Ordinary Person Research Articles

ПРОБЛЕМЫ ДОКАЗЫВАНИЯ В МЕДИЦИНСКИХ СПОРАХ: СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ПРАВА РОССИИ, БЕЛАРУСИ И СТРАН ЕВРОСОЮЗА

Introduction: in medical malpractice cases, patients (plaintiffs) or their relatives face serious obstacles in proving the conditions of liability of the health care provider: the fact of a medical error, the harm to health, and the causal link. The inherent informational inequality between the parties (a professional subject v. an ordinary person) and the limited accessibility of medical records (potential evidence) for the patient encourage the lawmakers and factfinders to deviate from the traditional formula for allocating the burden of proof. Purpose: to identify general trends in the development of judicial practice in medical disputes in Russia, Belarus, and the EU member states; to assess the prospects for the use in Russia and Belarus of evidence- based approaches developed by foreign legal doctrine to better protect patients’ rights. Methods: the authors use the comparative legal research method when dealing with the legislation, case law, and the legal doctrine of Russia, Belarus, the EU member states and other countries. Results: we have formulated a number of proposals for Russian and Belarusian jurisprudence based on international experience: to use the outcome criterion in assessing the quality of routine medical treatments and interventions (Fr. – obligation de résultat); to interpret any defects in medical records (incomplete information, unspecified corrections, etc.) in favor of the patient; to lower the standard of proof when proving the causal link to the preponderance of probabilities.

«НЕТ, ХОРОШО ЖИТЬ НА СВЕТЕ ВСЕ-ТАКИ!..»: СЧАСТЬЕ, ЛЮБОВЬ И ВРЕМЯ В ДНЕВНИКЕ СОВЕТСКОЙ ПРОВИНЦИАЛКИ СЕРЕДИНЫ ХХ В.

The article, based on the example of the personal diary of a Soviet provincial woman of the mid-20th century, considers such important problems for cultural history and historical anthropology as genesis and dynamics of the ideas of contemporaries of a particular historical epoch about happiness, love and time. It is shown that in their interpretations presented in T. D. Rozhkova’s diary historically, culturally, socially and personally conditioned propositions peacefully coexisted. The ratio of the typically Soviet, typically feminine, typically intellectual and purely private is not amenable for rigorous assessment. Nevertheless, no matter how tricky the interweaving of the normative and the casual in T. D. Rozhkova’s notions of happiness, love and time was, in general, they certainly gravitated towards a universal understanding of happiness, love and time as the most important aspects of human life, firmly established in the sphere of individual and collective imagination. At the same time, despite the fact that the diarist’s main task was clearly not the task of objectively reflecting reality, her diary turned out to be filled with the zeitgeist. First of all, it is exposed by rhetorical models and narrative templates used by T. D. Rozhkova in her speculations on happiness, love and time — speculations that captured that an ordinary Soviet person lived a rich inner life, and his or her “Sovietness” was not something one-dimensional at all.

THE CONCEPT OF "INTELLECTUALIZATION OF THE PLANETARY WORLD" IN THE CONTEXT OF PHILOSOPHICAL KNOWLEDGE

Formulation of the problem. Despite a fairly wide range of approaches to the study of human intelligence and its role in society, from the sphere of science, education, culture to the sphere of production, one cannot but pay attention to a rather narrow and pragmatic understanding of this phenomenon. And the study of the phenomenon of intellectualization and its consequences for the world community generally falls out of the field of view of researchers. Latest research and analysis of publications. The attention of researchers of the humanitarian profile, concentrating their attention on the education and upbringing of the individual, concentrates on the study of: intellect as a psychological and pedagogical category; intellectual culture in teaching and development; patterns of intellectual development of the individual; aspects of intellectual activity as a required component of the formation of intellectual culture; modeling of intellectual developmental education in the system of professional training. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the philosophical meaning of the phenomenon of intellectualization of the planetary world. Research tasks: 1) determine the structure of the concept of "intellectualization of the planetary world" and analyze the essence of its parts; 2) to substantiate the genesis of meaning as a certain geological force confirming the intensification of the intellectualization of planetary life; 3) make an assumption about the result of intellectualization of the planetary world. The main part of the article. Modern man is engulfed in total intellectualization, which affects all aspects of his being and "inscribes" him into the Universe. "Intellectualization" has a different definition and is associated with the strengthening or introduction of the intellectual principle. The basis for intellectualization is the "intellect" of a person as a producer of intellectual energy and intellectual action generated by the processes of internal human activity. It is determined that the intellectualization of the planetary world occurs due to the man's mastery of sense-genesis, due to which the intellect of the ordinary person and the Collective personality is enriched and the transition of the biosphere into the noosphere occurs. Man and his collective associations as carriers of primary and collective intelligence are the main driving force behind the evolutionary self-development of the planetary world. Thus, in the course of intellectualization, the planetary world matures and finds itself on the verge of a social singularity. Conclusions of the article. It is proved that for the study of the intellectualization of the planetary world it is necessary to concentrate on: the genesis of meaning; a person, as a carrier and producer of intellectual energy, which modifies the planetary world; changes in the external environment, where the intellectual energy of a person materializes. We consider the intellectualization of the planetary world as a geological phenomenon, which, on the one hand, is based on the natural or attributive properties of man as a representative of intelligent living nature, and on the other hand, is based on the ability of man to generate, reproduce and develop the social world through his own intellectual activity.

