Organic Phosphorus Sources Research Articles

Hollow amorphous microspheres of nickel phosphate: Synthesis using adenosine 5′-triphosphate disodium salt as a new organic phosphorus source and their application as electrode materials in supercapacitors

High-performance electrode materials are long-cherished for electrochemical energy storage, especially the application in supercapacitors. In this work, an efficient and green hydrothermal process followed by calcination is applied for the fast synthesis of hollow amorphous nickel phosphate microspheres. Instead of traditional inorganic phosphorus, adenosine 5′-triphosphate disodium salt (ATP) as organic phosphorus source is employed which is conductive to build hollow microsphere structure as well as pore channels. The formation mechanism of target product is studied thoroughly by exploring the influence of the reaction temperature and time on the morphology and crystallinity. Benefiting from the construction of hollow amorphous microsphere, our nickel phosphate material achieves a remarkable electrochemical performance with the specific capacitance of 1034 F g−1 at the current density of 0.5 A g−1, and the energy density is 26.75 W h kg−1 at a power density of 750.00 W kg−1, which forecasts to be an ideal electrode material in the aspect of energy storage devices.

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate trisodium salt as a new organic phosphorus source for synthesis of nanoporous amorphous nickel phosphate microspheres electrode materials in supercapacitors

Nanoporous amorphous nickel phosphate (Ni3(PO4)2) with microsphere structures have been investigated for applications as electrode material owing to their excellent electrochemical performance. However, Ni3(PO4)2 are usually prepared traditionally from inorganic phosphorus. Herein, we report a new synthetic strategy by using fructose 1,6-bisphosphate trisodium salt (FBP) as an organic phosphorus source and a porogen. The formation of nanoporous amorphous Ni3(PO4)2 microspheres structures, as well as the effect of applied calcination temperatures on the morphology and crystallinity of the final phosphate materials, is systematically researched. According to data, our amorphous Ni3(PO4)2 material possess a superior specific capacitance of 1040 F g−1 at the current density of 0.5 A g−1 and a favourable rate performance, as compared to various phosphate nanomaterials reported previously. Furthermore, the Ni3(PO4)2 electrodes fabricated in this work are low-cost, efficient, and composed of naturally abundant materials, becoming a potential energy storage material.

Low digestibility of phytate phosphorus, their impacts on the environment, and phytase opportunity in the poultry industry

Phosphorus is anessential macro-mineral nutrient for poultry, needed for the body growth, development of bones, genomic function, good quality flesh, and eggs production. The imbalance of organic phosphorus sources in the diet mostly affect the phosphorus digestibility, reduces the poultry performance and health, and increases the environmental pollution burden. A study was reviewed to estimate the low phytate phosphorus digestibility of ingredients in poultry diet and their impacts on environmental ecosystem and opportunity of phytase supplementation. Plant ingredients mostly used in poultry diets are rich in phytate phosphorus. The phytate phosphorus digestibility and utilization is low in the gut of birds which leads to decrease other nutrients digestibility and increase excessive excretion of phosphorus with additional nutrients in the manure. When that manure applied to the lands containing excessive residual phosphorus and additional nutrients which pollute soil, groundwater disturbed the entire ecosystem. This issue is developed by poultry due to lack of digestive enzyme phytase which promotes the phytate phosphorus during digestion and reduces the excessive losses of phosphorus in excreta. To overcome this matter, the addition of mostly exogenous phospho-hydrolytic phytase enzymes in the diet, i.e. Escherichia coli, Peniophora lycii, Aspergillus niger, and Ficum, are the possible ways to increase the digestibility and utilization of phytate phosphorus and promote the stepwise release of phosphorus from phytate and significantly decrease phosphorus excretion. The aim of this review is to highlight the role of phytase supplementation in the poultry feeding, improvement of phytate phosphorus digestibility with performance, and reduction of phosphorus pollution from the environment.

Exploring the response of Actinobacteria to the presence of phosphorus salts sources: Metabolic and co-metabolic processes.

