Organ Growth Research Articles

Prospects of artificial soil substrate use for flower crops cultivation in protected ground

Harsh continental climate of Orenburg region is characterized by extremely low rates of precipitation at vegetation period, so the cultivation of flowers with protected root system has wide usage and is highly developed. The search for the optimal combined artificial soil in terms of physico-chemical composition is of great scientific and practical importance. In the short-term model experiment, variants of artificial soils are under exploration, with differing ratios of basic fillers that cover the physiological needs of flower crops when grown with a closed root system in greenhouse complexes. The results of laboratory study of artificially constructed soils based on essential materials (peat, coconut filler, river sand) and agricultural waste (horse manure, sunflower seed husk, raw fawl dung) are also presented. Combined soils are developed for the purpose of growing gerbera on “Bounty” soil and garden chrysanthemum on “Elysium” soil. These soils take into account the bioecological and agrotechnological features of greenhouse cultivation of these types of flower plants. The studied flower crops respond quite well to the physico-chemical composition of soils, showing stable growth of vegetative and generative organs.

Rooting, Growth, and Maturation of Grape Cuttings Under Different Growth Regulators

With the development of viticulture in recent years, vineyard areas have increased and the demand for orchards with local varieties has grown. Propagation by cuttings is the most common method of grape propagation. The influence of growth regulators (zircon, heteroauxin, and kornevin) on the rooting, growth, and ripening of hardwood cuttings of grape varieties Voskehat, Garan Dmak, and Tozot was studied. The study shows that the use of growth regulators positively affects the growth and development of cuttings, strengthens roots, increases rooting, and promotes the growth and development of surface organs Among the regulators used, the best results were shown by growth stimulants heteroauxin and zircon. These stimulants can be used to ensure the high survival rates of less common varieties.

Composition of indoor organic surface films in residences: simulating the influence of sources, partitioning, particle deposition, and air exchange.

Indoor surfaces are coated with organic films that modulate thermodynamic interactions between the surfaces and room air. Recently published models can simulate film formation and growth via gas-surface partitioning, but none have statistically investigated film composition. The Indoor Model of Aerosols, Gases, Emissions, and Surfaces (IMAGES) was used here to simulate ten years of nonreactive film growth upon impervious indoor surfaces within a Monte Carlo procedure representing a sub-set of North American residential buildings. Film composition was resolved into categories reflecting indoor aerosol (gas + particle phases) factors from three sources: outdoor-originating, indoor-emitted, and indoor-generated secondary organic material. In addition to gas-to-film partitioning, particle deposition was modeled as a vector for organics to enter films, and it was responsible for a majority of the film mass after ∼1000 days of growth for the median simulation and is likely the main source of LVOCs within films. Therefore, the organic aerosol factor possessing the most SVOCs contributes most strongly to the composition of early films, but as the film ages, films become more dominated by the factor with the highest particle concentration. Indoor-emitted organics (e.g. from cooking) often constituted at least a plurality of the simulated mass in developed films, but indoor environments are diverse enough that any major organic material source could be the majority contributor to film mass, depending on building characteristics and indoor activities. A sensitivity analysis suggests that rapid film growth is most likely in both newer, more air-tight homes and older homes near primary pollution sources.

Biomaterials for Artificial Organs and Organoids- A Comprehensive review

The technological development of biomaterials used in forming artificial organs and organoids indicates a revolutionary area within biomedical engineering and the field of regenerative medicine. This study provides an in-depth review of recent progress in biomaterials, emphasizing their design and use for fabricating artificial organs and organoids. The analysis proceeds with examining the necessary parameters for biomaterials in simulating the biological and biomechanical qualities of local tissues. The next effort turns towards synthesizing and characterizing innovative biomaterials, including biocompatible polymers, hydrogels, and bioactive scaffolds that can be tailored to suit specific organ systems. The paper provides an in-depth take on the developments in 3D biological printing and microfabrication techniques, emphasizing how they facilitate the synthesis of complicated, multicellular structures. The research also examines the integration of biomaterials when combined with stem cell technologies, focusing on their role in forming organs and the prospects for customized medical treatments. This review highlights the significant developments achieved in this area and the potential of these technologies in addressing the limited supply of organs, performing drug testing, and improving knowledge of the growth of organs and diseases.