It's a Roman … it's a Persian … it's Rabbi Meir! Secret Identities and the Rabbinic Self in the Babylonian Talmud

It's a Roman … it's a Persian … it's Rabbi Meir!Secret Identities and the Rabbinic Self in the Babylonian Talmud Sara Ronis (bio) What kinds of leaders were the late antique Babylonian rabbis? What kinds of heroes did they think they were? This paper explores Talmudic narratives about heroic rabbis using insights from modern superhero studies. What does it mean to see the Babylonian rabbis as superheroes? According to Peter Coogan's popular definition, a superhero is A heroic character with a selfless, pro-social mission; with superpowers—extraordinary abilities, advanced technology, or highly developed physical, mental, or mystical skills; who has a superhero identity embodied in a codename and iconic costume, which typically express his1 biography, character, powers or origin (transformation from ordinary person to superhero); and who is generally distinct, i.e. can be distinguished from characters of related genres (fantasy, science fiction, detective, etc.) by a preponderance of generic conventions. Often superheroes have dual identities, the ordinary one of which is usually a closely guarded secret.2 Though Coogan ignores the gender diversity inherent in the modern world of superheroes, he notes a range of commonalities across superheroes that shape what it means to be a superhero. But there are actually two kinds of superheroes.3 There are figures like Batman—Batman's true identity is the all-too-human Bruce Wayne, an identity that he hides when he puts on his Batman costume and gets in the Batmobile to save Gotham City. An ordinary human making himself extraordinary through a costume. Then there are figures like Superman. Superman really is Kal-El, the alien child from Krypton who has extraordinary powers here on Earth. Superman hides this identity when he dresses up as Clark Kent to earn a paycheck and date Lois Lane. He is an extraordinary being disguising himself as ordinary. Yet both types of superhero are selfless, exceptional, have multiple identities, and exist in particular literary contexts. Indeed, superheroes' commonalities move beyond the surface. As Jeph Loeb and Tom Morris have noted, "The stories of these characters embody [End Page 93] our deepest hopes and fears, as well as our highest aspirations, and … can help us deal with our worst nightmares. They chart out questions we'll all have to face in the future. And they shed new light on our present condition."4 Superheroes function in similar ways in our collective imagination, reflecting a particular imagined past as they also shape the range of futures that are possible. When we think of the rabbis of the Babylonian Talmud, we do not tend to think of them as masked men in tights, flying about ancient Babylonian cities. And indeed, they were not superheroes in the modern sense. But the rabbis did think of themselves as exceptional, as heroes, and even as superheroes relative to ordinary people with their ordinary abilities. Their actions entailed developed physical and mystical skills, self-sacrifice, pro-social agendas, and special titles ("rabbi"), though spandex had not yet been invented. And as superheroes, they took their self-imposed responsibility for the Jewish people seriously. Their stories also served to model one way to live in a complex and often hostile world in which few had political and economic power. They offered one vision of the Jewish past and present that had the potential to shape a rabbinic future. The rabbis of Late Antiquity lived in two geographic regions, at the whims of two major forces: the Sasanian Empire and the Roman Empire. The land of Israel was part of the Roman Empire, which was at times hostile to its religious minorities. Babylonia was a part of the Sasanian Empire, which largely had a policy of toleration of religious minorities. And yet, even in Sasanian Babylonia, the rabbis were aware that they were at the mercy of mercurial kings and administrators.5 In a world in which imperial policies were set by a dynastic ruler, the rabbis of both regions were very aware that each ruler brought the potential for radically new and destructive policies. The rabbis had many ways of mediating this danger: prayer, bribery, respect, and subterfuge. To achieve their aims—like all superheroes—the rabbis...