This study tested the solubilization of phosphorus by five actinobacterial strains in liquid media containing Ca3 PO4 ; AlPO4 or FePO4 as the sole phosphate source, and discusses the possible mechanisms involved in this process. P solubilization by different strains was accompanied by a significant drop in pH from 7.0 to 2.15-5.0 after 14 days. The efficiency of different strains depended on the P-source. Streptomyces spp. MM140 and MM141 were the most efficient in solubilizing Ca3 PO4 , MM136, and MM141 were the most efficient in solubilizing AlPO4 , while all strains were equally efficient in solubilizing FePO4 . Gluconic, oxalic, citric, malic, succinic, formic, and acetic acid were detected in the medium with Ca3 PO4 , while all except acetic acid were detected in the media with FePO4 or AlPO4 . Although we did not use an organic source of phosphorus in the media, all strains produced acid and alkaline phosphatase. It is concluded from this study that actinobacteria produced multiple organic acids followed by a decrease in the pH to solubilize phosphate salts. As well as producing phosphatase, these microorganisms were found to have different ways of making P available, suggesting an ecological advantage as they form part of soil microbiomes important for plants.

Differences in phosphatemia and frequency of consumption of dietary sources of phosphorus in hemodialysis patients in southern and northern Brazil.

Hyperphosphatemia is associated with unfavorable outcomes, and the percentage of patients presenting with this condition in hemodialysis (HD) in kidney foundation units in the state of Santa Catarina (SC) is historically higher than that of patients in the state of Tocantins (TO). To assess the frequency of consumption of the main dietary sources of phosphorus and to compare them between the two states. A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 123 patients, 66 of SC and 57 of TO: 52% were men, average age was 46.9 ± 15.7 years, and mean HD time 48 (57-71) months. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with 33 items that are dietary sources of phosphorus was applied. A consumption score was calculated for sources of organic, inorganic, and total phosphorus, and the six-month average of phosphatemia was obtained. The mean phosphatemia of SC patients was higher (6.2 ± 1.5 vs 4.7 ± 1.3 mg/dL, p <0001) than TO patients, as well as the prevalence of hyperphosphatemia (62% vs 28%; p <10001). In the total sample, the foods most frequently consumed were milk and beans. Comparing the frequency of consumption between the two states, a significant difference was found in 17 items. In TO, beef and beans were the foods most frequently consumed, and in SC, fourteen other items of the FFQ (pork, sausages, dairy products, etc.) were the most frequently consumed. Phosphatemia correlated with the frequency of consumption of inorganic phosphorus sources. the frequency of consumption of several items was different between the states, and this explains the differences in phosphatemia between the two regions.

Differences in phosphatemia and frequency of consumption of dietary sources of phosphorus in hemodialysis patients in southern and northern Brazil

Introduction:Hyperphosphatemia is associated with unfavorable outcomes, and the percentage of patients presenting with this condition in hemodialysis (HD) in kidney foundation units in the state of Santa Catarina (SC) is historically higher than that of patients in the state of Tocantins (TO).Objective:To assess the frequency of consumption of the main dietary sources of phosphorus and to compare them between the two states.Methodology:A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 123 patients, 66 of SC and 57 of TO: 52% were men, average age was 46.9 ± 15.7 years, and mean HD time 48 (57-71) months. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with 33 items that are dietary sources of phosphorus was applied. A consumption score was calculated for sources of organic, inorganic, and total phosphorus, and the six-month average of phosphatemia was obtained.Results:The mean phosphatemia of SC patients was higher (6.2 ± 1.5 vs 4.7 ± 1.3 mg/dL, p <0001) than TO patients, as well as the prevalence of hyperphosphatemia (62% vs 28%; p <10001). In the total sample, the foods most frequently consumed were milk and beans. Comparing the frequency of consumption between the two states, a significant difference was found in 17 items. In TO, beef and beans were the foods most frequently consumed, and in SC, fourteen other items of the FFQ (pork, sausages, dairy products, etc.) were the most frequently consumed. Phosphatemia correlated with the frequency of consumption of inorganic phosphorus sources.Conclusion:the frequency of consumption of several items was different between the states, and this explains the differences in phosphatemia between the two regions.

