Ordinary Set Research Articles

Analysis of cable effect on dynamic motion of an underwater vehicle for welding of reaction pool

Remotely operated vehicle is a reliable tool in an emergency rescue and routing inspection of a reactor pool. In practice, a cable has been considered as an important part of a vehicle system (i.e. winch, vehicle, and cable) to evaluate and predict the mechanical characteristics, and this article presents a study on a dynamic mechanism modeling of a cable partially in water and air based on an omnidirectional motion, and a numerical simulation is employed. In this work, we programmed the model governed by a partial differential equation set, at the discrete time node which was transformed into an ordinary differential equation set regarded as an initial value problem. The dynamic mechanical characteristics of the lower endpoint (i.e. a connection point between vehicle and cable) and the upper endpoint (i.e. a connection point between cable and winch) were, respectively, quantified with acceleration and a compounded motion including a uniform and rolling motion. A dynamic-state mechanism test was carried out to verify an authenticity of the three-dimensional mechanical model and numerical solution in a circulating tank. The results demonstrated that the presented method was used to evaluate the dynamic mechanism, and held a potential to improve a vehicle design and control strategy.

Analysis of cable force on steady-state motion of remotely operated vehicle for reaction pool underwater welding

Remotely operated vehicle is a reliable and efficient tool in routing inspection of reactor pools of nuclear power plants. While, there is still no study on steady-state motion of remotely operated vehicle which is crucial for reaction pool underwater welding reported. In practice, the cable force has been considered as a critical factor affecting the vehicle’s operation. To evaluate and predict the disturbing effect caused by the cable mounted on the tailing of a vehicle, a numerical simulation can be employed. In this work, we set up a theoretical model of a cable partially in reaction pool water and air to validate the remotely operated vehicle design and reduce the prototype developing time. We programmed the model governed by an ordinary differential equation set, which was considered as an initial value problem following a dimensionless treatment to be solved. The influence by factors (i.e. velocity, water depth, entry water angle, water density and cable length on tension, normal shear force, and binormal moment) was quantified by a numerical method. The test of a cable force was carried out to verify an authenticity of the three-dimensional mechanical model and a numerical method. The results demonstrated that the presented method could be used to evaluate the effect of real environment factors on a remotely operated vehicle steady-state motion and held a potential to improve the remotely operated vehicle design and control strategy.

The Complementary Functions Method Solution to the Functionally Graded Polar Orthotropic Rotating Hyperbolic Disks with Both Radially and Circumferentially Aligned Fibers

In the present study, efforts have been made to numerically evaluate elastic displacements and stresses in a convergent or divergent hyperbolic disk subjected to a centrifugal force of constant circular velocity. The disk material is assumed to be continuously radially functionally graded (FG) with two orthotropic materials based on the simplest Voigt rule with a power of volume fraction of two constituents. The fibers are assumed to be aligned along either radial (RR) or circumferential (CR) directions. Having been a second order differential equation with variable coefficients, the governing equation so-called Navier equation is first derived and then put in the form of two differential equations of first order. These two ordinary differential equation set is originally solved based on the initial value problem (IVP) by employing the Complementary Functions Method (CFM). The numerical results are verified with the corresponding benchmark results for uniform thickness FG polar orthotropic disks. The radial variation of the elastic fields in a hyperbolic disk is investigated for several boundary conditions, disk profile parameters, and the gradient parameter for both the radially and circumferentially aligned fibers. Some numerical results are also presented. Under the case that is considered in this study, it is revealed that the CR disk offers much higher elastic fields than RR disk under all boundary conditions. For a composite rotating disk rotating at a constant speed, it will be better to align fibers along the radial directions, to use convergent disk profiles, and to locate the material having higher radial stiffness at the outer surface. It is also disclosed that the location of the maximum Von-Mises equivalent stress in fixed-free disks varies regarding the fiber orientation.

