Organic Chicken Research Articles

Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Dots Coated CaCO3 Nanocarrier for Levofloxacin Against Multidrug Resistance Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Escherichia coli of Urinary Tract Infection Origin.

The multidrug resistance (MDR) Escherichia coli having Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) genes and the capacity to create a biofilm acts as a major reduction in the therapeutic effectiveness of antimicrobials. In search of a novel nanocarrier (NC) for targeted delivery of antibiotics, carbon dots (CDs) coated calcium carbonate nanocarriers (CCNC) from organic chicken eggshells conjugated with levofloxacin (Lvx) were synthesized. Our main objectives were to explore the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and NC potential of CDs coated CaCO3 Nanocarrier conjugated with levofloxacin (CD-CCNC-Lvx) to combat biofilm-producing MDR ESBL E. coli of urinary tract infection origin. The synthesized NC system was physiochemically characterized, validating the synthesis of CCNC and CD-CCNC-Lvx with a particle size of 56 and 14 nm, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed rod shape morphology. X-ray diffraction results discovered crystalline and dispersed nanoparticles. In vitro release drug kinetics illustrated sustained release of Lvx. NC system exhibited strong antibacterial and antibiofilm potential against E. coli with a noticeable low minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). MIC of CCNC was found to be 30 ± 0.1 μg/mL and CD-CCNC-Lvx was 20 ± 0.1 μg/mL for MDR ESBL-producing E. coli. The synergistic effect of NC upon conjugation with Lvx showed incredible activity with 30 mm zone of inhibition and 68% biofilm inhibition. Flow cytometry analysis revealed treated E. coli cells showed 58.69% reduction in cell viability. SEM images of treated bacterial cells showed morphological changes, which were also confirmed by our flow cytometry findings leading to cell membrane damage in E. coli. NC system also downregulated the blaCTX-M gene in E. coli. The hemolytic analysis proved biocompatibility with human red blood cells (RBCs). It is concluded that CCNC has the potential to be used as NC for target delivery of antibiotics and may combat toxicity of antibiotics as the inhibition of E. coli was noticed at low MIC concentration.

UPAYA PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI KACANG TANAH (Arachis hipogaea L.) DENGAN APLIKASI MACAM DOSIS SP-36 DAN PUPUK ORGANIK

One of the problems in peanut cultivation is decreasing soil fertility. This is due to the very low soil organic matter content. The effort made is by adding organic fertilizer to the soil and paying attention to the use of fertilizer dosage sp36. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of organic fertilizer and fertilizer dosage sp-36 on the growth and production of peanut plants. This research was conducted in February-April 2021 in Takerharjo Village, Solokuro District, Lamongan Regency. This study used a factorial randomized block design method with two treatment factors, namely the dose of fertilizer sp-36 and organic fertilizer. The first factor consists of 3 levels, namely: 100, 200 and 300 kg / ha. The second factor consists of 3 levels, namely: no organic fertilizers, chicken manure and rice husks. The observed parameters observed included plant height, number of leaves, weight of wet stover, number of pods per plant, weight of pods per plant and weight of seeds per plot.The results of the study showed that the combination of organic chicken manure treatment and a dose of 200 kg/ha of sp-36 fertilizer had a significant effect on the growth and yield of peanut plants

GROWTH RESPONSE AND PRODUCTION OF TWO VARIETIES OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculantus L. Moench) ON GIVING VARIOUS TYPES OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER

Okra is a vegetable plant that can be consumed directly or made into processed foods and has good pharmacological effects in the health sector. Okra has a high economic value when compared to other vegetables. The problem faced in okra cultivation is that this plant is not well known by the Indonesian people. The application of organic fertilizer to okra cultivation is expected to improve quality and quantity. This research was carried out on community land for the construction of the Medan Selayang sub-district with an altitude of ± 25 meters above sea level. This research was conducted from May to September 2016, using a randomized block design with 2 treatment factors. The first factor is varieties with 2 types, namely burgundy red okra and Garibar green okra and the second factor is the application of organic fertilizer with 4 types, namely without organic fertilizer, compost, vermicompost fertilizer, and chicken manure. The results showed that the varietal treatments were significantly different on plant height 10-14 WAP, flowering age, number of fruit per plant, fruit weight per plant, number of fruit per plot, fruit length, fruit diameter and canopy wet weight. The application of various kinds of organic fertilizers significantly affected the parameters of plant height increase 10-14 WAP, number of leaves 10-14 WAP, flowering age, number of fruit per plant, fruit weight per plant, and number of fruit per plot. The interaction between varietal treatment and the application of various kinds of organic fertilizers had a significant effect on the increase in plant height 10-14 WAP.