Growing indoor environmental infrastructure: designing for microbial diversity with implications for pollutant metabolism and human health

Abstract Urban inhabitants spend upwards of 90% of their time indoors where building design and mechanical air-handling systems negatively impact air quality, microbiome diversity and health outcomes. Urban bioremediation infrastructure designed to improve indoor environmental quality by drawing air through photosynthesizing plants and metabolically diverse rhizospheres have been investigated since the 1960s; however, in-depth analysis of the potential impacts on indoor environments is required: (1) although recent evidence has illustrated human microbiome alteration and associated health benefits related to exposure to green wall systems, the mechanism(s) of diversification have not yet been established, (2) microbial metabolism and airborne chemical dynamics are extraordinarily complex and hypotheses pertaining to rhizosphere microorganisms metabolizing pollutants require more attention. To explore these areas, we applied a shotgun metagenomic approach to quantify microbial diversity and establish preliminary metabolic profiles within active green wall modules spanning a range of growth media and plant selections. Results indicate that fundamental design decisions, including hydroponic vs. organic growth media, support rhizosphere microbiomes with distinct diversity and metabolic profiles which could impact system performance. The described relationships indicate fundamental green infrastructure design represents an opportunity to “grow” indoor microbial diversity and metabolisms with potential benefits for human pollutant exposure and health outcomes.

Spatial changes in Royal Malay Town: The Inheritance of ‘Kota’ for Sustainability of Urban Conservation Practices

The continuous degradation of historical urban fabric in traditional towns has hindered efforts to implement sustainable urban conservation practices. Considering the dynamic and complexities of urban areas, which encompass multiple relationships to geographical settings, functional economic and socio-cultural factors, understanding the contextual formation and growth therefore becomes an important consideration in any development project. However, analysing the evolutionary process requires systematic structuring at each hierarchical scale, temporal dimension and level of morphological elements. Thus, posing a significant challenge in extracting the organic growth development of traditional towns. This study attempts to develop a methodological framework for integrated urban morphological analysis that guides the analytical process of spatial changes in Royal Malay town. A case study at Old Town Centre of Kota Bharu, Kelantan was conducted with an emphasis on structuring the case and plan- unit analysis based on diachronic and synchronic comparisons. The findings unveiled the inherent morphogenetic characteristics of Royal Malay towns central to the spatial structure of Kota, which demarcate the fixation line of the growth process and imperative to the functioning system for spatial resilience. This implies that developing a systematic methodological and mapping analysis process aids in providing a clear and responsive strategy in managing rapid spatial transition. This study brings forward the bridging of multidisciplinary knowledge on urban history, geography, design, planning and management to assist in the formulation of comprehensive development guidelines and policies that emphasize an explicit morphological perspective.

Perkembangan Fisik Anak Dan Psikososial Remaja

This paper aims abnalyze The physical and psychosocial development of children and adolescents is a broad topic and complex. Children begin to develop the ability to think, learn, and remember, and begin to develop the ability to control emotions and interact with people other. In adolescence, individuals experience a transition between childhood and adulthood adult life is characterized by biological growth and development and psychological. Children's physical and psychosocial development of adolescents can begin with an explanation of the importance of understanding physical and psychosocial development during childhood and adolescence. Matter This is because this period is a very important period in a person's life, in where many significant changes and developments occurred. Additionally, understanding of Physical and psychosocial development during childhood and adolescence is also very important for parents, teachers and health workers in providing appropriate care and upbringing. Physical development during childhood and adolescence includes growth and development of body organs, nervous system, and motor abilities. Meanwhile development Psychosocial includes emotional, social and cognitive development. During childhood, Physical and psychosocial development is greatly influenced by the environment and upbringing accepted. Meanwhile, during adolescence, physical and psychosocial development is influenced by internal and external factors, such as hormonal changes, social environment, and pressure from friends peer. In discussing children's physical development and adolescent psychosocial development, it needs to be emphasized that each individual has different developments, depending on factors which influences it.