&lt;i&gt;Arabidopsis thaliana&lt;/i&gt; Metabolites Secreted by Roots during Plant Growth in Phosphorus-Limiting Conditions

Phosphorus is one of the most important nutrients required for plant growth and development. While substantial amounts of total phosphorus are present in many soil types, plants are unable to utilize some organic phosphorus sources. The main goal of this study was to characterize the spectrum of secreted plant proteins, organic acids and other metabolites that can potentially contribute to utilization of various phosphorus compounds. Our data indicate that the composition of extracellular proteins secreted by plant roots varies depending on the specific source of P in the growth medium. Furthermore, some root-secreted metabolites, such as citrate, appear to be specific to a subset of ecotypes, while tartrate, succinate and oxalate are secreted by a number of A. thaliana ecotypes. We observed secretion of phenolic compounds, such as tannins, and deoxycytidine derivatives. Taken together, while no single secreted polypeptide, organic acid or secondary metabolite can be pinpointed as specific to plant growth in particular phosphorus conditions, our data indicate that A. thaliana ecotypes differ in their physiological responses to the source of phosphorus in the growth medium. Overall, these results suggest that physiological changes in plant responses to nutrient limitation are modulated by interactions between soil phosphorus source and the specific genotype of Arabidopsis plants.

Response of Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB-905 to different nutrient ratios and changes in phosphorus chemistry

Cyanobacterial blooms are a global problem, with their occurrence tightly tied to nutrient loading. We cultured Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB-905 in growth medium with either inorganic (orthophosphate) or organic (β-glycerophosphate or polyphosphate) phosphorus and at different N:P ratios with 50:1, 30:1, 16:1, 4:1 and 1:4, serving as the phosphorus source. Fluorescence parameters were measured to determine the response of cellular responses to nutrient stress. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and estimates of antioxidant activity were employed to examine potential mechanisms of physical change. The results demonstrate that inorganic phosphorus was more bioavailable to M. aeruginosa relative to organic phosphorus in culture. The highest cell concentration (2.21×106 cells/mL), chlorophyll-a (0.39 pg/cell) and phycocyanin (1.57 pg/cell) quotas and high levels of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (rETR, Ek, α, φPS II and Fv / Fm) were obtained when phosphorus was supplied as K2HPO4 at a N:P ratio of 16–30. Organic sources of phosphorus (β-glycerophosphate and polyphosphate) were bioavailable to M. aeruginosa. In addition, too concentrated orthophosphate (N:P=1:4) resulted in the oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation of cell membrane (identified by the antioxidant system activity), and the photosynthetic activity declined consequently. This study has demonstrated the effects of different phosphorus chemistries and N:P ratios on the cyanobacterial growth, photosynthetic activity and cell physiology, which could be an effective tool for predicting cyanobacterial dominance or N-deficiency in natural lakes (due to the superior ability of cyanobacteria for dissolved N and fix atmospheric N in some cases).

Hierarchical self-assembled hollow hydroxyapatite flower microspheres containing terpene functional groups for efficient drug loading and pH-responsive drug release

In this paper, we fabricated hierarchical self-assembled hollow rose-like flower microspheres (HRFM) and hollow burr-like flower microspheres (HBFM) hydroxyapatite (HAP) using dehydroabietyl phosphate tri-ester (DDPT) as an organic phosphorus source, a regulating agent, and a soft template simultaneously via a one-step solvothermal method. The HBFM and HRFM have been explored for their application in drug delivery, using doxorubicin (DOX) as a drug model. The formation mechanisms of HRFM and HBFM were proposed on the basis of the electrostatic potential diagrams and self-assembled behavior of DDPT organic molecule. After the rosin-based terpene functional groups were incorporated, both HRFM and HBFM exhibited low cytotoxicity against Hela cell, pH-dependent sustained drug release properties, and high drug loading capacity. The drug-loading capacities of HBFM and HRFM were 116.6 mg g−1 and 148.3 mg g−1, respectively. Thus, the as-prepared HRFM and HBFM are promising for the applications in drug delivery.

A comparative study of phosphorus availability in an acidic soil and an alkaline soil amended with organic and inorganic phosphorus sources

A comparative study of phosphorus availability in an acidic soil and an alkaline soil amended with organic and inorganic phosphorus sources

Phosphate solubilization by endophytic bacteria isolated from banana trees.