PENGARUH MACAM JARAK TANAM JAJAR LEGOWO DAN DOSIS PUPUK ORGANIK KOTORAN AYAM TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI TANAMAN PADI

tion. One of the efforts to evercome the problem of rice dependence is by adjusting the spacing and giving thr right dose of organic fertilizer. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of orgaic fertilizer dosage and spacing on rice growth and production. This research was conducted in Solokuro Villlage, Solokuro Sub-ditrict, Lamongan Regency in April-June 2021. This research was conducted using a factorial randomized block design method consisting of two factors, namely types of organic fertilizers and spacing. The observed parameters observed were plant height, number of tillers, panicle length, wet grain weight and 1000 seeds wheught. From the results of research that has been carried out on the treatment of doses of organic chicken fertilizer doses of spacing on the growth and production of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) it can be concluded that; There was an interaction with the observation of the number of tassels aged 75 day. There were significant differences in the single treatment of planting distance on the parameters of height observation of plants aged 21, 28, 35 and 42 hst, the number of tillers aged 14, 21 and 28 HST, and the number of tillers aged 42 HST and the number of panicles at the age of 68 and 82 HST, And there was no significant difference in the observation of plant height at 7 DAP, 14 DAP, the number of tillers at 7 DAP, the number of panicles at 61 DAP and 1000 seeds dry weight, wet grain weight and dry grain weight. And the best results were obtained in the treatment of 25 x 25 x 40 cm spacing and 10 tons/ha of chicken manure.

Associations between neck plumage and beak darkness, as well as comb size measurements and scores with ranging frequency of Sasso and Green-legged Partridge chickens

Despite the intensive genetic selection in modern poultry, variability of domestic fowl phenotypes has remained, especially in breeds adapted to local conditions. The relevance of this variability to the chicken outdoor ranging activities remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate if external features were associated with the ranging frequency of the 48 female chickens from each of the 2 breeds: Sasso and Green-legged Partridge. In each of 6 single-breed pens, 8 hens and 2 roosters were housed under conditions of EU requirements for organic meat chicken production, including free access to an outdoor range, from wk 5 to 10 of age. The birds were video-recorded during the experiment to obtain frequencies of individual birds' use of the ranges. Comb size (length and height) was measured using a digital ruler, while the sizes of the dark area of neck plumage and beak were processed and analyzed using ImageJ software. The same traits were scored using direct visual assessment by a trained observer on a scale of 1-3. In addition, the eye color of the bird was recorded. Statistical analysis was conducted independently for each breed using regression models, ANOVAs and Spearman correlations. Significant positive associations between neck plumage (P < 0.01), beak darkness (P = 0.03) measurements, comb length (P < 0.01) and comb height (P < 0.01) and frequency of range use were identified for Sasso. Sasso hens scored with darkest neck plumage (P = 0.03) and biggest comb size (P = 0.04) ranged the most, while their external features were significantly and positively correlated between each other, except beak darkness and comb length. No significant associations between ranging and external features were found in Green-legged Partridge birds, except that their comb height was significantly and positively correlated with neck plumage and beak darkness (r = 0.39 and 0.33, respectively). In some genetic strains, better understanding of the associations between chickens’ external features with ranging behavior could contribute to improve selection programs and bird welfare, assuring production of breeding stock suitable for outdoor conditions.

Gastrointestinal Tract Morphometrics and Content of Commercial and Indigenous Chicken Breeds with Differing Ranging Profiles.