ГУМАНІТАРНА КРИЗА У ЗОНАХ ЗБРОЙНИХ КОНФЛІКТІВ: НА ЩО СПОДІВАТИСЬ ЛЮДИНІ, «ЯКА НАДМІРУ СТРАЖДАЄ»

The title of the article includes the abstract of Albert Camus‘s sad reflections on the relevant for nowadays programmatic work‖ The plague‖ concerning the uselessness of mankind‘s multiple efforts to solve socalled «eternal problems»: disasters of lethal illnesses, social evil of dictatorships and wars. We attribute the problem of extreme sufferings in the times of warfare conflict to the list. It was not for nothing, as doctor Rieux stated, Camus did not answer the question about what a person who extremely suffers should expect and left the future generation to address the problem. Philosophy, according to the ancient authors, starts with reflections on sufferings, although the European tradition, as the French Researcher E. Roudinesco points out in her work «Philosophy in turbulent times» starts with rather late turning to hardships. That influenced to fact that the problem of armed conflicts humanization was mainly solved on the political and legal level along with Geneva conventions in 1949, while the texts of P. Kurtz‘s Humanitarian manifests did not refer to the state of humanitarian crises in warfare armed conflicts. The spreading of armed conflicts in nearly all parts of the world with no regard to pandemics and climate crises is causing more and more severe sufferings the thoughts of which an ordinary person hides in the «remote part» of their mind while mass media focus on battlefield actions and interesting events at negotiating tables. Armed conflicts are involving bigger and bigger percentage of civil people (over 90% now) including about 400 million children who suffer extremely from harassment of human nature unseen before. «We are not treated as humans», mentioned grievously a Tigrayan woman from Ethiopian region where an armed suppression of separatist movement is taking place. We believe that the pivotal issue of relieving inevitable sufferings must include cherishing humanity in individuals rather than material humanitarian assistance in spite of its importance and being measured in tons of food. It is also essential to focus on ideological, philosophical, and moral principles of humanitarian movements‘ activities, as well as on humanitarian techniques and examples of «Righteous among the Nations» characters in order to avoid transition from humanitarian crises to disasters. The concept of the suggested solution of the problem implies resorting to the necessity of adhering to fundamental policies of preventing the transition from humanitarian crises to disasters. They are moral and legal and ideological and not merely military and political which aim at regulation by official means. A humanitarian crisis involves a turning point in lives of all those people who are located in the armed conflict area with children, women and elderly being the least protected of all, when their lives are on the verge of physical and moral survival. A humanitarian disaster will lead to irreversible degree of suffering for tens of thousands or even millions of people. The directly involved in war are protected (if it is possible to say so) by the law of war, combat morality and are prepared for suffering as a whole. Unless people lost their humanity potential ant humane attitude to everyone, the term «adamiiat» introduced by the Arabic poet Saadi should be implemented in the material humanitarian and spiritual spheres.

Казус Шерешевского как предельный случай гипермнезии: гипер-человеческое или уход от человеческого в сфере памяти?

The article deals with the problem of hyper-memory and two main mechanisms of its development: the mechanism of the ultimate development of analogization, schematization and algorithmization and the mechanism of escape from reality to the sphere of the imaginary by rejecting logical generalization and increasing the imaginative component of thinking. Based on the understanding of the effecti­veness of memory according to Korsakov, the author compares the features of mechanical memorization, characteristic of artificial devices and systems, and the cases of hyper-memory development in humans, especially highlighting the case of Shereshevsky as a case of the most pronounced and comprehensive hypermnesia. The article highlights the features of the memory of a phenomenal mnemonist distinguishing it from the memory of an ordinary person, and from the “memory” of external storage devices. The author analyzes the features of the mechanisms of information fixation and reproduction in the case of Shere­shevsky, presented in the works of Luria and Leontiev, as well as the areas and features of the manifestation of phenomenal memory in other cases of “regional hyper-memory” (genius, hyperthymnesia, Savant syndrome). The author con­cludes that in the case of general hypermnesia, characteristic of Shereshevsky, the memorization procedure is associated with the obligatory “separation from real­ity” and the replacement of the plan of the real with the plan of the imaginary, but the condition for the possibility of such replacement is the maximum reduction of the “higher type” memory associated with logical operations and abstraction, as well as the rejection of the principle of arbitrariness of the sign. The author comes to the conclusion that the direction of development of human hyper-memory, characteristic of the case of Shereshevsky and based on imaginative-emotional perception, is directly opposite to the artificial type of memory mechanism.