Connecting Strategy, Execution and Enhance Value Creation (CSEEK) with M&A: 12 Point Succes Formula

Building a sustainable organization with organic growth, healthy ROI is complex, and the complexity will be amplified with mergers and acquisitions (M&A), particularly in financial vertical due to offerings – products and services to its customers. This paper explores a prevalent pattern in mergers and acquisitions, especially the upcoming challenges of post-integration engineering regarding business data and IT systems. We propose an adaptive strategy to mitigate these risks, cut costs, and achieve expected business growth. The most traditional models of M&A will work; however, the value realization may not be optimal, therefore, the authors propose a 12-point success formula by connecting strategy, execution and enhance value creation framework.

Unraveling PT Cita Mineral Investindo: Growth Potential through Organic & Inorganic Strategies under Bauxite Export Ban

Downstreaming has bring significant impact for Indonesia’s economy, with higher price on goods that were processed to gain a higher value, from IDR 17 trillion (USD 1,1 billion) at the end of 2014 to IDR 326 trillion (USD 20,9 billion) in 2021, Indonesia was able to boost the value of its nickel exports by up to 19 times. However, concerns arise as there may be a lack of clarity and confidence among investors on investment potential in Indonesia’s bauxite mining business, potentially leading to the failure on increasing added value due to the inadequate numbers of bauxite smelters to support the downstreaming process. Bauxite export ban as part of Indonesia’s effort to downstream more minerals could lead PT Cita Mineral Investindo’s growth to plateau due to their main business is in bauxite mining with products of Metallurgical Grade Bauxite. It may affect its revenue stream negatively, and limit their potential to grow even further. Bauxite industry currently aligned with Indonesia’s plan to be a big player in EV production in the future, which could contribute to the production of aluminium material and key component to EV batteries. The study will examine the valuation of PT Cita Mineral Investindo with the scenarios of organic growth and inorganic growth in an effort to market and increase their domestic sales in order to quantify the opportunities that PT Cita Mineral Investindo may have in complying with the new regulations. The study will involve Financial Ratio Analysis to assess its business condition and DCF valuation will assess the enterprise value for both growth strategy. Sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the most factor influencing the enterprise value of the company. The enterprise value of PT Cita Mineral Investindo in the organic growth scenario is valued at IDR 9.505.697.469.283 and in the inorganic growth scenario is valued at IDR 12.018.885.689.175. Tornado chart sensitivity analysis shows that the most influencing factors are WACC and terminal growth rate. PT Cita Mineral Investindo is valued higher when it uses an inorganic growth scenario. To achieve this, PT Cita Mineral Investindo must utilize inorganic growth through a set of joint-venture and strategic partnerships.

Basal spot junctions of Drosophila epithelial tissues respond to morphogenetic forces and regulate Hippo signaling

Organ size is controlled by numerous factors including mechanical forces, which are mediated in part by the Hippo pathway. In growing Drosophila epithelial tissues, cytoskeletal tension influences Hippo signaling by modulating the localization of key pathway proteins to different apical domains. Here, we discovered a Hippo signaling hub at basal spot junctions, which form at the basal-most point of the lateral membranes and resemble adherens junctions in protein composition. Basal spot junctions recruit the central kinase Warts via Ajuba and E-cadherin, which prevent Warts activation by segregating it from upstream Hippo pathway proteins. Basal spot junctions are prominent when tissues undergo morphogenesis and are highly sensitive to fluctuations in cytoskeletal tension. They are distinct from focal adhesions, but the latter profoundly influences basal spot junction abundance by modulating the basal-medial actomyosin network and tension experienced by spot junctions. Thus, basal spot junctions couple morphogenetic forces to Hippo pathway activity and organ growth.