Simple SummaryDifferences in the range use by poultry exist on the individual or breed level, even if equal opportunity of outdoor access is provided. Birds reared with access to the pasture consume some of the material found outdoors, such as plants, insects, and stones. The frequency of outdoor range use may be associated with the ingested material and the development of the bird gut. Optimal gastrointestinal tract morphometrics or small intestine microstructure are important for nutrient absorption and essential for poultry to resist diseases and assure welfare. Development of the gastrointestinal tract and its content could furthermore retrospectively indicate the birds’ ranging profile. The aim of the current study was to compare gastrointestinal tract morphometrics, small intestine microstructure, as well as the amount of pasture-originating material and feed ingested by the birds differing in their ranging profile, separately for the slow-growing broiler hybrid Sasso and green-legged partridge, a Polish indigenous breed of chicken. We found that the contents of the crop and gizzard of the moderate-indoor green-legged partridges were different from the indoor- and outdoor-preferring ranging profiles. In Sasso, the development of the villi in terms of their height and area in outdoor-preferring birds was different from that observed in other ranging profiles.Optimal development of the gut is important for nutrient absorption and for poultry to resist diseases. The aim of the study was to compare gastrointestinal tract morphometrics, small intestine microstructure, as well as the amount of pasture matter and feed ingested by the birds with outdoor access presenting either an outdoor-preferring, moderate-outdoor or indoor-preferring ranging profile. Sixty non-beak trimmed birds per strain: broiler hybrid Sasso and Polish indigenous green-legged partridge were housed from week 5 to 10 in groups of 10, under conditions of EU organic meat chicken production. Pens with outdoor ranges were video recorded, to obtain frequencies of the birds’ range use. Statistical analysis was conducted applying generalized linear mixed models, applying the ranging profile as a fixed effect and pen as a random factor. The weight of the pasture matter in bird crops was the highest in moderate-outdoor profiled green-legged partridges, as compared to other ranging profiles (p = 0.04). In Sasso, villi in the small intestines were significantly higher in the outdoor-preferring compared to indoor-preferring profiled birds (p = 0.04), while their area was larger in the outdoor-preferring Sasso birds (p = 0.01). The level of development of the gastrointestinal tract and its content may be a potential indicator of the birds’ ranging profile and forage consumption.

How the kinetic behavior of organic chickens affects productive performance and blood and meat oxidative status: a study of six poultry genotypes

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the kinetic behavior, carcass characteristics, oxidative status (blood and meat), and meat fatty acid profiles of 6 organically reared slower growing chicken genotypes (SrG). One hundred male chickens of 6 SrG were used: Ranger Classic (RC), Ranger Gold (RG), Rowan Ranger (RR), RedJA (RJ), CY Gen 5 JA87 (CY), and M22 × JA87 (M). Twenty chickens/genotype were selected to analyze behavior, while, 15 individuals were slaughtered and different traits were analyzed in the blood and drumstick meat. The variables were grouped into different principal components: kinetic activity (PC1, with explorative attitude as the highest score), productive performance (PC2, carcass and head/feet yields), blood (PC3, carbonyls, and TBARS) and meat (PC6, thiols, and TBARS) markers, technological traits (PC4, pH, and color), proximate meat composition (PCA5, moisture, lipids, protein, and ash), fatty acid profile, and nutritional indexes (PC7, IP, and PUFAn-3). Uni- and bivariate analyses showed a strong positive association between kinetic behaviors and blood and meat oxidation and a medium positive association with fatty acid profile and nutritional indexes, whereas a negative association was found between productive performance loads and the technological traits of meat. Generalized linear models showed that all PCs were influenced by genotype. In particular, CY and M resulted as less active genotypes; conversely, RR showed more kinetic activity, whereas RJ, RG, and RC exhibited intermediate levels of activity. Cluster analysis of kinetic behavior and blood or meat oxidative status highlighted 2 groups: nonwalking (NW: CY and M) and walking (W: RC, RG, RR, and RJ) animals. However, in the W group, another was visualized, constituted by genotypes with high kinetic activity resulting in the worst oxidative balance (Walking not trained-genotypes, Wnt: RR and RJ). The present results confirmed that the kinetic behavior of SrG genotypes is negatively correlated with productive performance. Furthermore, a significant association between kinetic behavior and blood (positively correlated) or meat (negatively correlated) oxidative status was noted. Such differences are mainly due to the intrinsic response of the genotypes used (i.e., training-walking capacity).

