Ore Minerals Research Articles

Mining Charity

Scalding water, plummeting cage elevators, cave-ins, fiery explosions, toxic air. These were among the many hazards of silver ore mining on Nevada’s Comstock Lode in the late 1800s. This article explores the nature of silver mining society in the 1860s and 1870s, focusing on the dangerous conditions in which miners worked in the mineshafts that ran beneath the communities of Virginia City and Gold Hill, Nevada. The material culture and conditions of mining, the article argues, were central to determining the community’s needs and the charitable efforts mounted to address them. Philanthropic work and fundraising for a diverse set of causes—from attending to individuals’ needs to building a hospital to running an orphanage—shaped residents’ social and cultural lives, as well as the built environment in which they lived.

Black Crust from Historic Buildings as a Natural Indicator of Air Pollution: A Case Study of the Lipowiec Castle, Babice, Southern Poland

The study is focused on the analysis of black crust and soiling on the building materials of the medieval Lipowiec Castle in southern Poland. The castle was constructed using local, partly dolomitic limestones and dolomites, supplemented with other limestones and bricks, during 20th-century renovations of the castle ruins. The crust and soiling components, secondary mineral phases, and particulate matter of anthropogenic origin were analysed using Raman micro-spectroscopy (RS) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS). The crust, mostly composed of gypsum and other sulphate phases, was found to contain carbonaceous matter, spherical Si-Al glass particles, and iron oxides, with admixtures of other elements, including heavy metals, as well as irregularly shaped particles containing various metals. These components reflect the air pollution in the region, related to the combustion of solid fuels in both industrial power plants and local domestic furnaces, Zn-Pb ore mining (operational until 2021), and smelting in the neighbouring industrial centre. Despite its location in a rural area, the castle has been exposed to pollution for an extended period due to its proximity to large industrial centres. Therefore, the crust analysed may serve as an environmental indicator of the nature of the air pollution in the region.

Innovative technology for mining parallel superimposed inclined tabular deposits

Ore deposits are often parallel superimposed inclined tabular ones with waste rock inclusions between ore beds. The present research aims to develop an innovative safe and efficient technology to reduce the cost of waste rock transportation outside the stoping block and provide a rational flowsheet for mining superimposed beds with original structural elements. The paper proposes a new technological flowsheet for mining superimposed deposits with disposal of waste rocks occurring between beds in previously prepared rooms and establishes new dependencies of room dimensions on the volume of rocks to be disposed. The research results enable expansion of the scope of employment of room mining systems and significant reduction in costs in the working area. The efficiency of ore mining is achieved by creating room crowns from unmined interbedded rocks, disposing broken waste rocks in worked-out spaces and rationally mining the deposits. Implementation of the proposed technology enables reduction of the cost of mining ore from parallel superimposed inclined tabular deposits.

Prediction of the mineral components spatial distribution in tailings ferruginous quartzite enrichments

In Ukraine, a significant mass of potential man-made deposits is represented by waste from ferruginous quartzite enrichment. The mineral mass of such deposits is mixture of iron-containing minerals (magnetite, ilmenite) and quartz. The M.S. Poliakov Institute of Geotechnical Mechanics has developed a new methodology for the mineral components spatial distribution predicting in tailings of ferruginous quartzite enrichment. It includes the fractional and mineralogical composition of the samples study by optical method, and spatial useful components distribution of prognostication in waste and predictive plans construction for the useful components spatial placement. A previously unknown pattern of changes in mineral composition of wastes from mining ore production was revealed which caused by the turbulent transportation mode and waste deposition on the tailing (potential man-made deposit) area. This regularity arises from the fact that with decrease in the size of the mineral components particles with size of 0-200 microns, the share of the magnetic mineral magnetite increases linearly and, accordingly, the share of the non-magnetic mineral quartz decreases. The obtained new properties of man-made deposits from the waste (tailings) can be used in creation of resource-saving technology for the iron ore man-made raw materials processing and to determine their suitability for mining.