Implication of Information-Centric Approach for Efficient Networking: Named Data Networking of Things (NDNoT) for Breaking out of Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet of Things (IoT) envisions inter-connection among the locations and objects of our everyday lives including computers, vehicles, factories, smart cities, and electrical grids, using ordinary set of protocols and technologies that are used for inter-networking. Using host-to-host communication paradigms such as Internet Protocol (IP), for realizing this vision in real-time makes the situation more complex due to highly heterogeneous and resource-constrained devices that utilize multiple interfaces and security regimes for communication. Moreover, data exchange and security management are statistically independent of the context of the application. Concept of Named Data Networking (NDN) can address the basic cause of the aforementioned challenges and thus, can help in achieving the vision of IoT in a more secure, reliable, straightforward, and innovation-friendly manner. In this regard, this article discusses the concept of NDN in integration with IoT for easy network configuration, and compare and analyze the same with IP-based communication. Moreover, this paper explores versions of NDN simulator ‘ndnSIM’ for quantifying the effects of the various use cases.

Case Management in Asia

It is true that recently, the main objective of the case management concept has been to mainly realize the ideology of speed and cost. Also, the most inconvenient aspect of a civil lawsuit experienced by civilian is that it is time consuming and high in litigation cost; while courts are being put in a difficult position, facing the drastically increased number of cases. Undoubtedly, the necessity for case management has come into the limelight. It is true that recently, the main objective of the case management concept has been to mainly realize the ideology of speed and cost. Also, the most inconvenient aspect of a civil lawsuit experienced by civilian is that it is time consuming and high in litigation cost; while courts are being put in a difficult position, facing the drastically increased number of cases. Undoubtedly, the necessity for case management has come into the limelight. But the objective of case management cannot be solely put on the expeditious and inexpensive disposition of cases. Therefore, judges as the case managers should endeavor to manage their case by securing the actual justice of both plaintiff and defendant, and then render a judgement that corresponds with the substantial facts. Particularly, in Asian countries where the number of unrepresented litigations (litigants not represented by lawyers) is high, actual equality between parties should be guaranteed for substantively correct decisions. Therefore, it is necessary for the courts to properly exercise their power to request explanations to make clear of the material aspects of the case and to secure the streamline flow of the proceeding. So, the details mentioned below should be considered in regard to the preparatory procedure. First, not every case needs to go under a preparatory procedure. Hence, the judge assigned to the case should be able to confirm the nature of the case promptly and meticulously, and decide whether the case requires a preparatory procedure or it can enter into a trial instantly. Second, the preparatory procedure is non-disclosure. Hence, the problem of wrongful exercise of a judge’s authority might happen during the preparatory procedure. Moreover, we shall not overlook the issue that the exercise of a judge’s discretion during the preparatory proceeding and whether the judge has exercised his authority properly is unreviewable. Third, if the authority granted to the presiding judge of the preparatory procedure is excessive, the handling of a case is entirely relying on the respective judge’s a professional conscience, assiduousness, and personal capability, and might then incur the distrust in judicial system itself among the people. It is impossible to resolve all cases with one ordinary set of civil procedure. Trying to resolve all cases with one set of procedure will lead to a situation such as the application of a Cadillac procedure to Chevy case; or the opposite, sole reliance on the capability of respective judges. Therefore, having differentiated rules for different cases, regulating a judge’s specific role and authority as a case manager is also a good way to realize the ideal implementation of civil procedure. It is necessary to improve the system engrafting highly advanced IT technology into the litigation system. The questions, whether electronic litigation can substitute paper litigation altogether or whether the complete digitalization of litigation is desirable still leave room for further discussion. Nevertheless, the use of IT technology can certainly simplify and expedite the procedure itself and can mitigate the case load of the court.