Associations between weather conditions and individual range use by commercial and heritage chickens

Ranging area use by domestic poultry is not always optimal and differences in it exist on the levels of breed, flock and individual bird. Outdoor shelters are usually not protective for all weather parameters and may not fulfil a protective role to all birds within the flock all time, if individuals are sensitive to different weather conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between different weather parameters and the use of the range by individual Green-legged Partridge and Sasso C44 chickens. In August 2018, 60 birds per genetic strain were housed in groups of 10 from wks 5 to 10, under conditions exceeding minimal EU requirements of organic meat chicken production. Birds in each pen had access to an outdoor range that was video-recorded during the experiment to obtain frequencies of individual birds' use of the ranges. Weather data were collected each minute throughout the whole experiment by an automatic weather station. In each pen, birds tagged individually with a laminated color tag, had access to an outdoor range that was video-recorded during the experiment. Frequencies of individual birds' use of the ranges were manually obtained from the recordings. Univariate and multivariate linear regression models were used to investigate the associations between the variables. The results showed significant associations between weather parameters and range use for one third of Green-legged Partridge and Sasso chickens (n = 21 in both breeds). Between breeds, range use associations with different weather parameters were identified. Negative associations with relative humidity occurred most frequently in Green-legged Partridges (n = 8; R2 from 0.1 to 0.17), while positive associations with atmospheric pressure (n = 7; R2 from 0.09 to 0.17) were most common in Sasso chickens. Further investigations into the reasons behind individual sensitivity of meat-purpose chickens to specific weather conditions would increase the understanding of their preferences and needs, which over time will improve animal welfare.

Clinico-radiologic Characteristics of Pulmonary Visceral Larva Migrans Caused by Ascaris suum.

Objective Visceral larva migrans (VLM) caused by Ascaris suum is a major health problem in pig farming regions. The clinical characteristics of pulmonary VLM caused by A. suum, however, are unclear. We assessed the clinico-radiologic features of this disease. Methods Medical records, including the results of chest radiography and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), were retrospectively reviewed from January 2000 through June 2019, at the University of Miyazaki Hospital and Kyoritsuiin Hospital in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan. Results Seven patients with VLM caused by A. suum were identified. All seven patients had a unique habit of consuming raw foods, such as organic vegetables, chicken, turkey, wild boar, and venison. All but one patient, who had eosinophilic pneumonia with a fever and severe fatigue, had only mild or no respiratory symptoms. All 7 patients had remarkable eosinophilia (median, 1,960 /μL) and high serum IgE levels (median, 1,346 IU/mL). Chest HRCT revealed multiple nodules and multiple nodular ground-glass opacities in 57% and 29% of the patients, respectively. The pulmonary lesions were located predominantly in subpleural areas. All seven patients were treated with albendazole, which led to improvement within two to three months. Neither eggs nor parasites were detected in the feces or sputum of any patient. Conclusion Consumption of raw organic vegetables or raw meat is a possible route of A. suum infection. Infected patients exhibit mild respiratory symptoms, and multiple nodules with a halo in the subpleural area are a common finding on chest HRCT. Treatment with albendazole was effective in these cases.

Characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales from organic and conventional chicken meats.

This study was conducted to isolate and identify extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales in conventional and organic chicken meats, which were sold in Turkey. A total of 200 raw chicken meat sample (100 conventional and 100 organic) were used as material. Classic culture technique based on chromogenic method was used for the isolation of bacteria, and the identification was performed with VITEK MS. Phenotypic ESBL production was detected by combined disc diffusion method. Gene regions responsible for ESBL production were determined by PCR. MIC values of isolates were detected by VITEK 2. Phenotypic ESBL-producing Enterobacterales were detected in 46% of conventional chicken meats and in 22% of organic chicken meats. Of the 115 isolates obtained, 97 (84%) were Escherichia coli, 12 (10%) were Klebsiella pneumoniae, four (3·48%) were Serratia fonticola, one (0·87%) was Rahnella aquatilis, and one (0·87%) was Serratia liquefaciens. PCR analysis revealed that 109 of 115 isolates (94·78%) contained at least one of the blaCTX-M , blaTEM , and blaSHV genes. Of the 115 ESBL-producing isolates, 103 (89·57%) were found resistant to at least one antibiotic except for the β-lactam group. The contamination level of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales was higher in conventional chicken meats (P<0·001).