Mining and processing of chrysotile-bearing ore

Mining and processing of chrysotile-bearing ore

Production of mineral wool from by-products of chrysotile ore mining

Production of mineral wool from by-products of chrysotile ore mining

Constraints on Ore Genesis from Trace Ore Mineralogy: A New Occurrence of Kupčíkite and Paděraite from the Zhibula Cu Skarn Deposit, Southern Tibet

Mineral assemblages containing Cu-Bi sulfosalts, Bi chalcogenides, and Ag-(Au) tellurides have been identified in the mid-Miocene Zhibula Cu skarn deposit, Gangdese Belt, southern Tibet. Different mineral assemblages from three locations in the deposit, including proximal massive garnet skarn, proximal retrogressed pyroxene-dominant skarn in contact with marble, and distal banded garnet–pyroxene skarn hosted in marble, are studied to constrain the evolution of the mineralization. Hypogene bornite contains elevated Bi (mean 6.73 wt.%) and co-exists in proximal andradite skarn with a second bornite with far lower Bi content, carrollite, Au-Ag tellurides (hessite, petzite), and wittichenite. This assemblage indicates formation at relatively high temperatures (>400 °C) and high fS2 and fTe2 during prograde-stage mineralization. Assemblages of Bi sulfosalts (wittichenite, aikinite, kupčíkite, and paděraite) and bismuth chalcogenides (e.g., tetradymite) in proximal pyroxene skarn are also indicative of formation at relatively high temperatures, but at relatively lower fTe2 and fS2 conditions. Within the reduced distal skarn (chalcopyrite–pyrrhotite-bearing) in marble, cobalt, and nickel occur as discrete minerals: cobaltite, melonite and cobaltic pentlandite. The trace ore mineral signature of the Zhibula skarn and the distributions of precious and critical trace elements such as Ag, Au, Co, Te, Se, and Bi support an evolving magmatic–hydrothermal system in which different parts of the deposit each define ore formation at distinct local physicochemical conditions. This is the first report of kupčíkite and paděraite from a Chinese location. Their compositions are comparable to other occurrences, but conspicuously, they do not form nanoscale intergrowths with one another.

Potentially Harmful Elements (As, Sb, Cd, Pb) in Soil Polluted by Historical Smelting Operation in the Upper Silesian Area (Southern Poland)

This study aimed at determining the concentration and possibility of migration of potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in soils and mining and metallurgical waste in the Silesian-Cracow region. Our research was carried out in selected locations of Ruda Śląska, Świętochłowice, Bytom, and in the Olkusz region (Bukowno) in southern Poland. The concentrations of metals (e.g., Ag, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sr, Zn), metalloids (As, Sb), and sulphur were determined in 33 soil samples (with a depth range of 0.0–0.3 m) and 12 slag samples. These studies show an increased concentration of metals, metalloids, and sulphur, exceeding the level of regional geochemical background. The research results indicate that the degree of the chemical transformation of soils in the analysed regions of Ruda Śląska, Bytom, and Bukowno is advanced. This highlights the high concentrations of most metals, i.e., arsenic, antimony, and sulphur, in the surface layer of soils (topsoil) due to historic Zn-Pb ore mining and Zn and Fe metallurgy. The presence of both primary and secondary metal sulphides, sulphates, carbonates, oxides/hydroxides, silicates, and aluminosilicates was found in the mineral composition of soils and slags.

Rare metal concentration features at a caldera type deposit in the Miocene-Quaternary boron-lithium province of North America. Search for analogues

The fact that lithium has a wide range of applications in many fields including the production of lithium-ion batteries determines an increased interest in lithium mining. The most common types of lithium raw material sources are underground brines, saline lakes (“salars”), and ore minerals. In 2021, the first and unique deposit of lithium clays was discovered in the McDermitt caldera (Nevada, USA). Its resources are estimated at 13.7 million tons of lithium carbonate with the lithium concentration of 2231 mg/l. The uniqueness of this deposit raises the interest in the formation of model ideas about lithiumclay genesis to search for analogous deposits and explore them. The purpose of the article is to provide an overview of the geological structure and describe the main development periods of the McDermitt caldera. The authors also characterize the potential sources of lithium (felsic igneous rocks and hydrothermal fluids), migration paths of lithium-bearing brines as well as the formation mechanism of clays with a high lithium content (hectorite, illite and smectite). A generalized formation model of this type of deposits is proposed. Particular attention is paid to the role of hydrothermal fluids as a potential additional source of lithium “supply” to the caldera basin. Key criteria characteristic of industrial accumulations of lithium of this type have been formed in order to explore and identify analogous deposits. In conclusion, the authors put forward a hypothesis about the presence of deposits that are analogous to the Thacker Pass in the McDermitt caldera in the lithium province on the Altiplano-Puna plateau in one of the calderas of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex, and in Eastern Kamchatka.