Forty isolates of endophytic bacteria isolated from banana tree roots were assessed as to their capacity to solubilize phosphate in a solid culture medium supplemented with different inorganic and one organic source of phosphorus. The amount of phosphorus (P) in each liquid medium was quantified, and an indirect assessment of acid phosphatase activity was performed. All assays had a fully randomized design, with three repetitions. Approximately 67.5% of the 40 isolates assessed in solid medium solubilized phosphorus from tricalcium phosphate and 7.5% of the isolates solubilized phosphorus from soy lecithin; no isolates exhibited P solubilization capacity in medium supplemented with iron phosphate. Acid phosphatase activity was detected in 65% of the isolates; Aneurinibacillus sp. and Lysinibacillus sp. isolates presented with the best solubilization indexes. All of the assessed isolates exhibited a capacity to reduce the potential of hydrogen in liquid medium supplemented with tricalcium phosphate. Isolate EB. 78 (Bacillus sp.) exhibited P solubilization capacity in solid media when Ca3(PO4)2 and soy lecithin were used as P sources; this isolate significantly reduced the pH of the liquid medium and exhibited acid phosphatase activity. The results of the present study highlight isolates that exhibit variations in their capacity to solubilize P. These isolates should be used in future tests to assess their field performance.

The dark septate endophytic fungus Phialocephala fortinii is a potential decomposer of soil organic compounds and a promoter of Asparagus officinalis growth

There is limited information as to whether dark septate endophytic (DSE) fungi are able to degrade organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in soil and if these fungi have a significant role in nutrient cycles in nature, especially under organic nutrient conditions. In order to further knowledge in this area, 25 DSE fungi were isolated and tested for their promotion of Asparagus officinalis seedling growth. Three Phialocephala fortinii isolates were found to be most effective in increasing the growth of A. officinalis plants compared with uninoculated controls. These isolates had the ability to degrade all carbon and nitrogen compounds tested except for lignin. Using organic phosphorus and nitrogen sources, the three P. fortinii isolates were able to promote the growth of A. officinalis compared with control plants. The isolates were also able to promote the growth of A. officinalis seedlings on semi-organic and organic media. Our findings demonstrate that P. fortinii has a role in the promotion of A. officinalis growth under organic nutrient conditions, possibly by decomposing organic phosphorus and nitrogen compounds in soil.

Evaluation of zinc-doped mesoporous hydroxyapatite microspheres for the construction of a novel biomimetic scaffold optimized for bone augmentation.

Biomaterials with high osteogenic activity are desirable for sufficient healing of bone defects resulting from trauma, tumor, infection, and congenital abnormalities. Synthetic materials mimicking the structure and composition of human trabecular bone are of considerable potential in bone augmentation. In the present study, a zinc (Zn)-doped mesoporous hydroxyapatite microspheres (Zn-MHMs)/collagen scaffold (Zn-MHMs/Coll) was developed through a lyophilization fabrication process and designed to mimic the trabecular bone. The Zn-MHMs were synthesized through a microwave-hydrothermal method by using creatine phosphate as an organic phosphorus source. Zn-MHMs that consist of hydroxyapatite nanosheets showed relatively uniform spherical morphology, mesoporous hollow structure, high specific surface area, and homogeneous Zn distribution. They were additionally investigated as a drug nanocarrier, which was efficient in drug delivery and presented a pH-responsive drug release behavior. Furthermore, they were incorporated into the collagen matrix to construct a biomimetic scaffold optimized for bone tissue regeneration. The Zn-MHMs/Coll scaffolds showed an interconnected pore structure in the range of 100–300 μm and a sustained release of Zn ions. More importantly, the Zn-MHMs/Coll scaffolds could enhance the osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Finally, the bone defect repair results of critical-sized femoral condyle defect rat model demonstrated that the Zn-MHMs/Coll scaffolds could enhance bone regeneration compared with the Coll or MHMs/Coll scaffolds. The results suggest that the biomimetic Zn-MHMs/Coll scaffolds may be of enormous potential in bone repair and regeneration.