The tomato EAR-motif repressor, SlERF36, accelerates growth transitions and reduces plant life cycle by regulating GA levels and responses.

Faster vegetative growth and early maturity/harvest reduce plant life cycle time and are important agricultural traits facilitating early crop rotation. GA is a key hormone governing developmental transitions that determine growth speed in plants. An EAR-motif repressor, SlERF36 that regulates various growth transitions, partly through regulation of the GA pathway and GA levels, was identified in tomato. Suppression of SlERF36 delayed germination, slowed down organ growth and delayed the onset of flowering time, fruit harvest and whole-plant senescence by 10-15 days. Its over-expression promoted faster growth by accelerating all these transitions besides increasing organ expansion and plant height substantially. The plant life cycle and fruit harvest were completed 20-30 days earlier than control without affecting yield, in glasshouse as well as net-house conditions, across seasons and generations. These changes in life cycle were associated with reciprocal changes in expression of GA pathway genes and basal GA levels between suppression and over-expression lines. SlERF36 interacted with the promoters of two GA2 oxidase genes, SlGA2ox3 and SlGA2ox4, and the DELLA gene, SlDELLA, reducing their transcription and causing a 3-5-fold increase in basal GA3/GA4 levels. Its suppression increased SlGA2ox3/4 transcript levels and reduced GA3/GA4 levels by 30%-50%. SlERF36 is conserved across families making it an important candidate in agricultural and horticultural crops for manipulation of plant growth and developmental transitions to reduce life cycles for faster harvest.

Genome-wide identification and spatiotemporal expression analysis of cadherin superfamily members in echinoderms

BackgroundCadherins are calcium-dependent transmembrane cell–cell adhesion proteins that are essential for metazoan development. They consist of three subfamilies: classical cadherins, which bind catenin, protocadherins, which contain 6–7 calcium-binding repeat domains, and atypical cadherins. Their functions include forming adherens junctions, establishing planar cell polarity (PCP), and regulating cell shape, proliferation, and migration. Because they are basal deuterostomes, echinoderms provide important insights into bilaterian evolution, but their only well-characterized cadherin is G-cadherin, a classical cadherin that is expressed by many embryonic epithelia. We aimed to better characterize echinoderm cadherins by conducting phylogenetic analyses and examining the spatiotemporal expression patterns of cadherin-encoding genes during Strongylocentrotus purpuratus development.ResultsOur phylogenetic analyses conducted on two echinoid, three asteroid, and one crinoid species identified ten echinoderm cadherins, including one deuterostome-specific ortholog, cadherin-23, and an echinoderm-specific atypical cadherin that possibly arose in an echinoid-asteroid ancestor. Catenin-binding domains in dachsous-2 orthologs were found to be a deuterostome-specific innovation that was selectively lost in mouse, while those in Fat4 orthologs appeared to be Ambulacraria-specific and were selectively lost in non-crinoid echinoderms. The identified suite of echinoderm cadherins lacks vertebrate-specific innovations but contains two proteins that are present in protostomes and absent from mouse. The spatiotemporal expression patterns of four embryonically expressed cadherins (fat atypical cadherins 1 and 4, dachsous-2, and protocadherin-9) were dynamic and mirrored the expression pattern of Frizzled 5/8, a non-canonical Wnt PCP pathway receptor protein essential for archenteron morphogenesis.ConclusionsThe echinoderm cadherin toolkit is more similar to that of an ancient bilaterian predating protostomes and deuterostomes than it is to the suite of cadherins found in extant vertebrates. However, it also appears that deuterostomes underwent several cadherin-related innovations. Based on their similar spatiotemporal expression patterns and orthologous relationships to PCP-related and tumor-suppressing proteins, we hypothesize that sea urchin cadherins may play a role in regulating the shape and growth of embryonic epithelia and organs. Future experiments will examine cadherin expression in non-echinoid echinoderms and explore the functions of cadherins during echinoderm development.