Optimal conditions for high solid co-digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid wastes in a leach-bed reactor

Anaerobic co-digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste with solid content greater than 20% and chicken manure was investigated using leach-bed reactors in the framework of Middle East and North African countries. The objectives of the experiments were to determine the optimal ratio of organic fraction, chicken manure and solid inoculum, to compare temperature conditions and usage of liquid inoculum or water in percolation process. The highest specific methane yield (SMY) (236 LN ∙ kg−1 VS) was received in the reactors with 20/80 organic fraction/solid inoculum ratio under thermophilic conditions with liquid inoculum percolation. Under the same conditions but mesophilic temperature, SMY dropped by 12%. Replacing liquid inoculum by water led to 172 LN ∙ kg−1 VS. Addition of chicken manure to the substrate mixture positively influences a start-up phase and keeps pH in optimal range 6.5–8, despite the high ammonia concentration.

Market Chickens as a Source of Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli in a Peri-Urban Community in Lima, Peru

The widespread and poorly regulated use of antibiotics in animal production in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is increasingly associated with the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in retail animal products. Here, we compared Escherichia coli from chickens and humans with varying levels of exposure to chicken meat in a low-income community in the southern outskirts of Lima, Peru. We hypothesize that current practices in local poultry production result in highly resistant commensal bacteria in chickens that can potentially colonize the human gut. E. coli was isolated from cloacal swabs of non-organic (n = 41) and organic chickens (n = 20), as well as from stools of market chicken vendors (n = 23), non-vendors (n = 48), and babies (n = 60). 315 E. coli isolates from humans (n = 150) and chickens (n = 165) were identified, with chickens showing higher rates of multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase phenotypes. Non-organic chicken isolates were more resistant to most antibiotics tested than human isolates, while organic chicken isolates were susceptible to most antibiotics. Whole-genome sequencing of 118 isolates identified shared phylogroups between human and animal populations and 604 ARG hits across genomes. Resistance to florfenicol (an antibiotic commonly used as a growth promoter in poultry but not approved for human use) was higher in chicken vendors compared to other human groups. Isolates from non-organic chickens contained genes conferring resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics, including mcr-1 for colistin resistance, blaCTX-M ESBLs, and blaKPC-3 carbapenemase. Our findings suggest that E. coli strains from market chickens are a potential source of ARGs that can be transmitted to human commensals.

Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli between conventional and organic broiler flocks

Antimicrobial resistance ( AMR ) is a growing concern for human and animal health. Public awareness of these issues has contributed to increased demand for organic food. In poultry production, there are 3 major production types: no antibiotic ever, organic, and conventional. Organics have been considered safer alternatives that carry fewer antibiotic-resistant bacteria and have less incidence of stable resistance. In this study, we examined the impact of organic and conventional production practices on the resistance patterns of the intestinal microbiome of chickens. Culture and sensitivity analysis performed on the cecal contents were compared between organic and conventionally grown chickens from identical parent stock collected in July and September. The results demonstrated that Escherichia coli isolated from conventionally produced chickens were significantly more resistant to neomycin ( P -value <0.0002) and tetracycline ( P -value = 0.0000) when compared with organically produced chickens in the July collection samples. However, there was no significant difference observed between groups in the September samples. These data demonstrate that AMR patterns of E. coli can differ significantly between organic and conventional chickens in the samples, but AMR pattern among E. coli isolates may not be consistent.