Unravelling the effects of magmatic fractionation, fluid phase separation and dilution on the composition of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids of the Cornubian Batholith (SW England)

The compositional evolution of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids from the SnW mineralized Cornubian batholith was investigated via in situ fluid inclusion LA-ICP-MS microanalysis and reveals a large degree of variation between intrusive stages and at the sample scale, with complexities due to superposition of several mechanisms affecting fluids chemistry during the protracted evolution of the batholith. Despite large ranges of salinities (from <1 wt% to 48 wt% NaCleq.), the effects of individual processes such as magmatic differentiation, fluid saturation and boiling, fluid mixing and dilution can all be discerned on the basis of fluid inclusion trace element geochemistry combined with detailed petrography and microthermometry.In all samples, different fluid types (aqueous liquid-rich, vapor-rich and brine inclusions) were identified in variable proportions and microthermometry revealed complex temporal trends. Granite-related samples from the G5 intrusive stage are characterized by intermediate density fluids undergoing magmatic fractionation under pressure conditions above 1.5 kbar, indicated by successively decreasing fluid salinities with concomitant increases in Li, B, Rb and Cs concentrations. The latter two elements later strongly partitioned in the brine phase upon boiling, together with most of the other Cl-complexing elements (e.g., Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn). Those brines subsequently underwent progressive dilution with meteoric waters that caused a decrease in the concentration of all elements (besides B) and homogenization temperatures. In G3 granite from Dartmoor, on the other hand, brine inclusions represent the earliest fluid type while intermediate density fluids are absent, and a large salinity range in the fluid inclusion record associated with a decrease in homogenization temperatures represents their progressive dilution with meteoric fluid. The lack of intermediate density fluids at Dartmoor indicates fluid exsolution at relatively low pressures resulting in immediate phase separation into brine and vapor.All studied samples associated with ore mineralization display only the trend of dilution of high-salinity magmatic fluids. Their transition metal contents (e.g. Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) show the expected positive correlation with salinity of the fluids. Conversely, the compositional trends observed for Sn and particularly W are more enigmatic, as they do not appear to significantly fractionate during most of the physicochemical processes outlined above and appear to be unrelated to fluid salinity, opposite of what would be expected for Sn as it is dominantly transported in Cl-complexes.This study highlights the key advantages of high-resolution geochemical fluid inclusion studies in discerning a variety of magmatic and post-magmatic processes in fluids in comparison to bulk fluid inclusion techniques or more simplistic fluid inclusions studies which might overlook important aspects of the typically complex history of fluids evolution in magmatic-hydrothermal systems.

Material composition of copper slag of the Almalyk copper-smelting plant (Uzbekistan)

Relevance. Copper production is accompanied by release of a large volume of slag. Today, huge quantities of copper slags have accumulated all over the world, in which the copper content is even greater than that in original ores. The slags that result from the smelting of ores and concentrates of both ferrous and non-ferrous metals, together with other metallurgical wastes such as tailings, are increasingly the subject of significant environmental controversy. The only way to reduce the negative impact of slag waste on the environment can be their disposal, by complex extraction of valuable components from them and further use of slag waste for construction purposes. In addition to the main component of copper, copper slags contain elevated contents of gold, silver, zinc, iron, etc. The form of finding valuable metals such as iron, copper, lead and zinc in copper slags is complex. A detailed study of the mineral composition of slags is used in development of an effective technology for processing slags. Aim. To study mineral composition of copper slags, the form of finding valuable components. Object. Copper slag waste from the copper-smelting plant of the Almalyk MMC. Methods. Chemical composition of copper slags was established by phase analysis, atomic absorption, X-ray fluorescence research methods. Mineral composition of the ores was established as a result of complex studies, including: optical microscopy in transmitted and reflected light, X-ray diffraction, microprobe studies and electron microscopy. Results. Copper content in composition of copper slag samples is higher than in copper ores and it is 0.77–0.97%. In addition to copper, copper slags contain elevated contents of a complex of metals (g/t): Au – 0.17–0.26; Ag 8.42–10.64, Zn 4.288–10216, Pb – 2014-3360. Ferrous silicates (fayalite, ferrosillite), vitreous mass of ferruginous-silicate composition predominate in the composition of copper slags. Ore minerals are mainly represented by magnetite. The mineral content is approximately 10–15%. Among сopper sulfides minerals bornite, chalcocite, less often cubanite, chalcopyrite, covellite sharply predominate. Cuprite is observed in small amounts, and native copper is metallic. The mineral form of finding molybdenum is molybdenite. Among the native silver minerals, native silver was found in association with lead minerals. Gold is included in the composition of native copper and chalcocite as an impurity and passes into copper concentrate during processing slags.

