper. Therefore, plant extract and organic acids may be used a best alternative of nematicides to control PPNs and caused the longitudinal growth of plant. Also, ultimately reduce environmental risk from nematicide pollution.

Effect of organic manures and plant extracts on growth and yield of chickpea, Cicer arietinum L. at Limboor village of Nizamabad district, Telangana state

A field experiment on “Effect of Organic Manures and Plant Extracts on growth and yield of Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L.” was carried out at Limboor village of Nizamabad District, Telangana State. The highest plant height 60.493 cm was observed in T1-Vermicompost (10 t/ha) + NSKE (5%) followed by T6 - Poultry manure (5 t/ha) + chilli garlic extract (100 gm/lit) with 57.963 which was on par with T2 -Vermicompost (10 t/ha) + chilli garlic extract (100 gm/lit), T3 -Vermicompost (10 t/ha) + tobacco leaf decotion (5% W/v), T4 -Vermicompost (10 t/ha) + pongamia seed extract (5% W/v), T5 - Poultry manure (5 t/ha) + NSKE (5%). The more branches per plant 7.567 no. was recorded in T1, which was on par with T8 - Poultry manure (5 t/ha) + pongamia seed extract (5% W/v) with 7.620 no. followed by T5 - Poultry manure (5 t/ha) + NSKE (5%). T1-Vermicompost (10 t/ha) + NSKE (5%) recorded the highest i.e. 69.94 no. of pods per plant with 1569.45 kg/ha grain yield and it was significantly different from other treatments followed by T5 - Poultry manure (5 t/ha) + NSKE (5%).

A Study on the Allelopathic Impact of Chenopodium murale L. on Wheat Crop Plants

Allelopathy is a mutual biological occurrence in which the growth, development, and reproduction of other organisms are impacted by the biochemicals produced by one organism. Allelochemicals are a class of biochemicals that can either benefit or harm the target species. Plant allelopathy is one of the ways that receptor and donor plants interact, and it can have either beneficial or negative effects. Organic soluble plant extracts have an inhibitory impact. A dose–response relationship analysis is required in bioassay laboratory tests, since the stronger inhibitory impact of higher concentration extracts may be attributed not only to allelopathy but also to enhanced osmotic potential. The negative effect on seedling growth is often larger in bioassays than the influence on germination rate. To study the effect of Chenopodium on wheat crop was studied by applying leaf extract of Chenopodium murale on wheat plant. The weed samples of C. murale were collected from fields and road sides of the University. The different concentration of Chenopodium extract (i.e. 50%, 75%, 100%) were appliedon wheat plants. The results after three days were compared with the control. The result shows that Chenopodium has less inhibitory effect at lower concentration and strong inhibitory effect at higher concentration.

Yield and economics of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) as influenced by biostimulants and foliar spray of plant growth regulators

The field investigation entitled “Effect of plant growth regulators on yield and economics of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)” was conducted at experimental farm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, VNMKV, Parbhani during kharif 2018-19. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with nine treatments and three replications with a view to find out the influence of different growth regulators applied at flowering and pod developing stage of soybean. From the result it was revealed that application of seaweed extract (20%) + organic plant extract (80%) at flowering and developing stage recorded higher seed yield kg ha-1, straw yield kg ha-1, harvest index% and monetary returns, it was at par with organic plant extract and brassinosteroides (0.01%) + organic plant extract.

Environmental sustainability of an ecosystem by biotemplated nano Titania

Environmental sustainability apart from spoken at different levels need to investigate the management of industrial activities in terms of eco friendliness. It is well known that an effluent from various industries becomes a major source of environmental degradation in particular water pollution. Thus water analysis report turns to be more significant, to determine the quality and standard of life maintained in a typical ecosystem. This study includes the analysis of physico-chemical factors of raw as well as treated water samples from Korattur Lake employing nano sized adsorbents like titania with tuned structural and morphological properties through organic plant extract. The XRD analysis, BET analysis, DRS-UV analysis, SEM and TEM analysis have been carried out and reported. The usual indicators of contamination level at a given source namely Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Chloride, Nitrate and Phosphate contents etc. were used to ascertain the efficiency of contaminants removal using tea leaf extract mediated nano titania. The reliability factor of the treatment process was found to be less than 1, revealed the effectiveness and reliability of nano material.