Exploration of the immuno-adjuvant effect and mechanism of Anemoside B4 through network pharmacology and experiment verification

BackgroundExtensive investigation has been undertaken about the utilization of saponin adjuvants in vaccines intended for veterinary and human applications. AB4 is the main constituent of the traditional Chinese medicine, Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel, and has immunomodulatory activity. However, there is a paucity of reports on AB4 as a potential adjuvant. PurposeThe objective of this work was to clarify the adjuvant role of AB4 and the molecular mechanisms that underlie its immunomodulatory actions. Study design and methodsThe immunomodulatory effects of AB4 were investigated using network pharmacological analyses. These effects were validated by evaluating the developmental status of the immune organs and by using the following techniques: ELISA for the quantification of serum-specific antibodies to determine immune-related cytokine levels; the MTS method for the assessment of proliferative activity of splenic lymphocytes; flow cytometry to analyze lymphocyte and dendritic cell activation status; and western blotting for mechanistic analysis at the protein level. ResultsThe network pharmacological analysis predicted a total of 52 targets and 12 pathways for AB4 to exert immunomodulatory effects. In a mouse model with immunity to OVA, the introduction of AB4 resulted in the enhancement of immunological organ growth and maturation, elevation of blood antibodies targeting OVA, and amplification of the production of cytokines associated with Th1 and Th2 immune responses. Additionally, the administration of AB4 resulted in a notable augmentation of lymphocyte proliferation and an elevation in the CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte ratios. Furthermore, the administration of AB4 enhanced the maturation process of DCs in the draining LNs and increased the production of co-stimulatory factors and MHC II molecules. AB4 induces the upregulation of TLR4 and IKK proteins, as well as the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 protein within the TLR4/NF-κB signaling cascade, while concurrently suppressing the expression of IκBα protein. ConclusionThe specific immunoadjuvant effects of AB4 have been demonstrated to modulate the growth and maturation of immune organs and enhance the secretion and cellular activity of pertinent immune molecules. The utilization of network pharmacology, combined within and in vivo vitro assays, clarified the adjuvant function of AB4, which potentially involves the regulation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Research on the patterns of the organic growth knowledge production based on a dual perspective of content and behaviour

AbstractA new mode of knowledge production, known as the ‘organic growth pattern’, has emerged within the online learning environment. It exhibits several unique features, such as iterative growth, fuelled by collective intelligence, fuzzy complexity, etc. It is more valuable and adaptable to support knowledge innovation within rapidly changing fields. To reveal its new evolutional production pattern and the interaction mechanism of different generative topics, We take a dual perspective of content and behaviour into consideration. A total of 1855 interactive data points were collected from a connectivist massive open online course. The study employed methods, such as latent Dirichlet allocation, content analysis and lag sequential analysis. Results showed that (1) the paths of knowledge innovation were complex and diverse. The process typically began with an ill‐structured question and was driven by collective contribution and cognitive conflict. (2) Knowledge production involved interactive evolution and collaborative growth of multiple generative topics. (3) The four stages of knowledge production were cyclic, with sense‐making acting as a bridge between way‐finding and innovation. Several implications of the findings are recommended to enhance the quality of knowledge growth, such as designing ill‐structured questions, providing discussion activities from easy to difficult, introducing relevant topics, taking advantage of various platforms and mobilizing learners' or participants' quality attention‐related behaviours.