Geology and ore fluids geochemistry of the Hamzeh–Gharanin orogenic gold deposit, NW Iran

The Hamzeh–Gharanin gold deposit (HGD) is located in the Qolqoleh–Kasnazan shear zone in the northwest of Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone (SSZ) and 40 km SW of Saqez. The main rock units are an assemblage of the Precambrian metasedimentary (pelitic) rocks and the Cretaceous phyllite associated with marble interlayers. The post–Cretaceous intrusive granitoids with NW–SE trends intruded within these two units. Mineralization occurs mainly within the NE–SW extensional veines and veinlets in proto–mylonitic, mylonitic and ultra–mylonitic rocks. Hydrothermal alterations consist of sericitization, carbonatization, silicification and chloritization. The main ore minerals include pyrite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena, gold, magnetite and hematite. The fluid inclusions study from quartz minerals associated with the mineralization shows four different phases: single vapor phase (V; type I), single liquid phase (L; type II), liquid–vapor biphasic (LV; type III) and three phases (LLV; type IV). Microthermometric studies were performed on types III and IV of fluid inclusions. Homogenization temperatures (Th) for Types III and IV inclusions vary between 138 and 310 °C (mean 230 °C) and 250–335 °C (mean 300 °C) and their salinity varies between 0.52 and 13.87 and 4.79 to 9.58 (wt% NaCl), respectively. Moreover, the density of Types III and IV inclusions vary from 0.71 to 0.927 g/cm3 and 0.700–0.870 g/cm3, respectively. The oxygen (in quartz: 4.58–7.80 ‰; mean 5.82 ‰) and δ34S (in pyrite: 5.54–6.28 ‰; mean 5.91‰) isotope compositions of the mineralizing fluids indicate an insignificant meteoric water input during hydrothermal evolution and a magmatic origin of sulfur in the deposit which is broadly similar to those of orogenic gold deposits worldwide.

Metasomatism of mafic-intermediate rocks in the Motloutse Complex, Botswana: Effect on ore mineralization and implication for the Paleoproterozoic Large Alkali Metasomatic Province (LAMP) in southern Africa

Alkali metasomatism is a common overprint in Archean medium- to high-grade metamorphic terranes. Since mafic-intermediate rocks are able to host ore mineralization, it is important to understand the effect of metasomatism on its distribution. This study presents field, petrographic, mineralogical, geochemical, and U-Pb/40Ar-39Ar geochronologic characteristics of metasomatized amphibolite, amphibole gneiss and gabbro along a regional E-W section of the southeastern Motloutse Complex in eastern Botswana. The progressive metasomatism accompanies shear deformation and is visually manifested by varying degrees of pinkish discoloration of the host rocks. The metasomatic reactions in amphibolite, amphibole gneiss and gabbro are manifested in replacement of amphibole, clinopyroxene, ilmenite and plagioclase by the assemblages of chlorite, epidote, titanite, magnetite, sericite, albite and K-feldspar, up to near complete albitization and K-feldspathization with few relics of earlier minerals. Mineral compositions reflect the effects of a progressive metasomatic overprint. The metasomatic overprint resulted in the break down and dispersal of primary Cu-Ni sulphides. The pseudosection modelling (PERPLE_X) in terms of lg(aK2O) and lg(aH2O) parameters for representative compositions of leucocratic and melanocratic amphibolites, amphibole gneiss and gabbro indicates that the metasomatic process involved an increase of potassium activity followed by hydration. The modelling explains variable extent of metasomatism in different rock types. Whole-rock compositional variations indicate a general enrichment in Na2O, K2O and SiO2, and depletion in FeO and MgO in rocks during the metasomatism. 40Ar/39Ar amphibole and U-Pb titanite geochronology from metasomatized amphibolite and gabbro gave comparable ages of c.2.01–1.96 Ga. Alkaline fluids producing metasomatism were likely of crustal origin and moved along the reactivated regional c.2.01–1.95 Ga shear zones at the boundaries of the Motloutse-Limpopo complexes with the adjacent Zimbabwe and Kaapvaal cratons. Implications for a Paleoproterozoic Large Alkali Metasomatic Province (LAMP) in southern Africa, and its relation to the Bushveld large igneous province (LIP) is explored.