Biotemplate Assisted Nano Titania and Its Environmental Performance

Environmental sustainability apart from spoken at different levels needs to investigate the management of industrial activities in terms of eco-friendliness. It is well known that effluents from various industries become a major source of environmental degradation in particular water pollution. Thus water analysis report turns to be more significant, to determine the quality and standard of life maintained in a typical ecosystem. This study includes the analysis of physico-chemical factors of raw as well as treated water samples from Korattur Lake employing nano sized adsorbents like titania with tuned structural and morphological properties through organic plant extract. The XRD analysis, BET analysis, DRS-UV analysis, SEM and TEM analysis have been carried out and reported. The marked influence of leaf extract as a template is reflected in reduced crystallite size (12.4 nm) with maximum surface area 105 m2/g along with bathochromic shift of absorption edge. The usual indicators of contamination level at a given source namely Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD-85%), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD-94.5%), Dissolved Oxygen (88%), Total Suspended Solids (TSS-75.6%), Electrical Conductivity (74.5%), Chloride (89%), Nitrate and Phosphate contents etc. were used to ascertain the efficiency of contaminants removal using tea leaf extract mediated nano titania. The reliability factor of the treatment process was found to be less than 1, revealed the effectiveness and reliability of nano material.

Effect of organic and inorganic compound and plant extracts over chemical treatments for improving quality and prolonging shelflife of guava (Psidium guajava L.)

Effect of organic and inorganic compound and plant extracts over chemical treatments for improving quality and prolonging shelflife of guava (Psidium guajava L.)

Application of principal component analysis for the evaluation of the chemical constituents of Mimosa tenuiflora methanolic extract by DLLME/GC–MS

In this study, various systems for the extraction of 14 chemical compounds of different classes of secondary metabolites from Mimosa tenuiflora shoots were evaluated, using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME). The samples were collected in Jequié, located in the Southwest region of Bahia, Brazil. Nineteen extraction systems were studied using different combinations of solvents and centrifugation times. Chloroform, dichloromethane, hexane and ethyl acetate were studied as extraction solvents and acetone, acetonitrile, ethanol and methanol were studied as dispersing solvents, with centrifugation times of 10 or 20 min. The sedimented phases obtained from DLLME were derivatized using the silylating reagent N,O-bis (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) and subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Principal component analysis (PCA) was effective to identify the best ternary solvent systems applied in DLLME. For each identified class of compounds, an agreement was verified with the structural characteristics of the compounds and their chemical interactions. These data point to the applicability efficiency of DLLME, GC–MS and PCA as a preliminary analysis of the chemical composition of organic plant extracts.

Musa paradisiaca L. May Restore Pancreatic Morphology and Function to Trigger its Anti-Diabetic and Hypolipidemic Activities in Alloxon-Induce Diabetic Rats

Prevalence of diabetes mellitus is on steady rise, though several therapeutic options are available to treat diabetes mellitus. Medicinal plants are in use alongside prescribed therapies; however more research on medicinal plants is warranted to retrieve their anti-diabetic mechanisms to develop low cost, safe and effective anti-diabetic drugs. Aim of current study is to (a) determine antidiabetic and hypolipidemic potential of organic extract of Musa paradisiaca L. (b) to retrieve underlying mechanisms responsible for anti-diabetic effects triggered by the plant. Alloxan was used to induce diabetes mellitus in rates. Two standard drugs (Glibenclamide 2.5 mg/kg, insulin 4 U/200 mg/dl blood glucose) and various doses of organic plant extract from different morphological parts (100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) were administered orally to the groups of healthy and diabetic rats for 20 days. ANOVA followed by t-test was used for the statistical analysis. Organic extract from Musa paradisiaca L. flowers and tracheal fluid have significant hypoglycemic activity. Significantly reduce the levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) while significantly enhance healthy cholesterol (HDL) levels in diabetes rats. Moreover, Organic extract from Musa paradisiaca L. flowers and tracheal fluid may restore normal morphology in the diabetic rats. It is concluded that organic extract of the plant trigger hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities possibly through restoring normal morphology and the pancreatic performance in diabetic rats.