Історичний факт як структурний елемент “Запи-сок легіонера” Йозефа Гонзи-Дубніцького

Background. The article analyzes historical facts as the structural elements of “Legionnaire’s Notes” by Joseph Honza-Dubnitsky. Synthesis of documentary and ar-tistic is one of the genre dominant of notes in the Slovak literature of the twentieth cen-tury. Slovak authors’ notes are similar to the Ukrainian and Russian works of this gen-re. It encourages drawing parallels, find common features and differences. Purpose. To investigate the features of individual-author’s interpretation of the genre of notes in Joseph Honza-Dubnitsky’s work, in particular to focus on the role of a historical facts as a structural elements of “Legionnaire’s Notes”. Results. In the Slovak literature of the twentieth century genre of notes belong to the non-fiction with a characteristic autobiographical dominant. When narrator’s story is closely intertwined with important historical events, he needs to tell about them, to con-vey to contemporaries and descendants information, to emphasize the role of ordinary person in history. “Legionnaire’s Notes” by J. Honza-Dubnitsky is a thorough docu-mentary book, autobiographical evidence of the participant of the World War І and at the same time a historical study with critical remarks and interpretation of the most im-portant events of the twentieth century. “Legionnaire’s Notes” is a history of Slovaks struggle for its own state. All events are submitted through the prism of the worldview of Slovak Patriot, who aware himself as a participant of global processes and world changes, perceives them and analyzes. J. Honza-Dubnitsky’s work is rich in actual ma-terial, therefore, has literary and historical significance. There are important events, dates, names of famous people mentioned in the text. That information makes the notes a valuable document. At the same time, facts in the work have a subjective, estimated, emotional-personal dominant, which raises them to the level of generalizations and liter-ary interpretation. J. Honza-Dubnitsky does not often talk about the personal, almost does not put himself at the center of the story. The narrator thinks by socially important categories, recognizes, that he is a part of Slovak nation. Together with like-minded people he fights for Slovaks right to be heard in the world political arena. The narrator takes an observer position, captures events, witness and participant of which he is. Key words: genre, notes, autobiographical, historical fact, Slovak literature. Chui, K. I., 2019. Genre features of “Military Doctor’s Notes” by Albert Shkarvan. Studia Slovakistica, 19, pp.261–268. (In Ukrainian) Chui, K., 2021. Alternative view of history in “Notes from the Front 1941–1943” by Matej Oravets. Studia Slovakistica, 20, pp.90–102. (In Slovak) Honza-Dubnicky, J., 2014. Legionnaire’s notes. Banska Bystrica: Vydavateľstvo PRO. (In Slovak) Savenko, I., 2008. The main problems of documentary writing in the context of literary discourse at the turn of the century. Bulletin of Lviv University. Series: Philology. Lviv: LNU im. I. Franka, 44, ch. 2, pp.128–137. (In Ukrainian) Savkyna, Y., 2013. Notes as a “depersonalized diary”: Documentary and artistic potential of the genre. Literature issues, 1, pp.337–354. (In Russian) Shakhova, K. I., 2017. Notes as a genre of Ukrainian prose of the XX–early XXI centuries. Lutsk: Vezha-Druk. (In Ukrainian) Vyktorovych, V. A., 1981. Genre of notes by Tolstoy and Dostoevsky. Lev Tolstoy and Russian Literature. Hor’kyj: Yzdatel’stvo HHU, pp.18–25. (In Russian)

Государство, власть, народ и человек в романе А.Ф. Писемского «Люди сороковых годов»