The dry-gel conversion synthesis of the lithium sodium borosilicate jadarite, LiNaSiB3O7(OH)

Abstract The lithium sodium borosilicate jadarite, LiNaSiB3O7(OH), was first identified in 2007 in the Jadar basin, Serbia, where it forms the principal ore mineral of one of Europe's largest Li deposits. We report the successful application of the dry-gel conversion technique (DGC) to synthesise a jadarite analogue, via a dry-gel precursor made using sol-gel synthesis and the inclusion of the structure directing agent tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH). Pawley refinement of powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) data collected on the synthetic sample was carried out using a monoclinic unit cell in space group P21/c (Whitfield et al., 2007), and gave refined unit cell parameters of a = 6.824(3) Å, b = 13.882(5) Å, c = 7.735(3) Å and β = 124.37(1)° (Rwp = 9.22). Inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP–OES) on the synthetic sample confirmed an empirical formula of Li1.07Na1.40Si0.79B3O7.32(OH), based on three B atoms per formula unit (apfu). The synthetic product was found to be deficient in Si compared to natural jadarite from analysis of PXRD and ICP–OES data. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that synthetic jadarite has peaks at 1415 and 1342 cm–1 and between 1180 and 900 cm–1, which are attributed to the presence of trigonal (BO3) and tetrahedral (BO4) borate groups characteristic of the natural jadarite structure, as well as a broad peak at 3441 cm–1 due to the presence of residual TEAOH. Scanning electron microscopy showed similarities in the morphologies between synthetic and natural jadarite particles.

Competing claims on land in the solar age: Valorising capital or Country in Australia?

The colonisation of Australia was predicated on the premise of terra nullius, a contention that was successfully challenged two centuries later, confirmed with the legislation of land rights in the Native Title Act 1993. In a classic case of ‘accumulation by dispossession’, while formal land rights and the right to contract the use of native title land were legislated, in the Pilbara in Western Australia the reality was otherwise. Iron ore mining companies disregarded heritage safeguard agreements, a contractual violation which damaged their reputation which was being scrutinised as major CO2 emitters. Confronting a coincidental energy cost crisis, companies turned to acquire more land to establish renewable energy generating capacity and a new model of accumulation. Drawing on Peck and Polanyi, we posit the notion of socioecological orders, and distinguish between the instrumental approach to land as a key frame in the accumulation of capital, and First Nations peoples' concept of belonging to Country and stewardship. This provides a method for considering the interaction of two distinct socioecological orders and the evolving tensions or contradictions that are generated. The restoration of the colonisation project calls native title land into the service of capital to provide the foundations for a renewable energy generation industry. This not only results in dispossession, it can also result in estrangement and alienation that compromises the integrity and reproduction of First Nations' communities and impels new modes of socioecological organisation.