Investigation of physicochemical, microbiological and sensorial properties for organic and conventional retail chicken meat

In this study, the commercially available chicken thigh and breast meat produced by organic and conventional methods were investigated in terms of physicochemical, microbiological and sensorial properties. The organic chicken breasts had higher fat content than the conventional chicken breasts. The protein content of organic thighs was higher than conventional thighs. Organic chicken meat contains more mineral substances than conventional chicken meat and has higher pH value, cooking loss and water holding capacity. Alpha-linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid was found to be higher in organic chicken meat. Salmonella spp. was detected in all conventional chicken and 66.66% of organic chicken.

Evaluation of the Production Performance and the Meat Quality of Chickens Reared in Organic System. As Affected by the Inclusion of Calliphora sp. in the Diet.

Simple SummaryCurrently, organic systems face the problem of the low availability of protein for feeding monogastric animals. Insects are part of the diet of free-range animals, and can be a possible substitute for other protein sources such as soybean meal. In the EU the production of insects is not eligible in organic production due to the absence of standards for these products. Therefore, more studies are needed to support the inclusion of insects in animal feeding. This study aimed to evaluate the inclusion of Calliphora sp. (CLM) in the first phase of chicken growth in organic production systems. Similarly, the quality of the meat of these chickens was analyzed and near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used as a tool to classify the meat according to the diet they had consumed. This study showed that the use of CLM in feeding of organic chickens would be a good alternative, thus obtaining chickens with similar meat quality and productive developments, in contrast to those chickens that had been fed traditional proteins. In addition, the NIRS could be useful for the classification of meat from chickens based on the diet they had received.The use of insects can be a possible source of protein. This study uses Calliphora sp. larvae (CLM) as a protein source in 320 one-day-old medium-growing male chicks (RedBro) during their first month of life. Chickens were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments. Each group consisted of 10 animals, and a total of 8 replicas. Control group was fed with a certified organic feed. The experimental treatments were supplemented with 5% (T2), 10% (T3), or 15% (T4) of CLM, reducing in each case the corresponding percentage of feed quantity. Productive development and meat quality were analyzed, and near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used as a tool for classifying the samples. Chickens of T4 showed greater final body weight and total average daily gain, but they reduced consumption and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The chicken breast meat of T4 had lower cooking losses and higher palmitoleic acid content (p < 0.01). NIRS classified correct 92.4% of samples according to the food received. CLM is presented as a potential ingredient for the diet of medium-slow growing chickens raised in organic systems.

Food Waste reuse as a feed for organic chicken: A case study

Since the food system will inevitably produce food waste, it is recommended that it be captured and recycled for more efficient use rather than being disposed of as solid household waste. Therefore, it is advantageous to promote food waste as poultry feed. In order to study the feeding feasibility of a poultry Lab- Prepared Feed (LPF) based on kitchen food waste as well as their nutritional value, the tests were carried out near Taza city on an organic chicken farm, in Eastern Morocco. The results of consumption indices concerning organic chickens treated only by Lab-Prepared Feed showed average values of 1.18 and 1.17 for tests 1 and 2 successively. According to the results obtained, the tests proved the feeding feasibility of a Lab-Prepared Feed (LPF), it appears to be a good substitute for commercial foods. The study may help to ensure the recovering of food waste materials as a new poultry feed substitute.

PENGARUH VARIASI CAMPURAN TEPUNG DAUN KELOR (Moringaoleifera L) DAN BEKATUL TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN AYAM KAMPUNG (Gallus-gallus domesticus. Var. Ayam Joper) SEBAGAI SUMBER BELAJAR BIOLOGI