EVALUATION OF PROBIOTIC CANDIDATE IN COMBINATIONWITH TUBER EXTRACTS FROM CORALLOCARPUS EPIGAEUS (ARN.)CL. FORASSESSMENT OF IN VITRO ALPHA AMYLASE INHIBITION ACTIVITY

Probiotics are living microbial adjunct which has a beneficial effect on host. Plant extracts such as those from Corralocarpus epigaeus often shows antimicrobial effect. Thus, there is always confusion about the using of herbal medicine or plant extractsinco-administration with probiotics supplement. The aim of the study was to show the synergistic action of probiotic bacteria in combination with plant extract from Coralocarpus epigaeus on alpha amylase inhibition activity. Alpha amylase inhibitors offer an effective strategy to lower the levels of post prandial hyperglycemia via control of starch breakdown. The probiotic bacterial culture in combination with different solvents for plant extraction viz. hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol showing higher alpha amylase inhibitory activity compare to organic plant extract. The present study shows that the control having zone of diameter(3cm) and methanolic plant extract (2cm) and with Lactobacillus (0.9cm) which isconsideredgood % inhibition (70%) compare to all organic solvent. While, the methanolic plant extract (2cm) and Bifidobacterium (1cm) also showed moderate % inhibition (66.66%) compare to all organic solvent. The results indicate that combination of plant extracts with probiotic cultures showing highest percentage of alpha amylase inhibition. This study revealed that synergistic actionis probiotic and plant extracts can be used to control post prandial hyperglycemia.

Preliminary selection and evaluation of fungicides and natural compounds to control olive anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species

The commercial control of olive anthracnose is mainly based on the use of copper-based fungicides, although alternatives to reduce the quantity of copper in orchards are required. A total of 45 products, including antifungal compounds (commercial and experimental products), inorganic salts, and natural compounds (organic products and plant extracts), were evaluated against Colletotrichum godetiae or C. nymphaeae by in-vitro sensitivity tests or by bioassays using detached fruits. Moreover, copper oxychloride was evaluated for plants bearing fruits. Systemic fungicides and the protectant folpet were the most effective in inhibiting mycelial growth, while copper sulfate and trifloxystrobin were the most effective in inhibiting conidial germination. Fruit bioassays showed that tebuconazole or trifloxystrobin were the most effective against pathogen infection. Plant extracts were ineffective in controlling the pathogen. For potted plants, treatments with copper oxychloride delayed the onset of fruit rot and branch dieback.

Analysis of Brazilian Plant Extracts as Potential Source of Antioxidant Natural Products Using Bench-Top Assays

Introduction: The present work reported the antioxidant and chemical screening of Brazilian plant aqueous and organic extracts. Methods: An amount of 895 Brazilian Amazon aqueous and organic plant extracts were tested in thin layer chromatography plates (TLC) using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), β-carotene, Dragendorff’s reagent, Kedde’s reagent, and KOH reagent so as to evaluate antioxidant activity and chemical profiles. Antioxidant and DPPH free radical scavenging activities results were submitted to chi-square analyses. Results: Only 8.60% of the extracts showed β-carotene/bleaching response, while 96.09% of the extracts responded as a radical scavenger, alkaloids occurred in 8.0% of the extracts whereas anthraquinones occurred in 0.89% of the extracts and cardenolides in 3.89% of the extracts. Conclusion: Present findings described that Amazon plant extracts have a huge potential to be a source of antioxidant compounds to be used in preventive medicine, as well as the chemical screening revealed that their plants can be strategically assessed as a source of alkaloids to be tested in further biological assays.