Bismuthite and cassiterite-doped borosilicate glass systems for X-rays attenuation: Fabrication and characterisation

For the first time, X-ray shielding glass (XSG) was fabricated using rice husk (RH) silica, bismuth, and tin mineral ores. The objective was to promote waste valorisation and circular economy by minimising the use of analytical grade silicon and metal oxides in large-scale radiation shielding glass production. The physical, structural, and low-energy X-ray attenuation properties of the new bismuthite and cassiterites-doped glass were characterised using XRD, FTIR, and low-energy mobile X-ray shielding analyses. The X-ray shielding parameters linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half value layer (HVL), tenth value layer (TVL), and mean free path (MFP) were comparatively examined alongside commercial lead/barium XSG used in hospital radiology units. XRD results showed that glasses with 0, 5 and 15 wt% dopants contain nanocrytallites measuring 19.43, 38.85 and 42.44 nm, respectively, with peaks in the 2Θ (28°) vicinity. FTIR revealed structural modifications that demonstrate the network modulation capabilities of cassiterite-sourced Sn ions. At 70 kVp tube voltage, the MAC of the 20 wt% dopant glass compares favourably with commercial Pb/Ba glass, while the 25 wt% variant has lower values than commercial Pb/Ba glass at 80 kVp tube voltage. The HVL and MFP of 25 wt% dopant glass compared favourably with commercial glass at 60 kVp X-ray tube voltage, suggesting the new glasses with x = 15, 20, 25 wt% dopants are competitive candidates for viewing window applications in low energy X-ray radiology units. Future studies will investigate the radiation attenuation efficiency of the new glass systems using point gamma sources.

Calculating natural and man-made structures for underground ore mining

Calculating natural and man-made structures for underground ore mining

USE OF DIGITAL MODELS OF GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE TO IDENTIFY PALEOVOLCANIC STRUCTURES CONTROLLING PORPHYRY ORE OBJECTS

The article is devoted to the implementation of the methodology for paleovolcanic structure analyzing using 3D visualization of the model of the geological territory structure based on the relief digital model. The approach used made it possible to identify two paleovolcanic apparatuses and their structural elements: cone fragments, explosive domes, porphyritic stocks, ring fault zones with localization of dike belts in them. This, within the framework of the evolution model of porphyry ore systems, made it possible to identify promising areas for prospecting on ore objects of a given type. The procedure was checked on the basis of geochemical survey results. The regular control by the selected structural elements of geochemical fields was shown. The analysis of the spatial position of the selected structural blocks with a certain geochemical characteristic rather well into the evolution model of the porphyry ore systems. In all cases the control of geochemical halos by porphyry stocks is noted, the material rock complexes that are fragments of the zonal stone hat of the porphyry ore object, are quite clearly distinguished. Within the area of work, three ore-magmatic systems can be identified at a low level of erosion shear, potentially accompanied by porphyry-type ore mineralization.

Investigation of Steep Waste Dump Slope Stability of Iron Ore Mine—A Case Study

Investigation of Steep Waste Dump Slope Stability of Iron Ore Mine—A Case Study

Simultaneous Determination of Ultra-Trace Pt, Pd, Rh, and Ir in Gold Mining Residue by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) with an Antimony-Copper Fire Assay and Microwave Digestion

The evaluation of the flow direction of platinum group elements (PGEs) during gold-copper ore mining is challenging due to the uneven distribution and low content. Therefore, it is vital to accurately and simultaneously determine ultra-trace PGEs Pt, Pd, Rh, and Ir in gold mining residue samples. In this study, a method to simultaneously determine ultra-trace Pt, Pd, Rh, and Ir in gold mining residue is reported using Sb–Cu fire assay, microwave digestion, and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The Sb–Cu fire assay was used to enrich Pt, Pd, Rh, and Ir, obtaining Sb–Cu alloy particles that concentrate these elements. An optimal microwave method was employed to digest the Sb–Cu alloy particles. In ICP-MS, the collision reaction interface was used to eliminate the interferences of other elements and improve the accuracy. Moreover, the matrix-matched multi-external standards combined with internal standard calibration were utilized to reduce the error. High concentrations of Au, Ag, and Pb showed no interferences with Pt, Pd, Rh, or Ir determination. The limits of detection for Pt, Pd, Rh, and Ir were 0.018, 0.052, 0.064, 0.035 ng·g−1, respectively, and the relative standard deviation was 5.18, 4.66, 1.55, and 3.17%. Additionally, the determination of Pt, Pd, Rh, and Ir in standard reference materials showed good agreement with the certified values. In summary, a reliable and efficient method is provided to determine various PGEs which is of great significance for gold-copper ore mining.