INTUITIONISTIC FUZZY ORIGINATED TYPE-2 FUZZY AHP

Intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFS) proposed by Atanassov (1983, 1986) are a generalization of ordinary fuzzy sets. They incorporate the degree of hesitation which is defined as 1 minus the sum of membership and non-membership degrees. Type-2 fuzzy sets were first introduced by Zadeh (1975) as an extension of the concept of an ordinary fuzzy set. Type-2 fuzzy sets have grades of membership that are themselves fuzzy. The membership function of a type-2 fuzzy set is three-dimensional, and it is the new third dimension that provides additional degrees of freedom for handling uncertainties. An intuitionistic fuzzy set can be converted to a Type-2 fuzzy set by subtracting its non-membership function from 1. Thus, an intuitionistic fuzzy multi-criteria decision making problem can be solved by using type-2 fuzzy multi-criteria decision making techniques. In this paper, an intuitionistic fuzzy originated interval type-2 fuzzy AHP method is developed and applied to the technology selection problem of a damless hydroelectric power plant. Damless hydroelectric power plants are environmentally friendly and sustainable energy production systems. Several criteria and damless technology alternatives along the Sakarya River in Turkey are considered. Linguistic evaluations are considered in this multi-criteria damless technology selection problem.

Structural eigenvalue analysis under the constraint of a fuzzy convex set model

In small-sample problems, determining and controlling the errors of ordinary rigid convex set models are difficult. Therefore, a new uncertainty model called the fuzzy convex set (FCS) model is built and investigated in detail. An approach was developed to analyze the fuzzy properties of the structural eigenvalues with FCS constraints. Through this method, the approximate possibility distribution of the structural eigenvalue can be obtained. Furthermore, based on the symmetric F-programming theory, the conditional maximum and minimum values for the structural eigenvalue are presented, which can serve as non-fuzzy quantitative indicators for fuzzy problems. A practical application is provided to demonstrate the practicability and effectiveness of the proposed methods.

Petrogenesis of Miller Range 07273, a new type of anomalous melt breccia: Implications for impact effects on the H chondrite asteroid

AbstractMiller Range 07273 is a chondritic melt breccia that contains clasts of equilibrated ordinary chondrite set in a fine‐grained (<5 μm), largely crystalline, igneous matrix. Data indicate that MIL was derived from the H chondrite parent asteroid, although it has an oxygen isotope composition that approaches but falls outside of the established H group. MIL also is distinctive in having low porosity, cone‐like shapes for coarse metal grains, unusual internal textures and compositions for coarse metal, a matrix composed chiefly of clinoenstatite and omphacitic pigeonite, and troilite veining most common in coarse olivine and orthopyroxene. These features can be explained by a model involving impact into a porous target that produced brief but intense heating at high pressure, a sudden pressure drop, and a slower drop in temperature. Olivine and orthopyroxene in chondrule clasts were the least melted and the most deformed, whereas matrix and troilite melted completely and crystallized to nearly strain‐free minerals. Coarse metal was largely but incompletely liquefied, and matrix silicates formed by the breakdown during melting of albitic feldspar and some olivine to form pyroxene at high pressure (>3 GPa, possibly to ~15–19 GPa) and temperature (>1350 °C, possibly to ≥2000 °C). The higher pressures and temperatures would have involved back‐reaction of high‐pressure polymorphs to pyroxene and olivine upon cooling. Silicates outside of melt matrix have compositions that were relatively unchanged owing to brief heating duration.