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Study of Valepotriates in Valeriana officinalis L. F.Valerianeceae Cultivated in Iraq

This study concerned with phytochemical investigation and methods of extraction and separation of active constituents from Valeriana officinalis plant cultivated in Iraq. Due to the large number of active constituents in Valeriana officinalis, it was necessary to make analytical study of its constituents to determine the chemical nature of these constituents and then determine the main classes (terpenes and iridoids) using chemical reagents specific for each class. Different organic solvents like ethanol (70%) used in soxhlet apparatus and hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol were used separately to extract the main active constituents by maceration. Through comparison between these solvents using thin layer chromatography (TLC), it has been found that hexane was best suited to extract most of the active constituents from the plant by maceration method. Analytical study showed that terpens was separated and purified using preparative TLC and preparative HPLC. Identification of isolated component (valtrate) from roots of plant was obtained using HPLC and PHPLC also depending on some material-specific constants such as infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results of analysis showed that Valeriana officinalis cultivated in Iraq is a good source of many constituents with different important pharmacological activities. The pharmacological study showed that the total organic plant extract has sleep induction effect when injected I.P. to experimental mice.
 Key wards: Valeriana officinalis, Valepotriate, Insomnia.

Characterization of Nanoparticles from Organic plant extracts using Multiple Drug Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

Characterization of Nanoparticles from Organic plant extracts using Multiple Drug Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

EVALUATION OF NUTRITIONAL AMENDMENTS, PLANT EXTRACTS AND CHEMICALS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF STEM ROT OF RICE

Rice is the staple food of more than one third of world population. The emerging threat to this crop is the stem rot of rice. It is one of the dangerous disease causing huge losses to rice crop worldwide. In-vitro experiments were performed for evaluation of three plant extracts (Eucalyptus globules, Azadirachta indica and Alstonia scholaris) was done at three concentrations (10%, 5% and 2.5%) by poison food technique against the causal fungus, Sclerotium oryzae. Eucalyptus extract was found the most effective followed by neem and devil. Similarly, three fungicides, Thiophenate methyl 70% WP, Difenoconazole 10% WDG and Azoxystrobin 50% WDG were also tested at three concentrations (R, R/2 & R/4) and among these Thiophenate methyl 70%WP was the most effective followed by Difenoconazole 10% WDG and Azoxystrobin 50% WDG. The field trial based on 11 treatments comprising of organic nutritional amendments, plant extracts and fungicides was conducted using RCBD. It revealed that mixture of all organic nutritional amendments in combination with Thiophenate methyl fungicide showed significant response in the reduction of disease incidence. Moreover, these amendments also improved the plant growth and yield parameters i.e. plant height, panicle length (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of kernels per panicle, 1000-grain weight and yield/plant.

EFFECTS OF ORGANIC PLANT EXTRACTS ON BEHAVIOR OF Sitophilus zeamais MOTS. (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) ADULTS

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the action of organic plant extracts from different parts of some species on host selection behavior of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidade) adults. With the exception of extracts prepared from Aristolochia paulistana, all other tested plant extracts showed effect on behavior of S. zeamais adults, depending on concentration and solvent used in their preparation. The most pronounced repellent and/or deterrent effects were obtained with nonpolar extracts (in hexane and dichloromethane) of Annona montana, Annona mucosa, and Casearia sylvestris. On the other hand, ethanolic extracts from branches of C. sylvestris, leaves of A. montana, and leaves and seeds of A. mucosa were attractive and/or stimulant of feeding and/or oviposition of S. zeamais adults, depending on the concentration used. Thus, these extracts are promising sources of attractive compounds to be used in food baits in monitoring traps or even as repellents of stored grain pests.