Hydroxyapatite nanorod-assembled hierarchical microflowers: rapid synthesis via microwave hydrothermal transformation of CaHPO4 and their application in protein/drug delivery

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanostructured materials have attracted much attention due to their excellent biocompatibility and promising applications in various biomedical fields. In this study, a facile method has been developed to synthesize HAP with flower-like hierarchical nanostructures. The flower-like CaHPO4 precursor is firstly synthesized using triethyl phosphate (TEP) as the organic phosphorus source by the solvothermal method. The HAP hierarchical microflowers constructed with nanorods are then fabricated through rapid microwave hydrothermal transformation of the CaHPO4 precursor in NaOH aqueous solution. The as-prepared HAP nanorod-assembled hierarchical microflowers are explored to study the protein/drug loading and release properties using hemoglobin (Hb) and ibuprofen (IBU) as a model protein and drug, respectively. The experimental results indicate that the as-prepared HAP nanorod-assembled hierarchical microflowers have relatively large specific surface area, high biocompatibility, high protein/drug loading capacity and pH-dependent sustained release properties. Thus, the as-prepared HAP nanorod-assembled hierarchical microflowers are promising for the applications in protein/drug delivery.

Solvothermal synthesis of hydroxyapatite with various morphologies using trimethyl phosphate as organic phosphorus source

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) materials with various morphologies including microrods, nanoparticle-assembled microflowers (NAMs), nanoparticle-assembled dendritic superstructures (NADSs), and microrod-assembled ordered arrays (MAOAs) are prepared by a facile solvothermal synthesis strategy using trimethyl phosphate as an organic phosphorus source. The morphologies of the as-prepared HAP products vary significantly with the change of the solvothermal temperature and amount of NaOH. The present study provides a new platform for the synthesis of HAP materials with various morphologies. Among the as-prepared HAP products, the HAP MAOAs show similar structures to those of apatite in the hard tissues of vertebrates. The as-prepared products show excellent biocompatibility, and thus are potentially useful in biomedical fields.

Strontium-Doped Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Porous Microspheres Synthesized through a Microwave-Hydrothermal Method Using Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate as an Organic Phosphorus Source: Application in Drug Delivery and Enhanced Bone Regeneration.

Nanostructured calcium phosphate porous microspheres are of great potential in drug delivery and bone regeneration due to their large specific surface area, biocompatibility, and similarity to inorganic component of osseous tissue. In this work, strontium (Sr)-doped amorphous calcium phosphate porous microspheres (SrAPMs) were synthesized through a microwave-hydrothermal method using fructose 1,6-bisphosphate trisodium salt as the source of phosphate ions. The SrAPMs showed a mesoporous structure and a relatively high specific area. Compared with the hydroxyapatite nanorods prepared by using Na2HPO4·12H2O as the phosphorus source, the SrAPMs with a higher specific surface area were more effective in drug loading using vancomycin as the antiobiotics of choice and consequently having a higher antibacterial efficiency both on agar plates and in broths. Furthermore, to assess the potential application of SrAPMs in bone defect repair, a novel biomimetic bone tissue-engineering scaffold consisting of collagen (Coll) and SrAPMs was constructed using a freeze-drying fabrication process. Incorporation of the SrAPMs not only improved the mechanical properties, but also enhanced the osteogenesis of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The in vivo experiments demonstrated that the SrAPMs/Coll scaffolds remarkably enhanced new bone formation compared with the Coll and APMs/Coll scaffolds in a rat critical-sized calvarial defect model at 8 weeks postimplantation. In summary, SrAPMs developed in this work are promising as antibiotic carriers and may encourage bone formation when combined with collagen.

Copper-doped mesoporous hydroxyapatite microspheres synthesized by a microwave-hydrothermal method using creatine phosphate as an organic phosphorus source: application in drug delivery and enhanced bone regeneration.