Wrongful Fusion: Equity and Tort

Equity and Tort appear to be strangers. Beyond historically making equitable relief available in some cases, equity did not intervene in tort law to the extent it did in contract and some aspects of property. And yet substantive equity focuses on wrongful conduct and affords persons the opportunity to seek remedies for such conduct through the courts. Are there ‘equitable wrongs’, and, if so, how if at all do they differ from torts? We focus on a particular function loosely associated with historic equity jurisdiction: equity supplements the law where it fails to address problems that are difficult to handle on the same ‘level’ on which they arise. In situations of conflicting rights, party opportunism, and interacting behavior, it is difficult to formulate solutions that do not make reference to the ordinary (primary level) set of rights and rules. Thus, it is often more effective to frame ‘abuse of rights’ in terms of what one can do with rights rather than formulate the right to make it resistant to abuse. We distinguish three scenarios at the intersection of equity and tort: (i) tort law itself contains a second-order element to deal with problems such as coming to the nuisance; (ii) equity solves an inadequacy of tort law, such as by reformulating privity, which is then incorporated into tort law going forward; and (iii) equity maintains a limited but open-ended capacity to counteract inadequacies of tort law, especially involving hard-to-foresee manipulation of rules and conflicts of rights. With the increasing fusion of law and equity, it has been difficult to maintain this second-order equitable function, but nowhere more so than at the equity-tort interface. Many of the interventions of equity, especially into areas of wrongful interference, invite redescription as torts, and have in fact induced courts to recognize new torts, for better and worse. On our account, this reformulation into tort is appropriate only where a problem is amenable to delineation in terms of general rights and fails where a degree of open-endedness is necessary to deal with party opportunism and new types of conflict. We also consider the diffusion of ‘flattened’ equitable notions into primary-level tort law, often in the form of balancing tests, which have in many ways rendered tort less coherent, stable, and law-like than is desirable.

Soft Fuzzy Set Approach for Mining Frequent Amino Acid Associations in Peptide Sequences of Dengue Virus

Association analysis of amino acids in molecular sequences can reveal crucial information and knowledge for understanding structure, function and interaction of proteins. The traditional methods of association rule mining like apriori, F-P Growth etc. fail to generate appropriate patterns due to inherent uncertainty present in data. The uncertainty in sequence data caused by variation in the length of sequences and lack of parameterization lead to under prediction and over prediction of the results. In this paper an attempt has been made to develop a soft set based approach for mining fuzzy association patterns in peptide sequences of dengue virus. The fuzzy set approach is employed to incorporate the degree of relationships among amino acids due to variation in length of the sequences. The soft set approach is employed to incorporate the relationship of parameters with amino acid association patterns. The 12,581 sequences of dengue virus are downloaded from NCBI and screened for redundancy to obtain non redundant 6995 sequences. The amino acid associations are explored and analyzed using soft fuzzy approach. Also the results obtained by soft fuzzy approach are compared with the results obtained individually by ordinary, fuzzy and soft set approaches. The soft fuzzy approach is able to overcome the issue of under prediction and over prediction of the results obtained by other approaches. Also the interesting association rules have been generated to predict the structure and physico chemical properties of the peptide sequences.

A Study on Bidiagonal Type-2 Triangular Fuzzy Matrices

The concept of a type-2 fuzzy set was introduced by Zadeh as an extension of an ordinary fuzzy set. Type-2 fuzzy sets have grades of membership that are themselves fuzzy. Hence the membership function of a type-2 fuzzy set is three dimensional, and it is the new third dimension that provides new design degrees of freedom for handling uncertainties. Also fuzzy matrices play an important role in scientific developments. In this paper, the concept of bidiagonal type-2 triangular fuzzy matrices is proposed. Also some properties of bidiagonal type-2 triangular fuzzy matrices are presented.

Distance measures between type-2 intuitionistic fuzzy sets and their application to multicriteria decision-making process

Type-2 fuzzy set (T2FS) is a generalization of the ordinary fuzzy set in which the membership value for each member of the set is itself a fuzzy set. However, it is difficult, in some situations, for the decision-makers to give their preferences towards the object in terms of single or exact number. For handling this, a concept of type-2 intuitionistic fuzzy set (T2IFS) has been proposed and hence under this environment, a family of distance measures based on Hamming, Euclidean and Hausdorff metrics are presented. Some of its desirable properties have also been investigated in details. Finally, based on these measures, a group decision making method has been presented for ranking the alternatives. The proposed measures has been illustrated with a numerical example.