The research about the mixture of moringa leaf flour and rice bran on the growth of orgainic chicken on Joper chicken. var as a source of learning biology aims to determine the effect of feed from the mixture of moringa leaf flour (Moringa oleifera L) and rice bran on the growth of organic chickens (Gallus-gallus domesticus L. Joper chicken. var), then to find out certain variations of the mixture of moringa leaf flour (Moringa oleifera L) and rice bran which gives the best influence and to make posters that are used as a source of high school biology learning. The method used is a completely randomized design (CRD), experiments conducted with 3 treatments and 1 control. Control (0% moringa leaf flour), P1 (2.5% moringa leaf flour), P2 (5% moringa leaf flour) and P3 (7.5% moringa leaf flour). The parameters observed were weight, length, and diameter of the joper body.The results of the study were tested using a non-parametric statistical test or commonly called the kruskal wallis test. Kruskal wallis test results on chicken weight obtained X2value 4.09 &lt;X2table 14.07 at α 0.05 means Ho is accepted, length measurements obtained results X2value = 3.61 &lt;X2table = 14.07 at α 0.05 means Ho is accepted, diameter measurements obtained results X2 value = 4.2 &lt;X2 table = 14.07 at α 0.05 means Ho is accepted.The conclusion from this study was the feed from the mixture of moringa leaf flour and rice bran did not have a significant effect on the growth of joper. The results of the used ranking from 5% Moringa leaf flour gave the best effect for weight gain of joper. Based on the results of the validation of learning resources shows that learning resources in the form of posters that are made were feasible to be used as a source of learning biology for high school students.Kata kunci: super java chicken, Indigofera, alternative feed, poster learning resources

How consumers’ consciousness and perception levels affect purchase intention of organic chicken meat in Turkey

How consumers’ consciousness and perception levels affect purchase intention of organic chicken meat in Turkey

A COMPARISON OF BODY MASS INDEX AND WEIGHT GAIN AMONG MALE SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS ON BROILER AND DOMESTIC CHICKEN MEAT FEED

Objective:&#x0D; To compare and evaluate the effects of broiler chicken fed with commercially offered feed and chicken fed with organic diet on BMI and weight gain in Sprague Dawley rats.&#x0D; Study Design:&#x0D; A randomized controlled trial.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study:&#x0D; Multi-Disciplinary Laboratory of Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, and collaborated with Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad from November 2017 to April 2019.&#x0D; Methodology:&#x0D; Ninety male early weaned Sprague Dawley rats were arbitrarily assorted into three groups (n=30).&#x0D; Group I control rats were nourished on standard pelleted diet. Group II rats were nourished with organic chicken meat along with their standard pelleted diet. Group III rats were nourished with broiler chicken meat along with their standard pelleted diet.&#x0D; BMI and weight gain were estimated. All variables were calculated as Mean ± SD values. One-way ANOVA was applied to determine the significance among groups followed by Tuckey’s HSD post hoc test. p value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.&#x0D; Results:&#x0D; The current study demonstrated significant increase in BMI (p ≤ 0.001) and weight gain (p ≤ 0.001) in both experimental groups as compared to control group.&#x0D; Conclusion: &#x0D; Based on the findings of our study we propose that broiler chicken meat consumption could be the probable cause of weight imbalances and out of proportion gain of weight and growth in experimental rats.

Spectroscopic Analysis of Chicken Meat Contaminated with E. coli, Salmonella, and Campylobacter

The microbiological contamination of food causes concern for public health due to the pathogenic action of microorganisms and the increasing of antimicrobial resistance observed in bacterial strains. This work considers the use of fluorescence spectroscopy to study the effects of the presence of microorganisms in the chicken’s meat and therefore, how the detection of this presence can help on food safety. The fluorescence of organic boneless and skinless chicken breast pieces contaminated with variable concentrations of E. coli cells inoculated in meat (104, 105, 106, and 107 cells/mL) was measured with excitations at 340 and 410 nm. Raman spectra were obtained to investigate into conformational changes in the collagen structures, from samples kept for 48 h at 25 °C (non-contaminated and contaminated with E. coli, 105 and 107 cells/mL). Protoporphyrin IX fluorescence lifetime was measured in the function of an increased number of E. coli cells. The obtained results of E. coli were compared to the ones of Salmonella and Campylobacter contaminations (106 cells/mL). Some uncommon aspects were found in the spectra of the contaminated meat: enlargement of the collagen band at 400 nm; increase in free reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide fluorescence intensity around 505 nm; and decrease of flavin emission band. A shortening in the porphyrin emission lifetime (from ~ 10 ns for uncontaminated meat to ~ 5 ns) was observed, showing a quenching process for the meat contaminated with E. coli. The presence of coproporphyrin emission band was observed in the samples contaminated with Salmonella. The singularities observed in PpIX fluorescence spectroscopy for E. coli and Salmonella can be used to obtain a quick detection method of pathogenic bacteria.