The development of multifunctional biomaterials with drug delivery ability, and pro-osteogenic and pro-angiogenic activities has garnered increasing interest in the field of regenerative medicine. In the present study, hypoxia-mimicking copper (Cu)-doped mesoporous hydroxyapatite (HAP) microspheres (Cu-MHMs) were successfully synthesized through a microwave-hydrothermal method by using creatine phosphate as an organic phosphorus source. The Cu-MHMs doped with 0.2, 0.5 and 1 mol% Cu were prepared. The Cu-MHMs consisting of HAP nanorods or nanosheets exhibited a hierarchically mesoporous hollow structure and a high specific surface area. Then the Cu-MHMs were investigated as a drug nanocarrier using doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) as a model drug. The Cu-MHMs showed a relatively high drug-loading capacity and a pH-responsive drug release behavior. Furthermore, the Cu-MHMs were incorporated into a chitosan (CS) matrix to construct a biomimetic scaffold optimized for bone regeneration. The Cu-MHM/CS composite scaffolds maintained high degrees of porosity and showed a sustained release of Cu ions. More importantly, the Cu-MHM/CS scaffolds not only enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) but also promoted the migration and tube formation of EA.hy926 cells. When implanted in rat critical-sized calvarial defects, the Cu-MHM/CS scaffolds significantly enhanced bone regeneration accompanied by more new blood vessel formation at 8 weeks post-operation compared with the MHM/CS scaffolds. These results suggest that the hypoxia-mimicking Cu-MHM/CS scaffolds could encourage bone regeneration by enhancing osteogenesis and angiogenesis simultaneously, which bodes well for the reconstruction of vascularized tissue-engineered bone.

Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in the Global Oceanic Atmosphere.

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers and have been detected ubiquitously in the remote atmosphere. Fourteen OPEs were analyzed in 115 aerosol phase samples collected from the tropical and subtropical Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans during the MALASPINA circumnavigation campaign. OPEs were detected in all samples with concentrations ranging from 360 to 4400 pg m-3 for the sum of compounds. No clear concentration trends were found between the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The pattern was generally dominated by tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), although tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) had a predominant role in samples close to continents and in those influenced by air masses originating in continents. The dry deposition fluxes of aerosol phase ∑14OPE ranged from 4 to 140 ng m-2 d-1. An estimation of the OPE gas phase concentration and gross absorption fluxes by using three different sets of physical chemical properties suggested that the atmosphere-ocean diffusive exchange of OPEs could be 2-3 orders of magnitude larger than dry deposition. The associated organic phosphorus inputs coming from diffusive OPE fluxes were estimated to potentially trigger up to 1.0% of the reported primary production in the most oligotrophic oceanic regions. However, the uncertainty associated with these calculations is high and mostly driven by the uncertainty of the physical chemical properties of OPEs. Further constraints of the physical chemical properties and fluxes of OPEs are urgently needed, in order to estimate their environmental fate and relevance as a diffusive source of new organic phosphorus to the ocean.

A More Focused Approach to Phosphorus Nutrition Education for the Adolescent Kidney Patient.

A More Focused Approach to Phosphorus Nutrition Education for the Adolescent Kidney Patient.

Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Cellulose/Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites.

In this paper, we report a facile, rapid, and green strategy for the synthesis of cellulose/hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocomposites using an inorganic phosphorus source (sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (NaH2PO4·2H2O)), or organic phosphorus sources (adenosine 5′-triphosphate disodium salt (ATP), creatine phosphate disodium salt tetrahydrate (CP), or D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate trisodium salt octahydrate (FBP)) through the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. The effects of the phosphorus sources, heating time, and heating temperature on the phase, size, and morphology of the products were systematically investigated. The experimental results revealed that the phosphate sources played a critical role on the phase, size, and morphology of the minerals in the nanocomposites. For example, the pure HA was obtained by using NaH2PO4·2H2O as phosphorus source, while all the ATP, CP, and FBP led to the byproduct, calcite. The HA nanostructures with various morphologies (including nanorods, pseudo-cubic, pseudo-spherical, and nano-spherical particles) were obtained by varying the phosphorus sources or adjusting the reaction parameters. In addition, this strategy is surfactant-free, avoiding the post-treatment procedure and cost for the surfactant removal from the product. We believe that this work can be a guidance for the green synthesis of cellulose/HA nanocomposites in the future.