Modeling intrinsic kinetics in a reactor of corona discharge coupled with TiO2-activated carbon fibre for ethylene degradation and ozone regulation

A reactor that is able to degrade ethylene efficiently inside a cold humid storehouse was designed for the purpose of extending the shelf-life of horticultural products. The reactor generates non-thermal plasma by corona discharge, improves the ethylene degradation efficiency, and controls the ozone concentration with titanium dioxide-activated carbon fibre (TiO2/ACF). To arrive at a rational reactor design, we investigated the intrinsic kinetics of the reaction process. According to the order of reaction, reactions in which ethylene or ozone are involved in the discharge process could be classified into four categories: non-thermal plasma formation, ethylene degradation, ethylene ozonolysis, and ozone decomposition. Therefore, we present an intrinsic kinetics model, which is in the form of an autonomous first-order ordinary differential equation set, combining two dependent variables, i.e., the concentrations of ethylene and ozone. Experimental data obtained for the corona discharge, the corona discharge coupled with an ACF film, and a corona discharge coupled with a TiO2/ACF film proved that the model is capable of describing the concentrations of ethylene and ozone. The rate constants reveal that the intrinsic kinetics as internal mass transport are accounted for. The corona discharge coupled with the TiO2/ACF film increased the rate constant of ethylene degradation (k2) and decreased the rate constant of ozone formation (k1). However, it did not obviously influence the rate constant of ethylene ozonolysis (k3) and the rate constant of ozone decomposition (k4).

The generalized recurrent set and strong chain recurrence

Fathi and Pageault have recently shown a connection between Auslander’s generalized recurrent set$\text{GR}(f)$and Easton’s strong chain recurrent set. We study$\text{GR}(f)$by examining that connection in more detail, as well as connections with other notions of recurrence. We give equivalent definitions that do not refer to a metric. In particular, we show that$\text{GR}(f^{k})=\text{GR}(f)$for any$k>0$, and give a characterization of maps for which the generalized recurrent set is different from the ordinary chain recurrent set.

Herbivory and advance reproduction influence quaking aspen regeneration response to management in southern Utah, USA

Recent concern regarding the potential decline of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) forests in the western United States has sparked concern over whether the species can be effectively regenerated. Using a retrospective approach, we quantified the response of regenerating aspen stems to an ordinary set of silvicultural treatments conducted over approximately the past decade in southern Utah, USA. A suite of variables describing stand structure and composition, stand vigor, physiographic factors, herbivore pressure, and treatment types were measured to predict the possible controls, as well as their relative importance, on aspen regeneration. Results suggested that aspen regeneration was most strongly related to browsing pressure, site preparation technique, and the presence of advance reproduction before treatment, which is a novel finding. Secondary predictors included elevation, site index, and overstory conditions, which are generally characteristics of stand vigor. Management recommendations based on our results should recognize the strong primary control that browsing pressure exerts on regeneration. First, the height of advance reproduction is inherently dependent on antecedent herbivory and also indicative of present browsing and should be assessed before treatment. Second, the most effective site preparation techniques, namely broadcast burning and browsing reduction, will directly reduce browsing pressure, assuming ungulate populations are not too large. Any management targeting timely and effective aspen regeneration should incorporate monitoring and (or) controlling browsing pressure, both before and after treatment.

BI-IDEALS OF ORDERED SEMIGROUPS BASED ON THE INTERVAL-VALUED FUZZY POINT

Interval-valued fuzzy set theory (advanced generalization of Zadeh's fuzzy sets) is a more generalized theory that can deal with real world problems more precisely than ordinary fuzzy set theory. In this paper, we introduce the notion of generalized quasi-coincident with () relation of an interval-valued fuzzy point with an interval-valued fuzzy set. In fact, this new concept is a more generalized form of quasi-coincident with relation of an interval-valued fuzzy point with an interval-valued fuzzy set. Applying this newly defined idea, the notion of an interval-valued -fuzzy bi-ideal is introduced. Moreover, some characterizations of interval-valued -fuzzy bi-ideals are described. It is shown that an interval-valued -fuzzy bi-ideal is an interval-valued fuzzy bi-ideal by imposing a condition on interval-valued fuzzy subset. Finally, the concept of implication-based interval-valued fuzzy bi-ideals, characterizations of an interval-valued fuzzy bi-ideal and an interval-valued -fuzzy bi-ideal are considered.