Probing and controlling oxygen impurity diffusion in h-BN semi-bulk crystals

Combining its unique features of ultrawide bandgap (UWBG) and two-dimensional nature, h-BN has been explored for emerging applications such as deep ultraviolet optoelectronic devices and single photon emitters. One of the unusual applications of h-BN is for solid-state neutron detectors by utilizing the property of high thermal neutron capture cross section of B-10 as well as its UWBG properties. Although a record high detection efficiency of 59% has been attained by h-BN detectors, the understanding/minimization of defects and impurities is still needed to further advance the h-BN material and detector technologies. We report metal organic chemical vapor deposition growth and oxygen (O) impurity diffusion in thick h-BN. The diffusion coefficient (D) of O impurities has been measured via the evolution of an oxygen related emission with the etching depth, providing a value of D of ∼ 2 × 10−13 cm2/s at 1450 °C and supporting the interpretation that oxygen in h-BN is a substitutional donor. A multiple-buffer-layer approach was employed to mitigate to a certain degree the issue of oxygen diffusion from sapphire substrate during growth. It was demonstrated that the performance of h-BN neutron detectors fabricated from the wafer incorporating multiple buffer layers was significantly improved, as manifested by the enhanced thermal neutron detection efficiency. The advancement of the crystal growth technology of h-BN semi-bulk crystals creates applications in optoelectronic and power electronic devices utilizing the UWBG semiconductor properties of h-BN, while high efficiency h-BN neutron detectors have the potential to supplant the traditional He-3 gas detectors in various application areas by offering the obvious advantages of UWBG semiconductor technologies.

Employing Electronic Technology in the Organic Supply Chain to Boost Organic Business Growth

This research focused on examining the impact of electronic technology and the roles of different stakeholders within the organic supply chain, aiming to boost the development of organic businesses. Despite the global surge in organic farming, Bangladesh lags in this area, with minimal research on its organic supply chain. To address this gap, the study gathered primary data via self-administered surveys from 389 participants, including industry players, consumers, and transporters in the organic agriculture sector, using stratified random sampling. Techniques like Path Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), facilitated by AMOS software, were employed to scrutinize and interpret the data. The study achieved its goals, validating the hypotheses that e-technology and stakeholder dynamics significantly affect the organic business's growth. This research not only provides valuable theoretical insights but also contributes data that can aid future investigations into the organic supply chain, particularly the effects of various factors and e-technology on it.

Extending the Legal Standing on Authority Disputes at the Indonesian Constitutional Court

The growth of state auxiliary organs increases the possibility of conflicting authority. Regrettably, the Indonesian Constitutional Court can only settle authority disputes between constitutional state organs. It is based on Article 24C 1945 Constitution jo. Article 61 Constitutional Court Act 2003 jo. Article 2 Constitutional Court Regulation No. 08/PMK/2006. Thus, how does does authority dispute resolution involve state auxiliary organs? This subject is addressed by normative legal research, which examines secondary evidence in the form of laws, Constitutional Court decisions, and doctrines. Based on the statutatory and conceptual approaches, it is found that the rule of legal standing leads to multiple interpretations about which state organ can have a legal standing in the constitutional court. Furthermore, the legal standing requirements are quite narrow and need to be strengthened to respond to the constitutional dynamics in Indonesia, particularly with the emergence of state auxiliary organs. According to this study, state auxiliary organs, particularly those with constitutional importance, can fulfill legal standing standards. While for the authority dispute which involves other state auxiliary organs, it can be resolved based on their legitimacy. Therefore, Constitutional Court Regulation No. 08/PMK/2006 must be revised to accommodate the settlement of authority disputes between state auxiliary organs.

GRASSY TILLERS1 (GT1) and SIX-ROWED SPIKE1 (VRS1) homologs share conserved roles in growth repression.

Crop engineering and de novo domestication using gene editing are new frontiers in agriculture. However, outside of well-studied crops and model systems, prioritizing engineering targets remains challenging. Evolution can guide us, revealing genes with deeply conserved roles that have repeatedly been selected in the evolution of plant form. Homologs of the transcription factor genes GRASSY TILLERS1 (GT1) and SIX-ROWED SPIKE1 (VRS1) have repeatedly been targets of selection in domestication and evolution, where they repress growth in many developmental contexts. This suggests a conserved role for these genes in regulating growth repression. To test this, we determined the roles of GT1 and VRS1 homologs in maize (Zea mays) and the distantly related grass brachypodium (Brachypodium distachyon) using gene editing and mutant analysis. In maize, gt1; vrs1-like1 (vrl1) mutants have derepressed growth of floral organs. In addition, gt1; vrl1 mutants bore more ears and more branches, indicating broad roles in growth repression. In brachypodium, Bdgt1; Bdvrl1 mutants have more branches, spikelets, and flowers than wild-type plants, indicating conserved roles for GT1 and VRS1 homologs in growth suppression over ca. 59 My of grass evolution. Importantly, many of these traits influence crop productivity. Notably, maize GT1 can suppress growth in arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) floral organs, despite ca. 160 My of evolution separating the grasses and arabidopsis. Thus, GT1 and VRS1 maintain their potency as growth regulators across vast timescales and in distinct developmental contexts. This work highlights the power of evolution to inform gene editing in crop improvement.