Sets and supersets

It is a commonplace of set theory to say that there is no set of all well-orderings nor a set of all sets. We are implored to accept this due to the threat of paradox and the ensuing descent into unintelligibility. In the absence of promising alternatives, we tend to take up a conservative stance and tow the line: there is no universe (Halmos, in: Naive set theory, 1960). In this paper, I am going to challenge this claim by taking seriously the idea that we can talk about the collection of all the sets and many more collections beyond that. A method of articulating this idea is offered through an indefinitely extending hierarchy of set theories. It is argued that this approach provides a natural extension to ordinary set theory and leaves ordinary mathematical practice untouched.

Mathematical model and geometrical model of double pitch ZN-type worm gear set based on generation mechanism

The current researches on the tooth surface mathematical equations and the theory of gearing mainly pay attention to the ordinary type worm gear set (e.g., ZN, ZA, or ZK). The research of forming mechanism and three-dimensional modeling method for the double pitch worm gear set is not enough. So there are some difficulties in mathematical model deducing and geometry modeling of double pitch ZN-type worm gear set based on generation mechanism. In order to establish the mathematical model and the precise geometric model of double pitch ZN-type worm gear set, the structural characteristics and generation mechanism of the double pitch ZN-type worm gear set are investigated. Mathematical model of the ZN-type worm gear set is derived based on its generation mechanism and the theory of gearing. According to the mathematical model of the worm gear set which has been developed, a geometry modeling method of the double pitch ZN-type worm and worm gear is presented. Furthermore, a geometrical precision calculate method is proposed to evaluate the geometrical quality of the double pitch worm gear set. As a result, the maximum error is less than 6´10–4 mm in magnitude, thus the model of the double pitch ZN-type worm gear set is available to meet the requirements of finite element analysis and engineering application. The derived mathematical model and the proposed geometrical modeling method are helpful to guiding the design, manufacture and contact analysis of the worm gear set.

A weighted inference engine based on interval-valued fuzzy relational theory

The study of fuzzy relations forms an important fundamental of fuzzy reasoning. Among all, the research on compositional fuzzy relations by Bandler and Kohout, or the Bandler–Kohout (BK) subproduct gained remarkable success in developing inference engines for numerous applications. Despite of its successfulness, we notice that there are limitations associated in the current implementations of the BK subproduct. In this paper, the BK subproduct, which originally based on the ordinary fuzzy set theory, is extended to the interval-valued fuzzy sets. This is because studies had claimed that ordinary fuzzy set theory has its limitation in addressing uncertainties using the crisp membership functions. Secondly, with the understanding that some features might have higher influence compare to the others, a weight parameter is introduced in the BK subproduct-based inference engines. Finally, a fuzzification method that able to fuzzify the input data and also train the inference engines is also developed. So, the BK subproduct-based inference systems can be built without human intervention, which are cumbersome and time consuming. Experiments on three public datasets and a comparison with state-of-art solutions have shown the efficiency and robustness of the proposed method.

A Probabilistic Framework for Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Linguistic Summarization

Many studies on linguistic summarization have addressed the use of ordinary fuzzy set [type-1 fuzzy set (T1FS)] for modeling words; however, few of them have exploited interval type-2 fuzzy set (IT2FS), although IT2FS is better able to deal with the uncertainty associated with words. The existing studies on linguistic summarization using IT2FS have focused on scalar cardinality based degree of truth. In this paper, for the first time, we propose a probabilistic framework based on the idea of interval mass assignment to evaluate interval type-2 fuzzy linguistic summaries based on the type-II quantified sentences and the semi-fuzzy quantifiers as an alternative method to the scalar cardinality based methods. We implement a real case study on linguistic summarization of time series data of Europe Brent Spot Price, as well as a comparison of the results obtained with our approach and those of the existing approaches.