The Evolving Landscape of Therapeutics for Epilepsy in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex.

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare multisystem genetic disorder characterized by benign tumor growth in multiple organs, including the brain, kidneys, heart, eyes, lungs, and skin. Pathogenesis stems from mutations in either the TSC1 or TSC2 gene, which encode the proteins hamartin and tuberin, respectively. These proteins form a complex that inhibits the mTOR pathway, a critical regulator of cell growth and proliferation. Disruption of the tuberin-hamartin complex leads to overactivation of mTOR signaling and uncontrolled cell growth, resulting in hamartoma formation. Neurological manifestations are common in TSC, with epilepsy developing in up to 90% of patients. Seizures tend to be refractory to medical treatment with anti-seizure medications. Infantile spasms and focal seizures are the predominant seizure types, often arising in early childhood. Drug-resistant epilepsy contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment approaches for epilepsy and other neurological features of TSC. While narrative reviews on TSC exist, this review uniquely synthesizes key advancements across the areas of TSC neuropathology, conventional and emerging pharmacological therapies, and targeted treatments. The review is narrative in nature, without any date restrictions, and summarizes the most relevant literature on the neurological aspects and management of TSC. By consolidating the current understanding of TSC neurobiology and evidence-based treatment strategies, this review provides an invaluable reference that highlights progress made while also emphasizing areas requiring further research to optimize care and outcomes for TSC patients.

Apollo 24/7 – A chink in Apollo Hospitals’ armour?

Learning outcomes This case study is designed to enable students to analyze the competitive landscape of a business impacted by technological disruption; evaluate the viability of an organic growth strategy using stakeholder analysis; evaluate the revenue and cost structure of Apollo 24/7 and decide on the future investment strategy; and analyze funding strategies of traditional hospitals versus pure digital players. Case overview/synopsis To extend its reach, Apollo Hospitals Enterprise (Apollo Hospitals), a leading private sector brick-and-mortar hospital chain in India known for using state-of-the-art technology, launched a unified virtual mobile platform Apollo 24/7 in February 2020, 45 days into the COVID-19 pandemic. The management believed that the digital platform had a unique ecosystem that could not be replicated. The analysts were optimistic about the impact of the decision on the future performance of Apollo Hospitals, as it was expected to lead to higher penetration and increased revenue. They also anticipated the unlocking of value, as and when the venture capitalist (VC) would invest in Apollo Hospitals. However, with increasing operating expenses on account of burgeoning technological and marketing expenses, things did not seem to go going as planned. Three years later, in February 2022 after the Q3 of financial year 2023 results. Suneeta Reddy, the company’s managing director found herself pondering whether the digital platform could boost Apollo Hospitals’ profitability in addition to expanding its reach and increasing affordability when the company missed the analyst estimates. In India, which was then the second most populous country, “incremental access” and “affordability” were what mattered to the patients, However, for the investors and analysts, it was quarter-on-quarter performance. The change in the macroeconomic environment stalled the company’s plan of raising money from VCs. Furthermore, the financing dilemma also plagued Reddy. She knew there was a difference between financing for conventional businesses that for digital businesses. She also had to take decide between short-term profitability with which investors were obsessed versus long-term sustainability, which involved taking care of stakeholders’ interests. Complexity academic level This case study is basically aimed at postgraduate courses and executive management courses. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject Code CSS11: Strategy.