We analyze the epic breadth of A.F. Pisemsky “Men of the Forties”, the timeless relevance of writer’s reflections on the possibility of a harmonious relationship between a person’s personal life and his activities for the good of country. We note that, in comparison with other works by Pisemsky, this novel, which tells about life of an ordinary person, contains a spiritual vertical, a view from the position of eternity, which gives it enlightenment and epic monumentality. The me-taphysical line of communication between many phenomena and events expands the space of novel. Pisemsky, who positions himself as the most truthful writer, matches the examples of reality to the desired models, moves away from his inherent pessimism, presenting several exemplary heroes and, if not an ideal, then the possible type of state and social structure of the country that is best for Russia. We analyze the influence of the “Dawn” magazine on the Pisemsky concept, we suggest that the writer needed a kind of moral and spiritual support of the Slavophiles to create an epic novel with a line of approval. Following the prominent publicists, lawyers and sociologists (V.Y. Danilevsky, A.D. Gradovsky) who published their articles in the “Dawn” magazine, Pisemsky’s hero turns to the model of a “all-estates-social” state based on nationality. Special attention in the novel is paid by the author to the motive of power over people, which puts a person in difficult and unnatural conditions for him.

Relations in Facilitate Creativity of Inventiveness and 'Unpredictable Effect’ – Pivoting on Japanese Supreme Court on August 27, 2019 Haesei 30(haeng hi) Sentencing No. 69 –

The invention s inventiveness requirement is a very important criterion applied to patent examinations, invalidity trials and invalidity defenses in infringement litigation. In Para 2 of Article 29 of the Japanese Patent Law, if prior to filing patent applications, an ordinary person in an art can easily invent from the publicly known technique, the public use, the distribution publication, the prior art described in the electrical communication line, it is judged that there is no inventiveness. In Japan the inventiveness requirement is determined on whether the motivation to invention is disclosed in the cited invention(specificity in purpose), there is a facilitate creativity being able to be created by an ordinary person in an art(difficulty in configuration), there are predictable effects(more remarkable effect). Meanwhile, the Japanese Patent Office, the Judgment Division(our Patent Tribunal ) is facilitating creativity in preference to inventiveness and stands a position of the independent requirement theory in that there is an inventiveness if there is an unpredictable remarkable effect even without the facilitate creativity. In respect of Intellectual Property High Courts, the judgment of the predictable effect is not independent but it is complementary applied whether to determine to have facilitate creativity, such indirect fact theory in the admission of inventiveness is determined, and there are many cases of remand after reversal and the confusion has been weighted. As to the second consideration of determining the inventiveness, as to whether or not to have the predictable effect is determined based on the independent requirement theory or the indirect fact theory, the Japanese Supreme Court judged the inventiveness on the basis of the independent requirement theory, the conflict in the meantime is concluded to an end. By the ruling, in Japan if comparing the pending invention to the cited invention, even there is no facilitate creativity but there is a unpredictable remarkable effect, it is accepted to have an inventiveness, and accordingly it is expected to increase patent registrations and to decrease the patent invalid rate. It is determined that such an inventiveness judgment law in Japan may be affected to an inventiveness judgment criterion in Korea in that there is no inventiveness in case of “being able to be easily invented” by an ordinary person in an art from the cited invention.

Musical-Poetic Allegories of the Vocal-Instrumental Cycle “The Bestiary or Procession of Orpheus” by Louis Durey and Guillaume Apollinaire

The present work examines a work of art that is unique in its synthetic essence – the vocal-instrumental cycle called “The Bestiary or Procession of Orpheus” by L. Durey, which was based on the texts of the poem of the same name created by G. Apollinaire. The relevance of this research lies in the fact that on the basis of the literary and artistic original source created by G. Apollinaire and its composer’s interpretation by L. Durey, new facets of French modernism in the art of the 20th century are revealed. The subscript translation of the poems from “The Bestiary” by G. Apollinaire represents the poetic semantics that was developed in the musical dramaturgy of the composition by L. Durey. The vocal-instrumental cycle is explored at several levels: the historical context, the artistic concept of the authors (the literary original source by G. Apollinaire and its composer’s interpretation by L. Durey), the analysis of intonation dramaturgy, as well as the peculiarities of meaning – and form-building. In the course of the analysis, the crosscutting leit-intonemes and rhythm formulas have been identified. The system of the composer’s remarks – “states” has been considered. The sharp and flat spheres of tonality inclinations have been characterized within the framework of L. Durey’s atonal manner of writing. As a result, the vocal-instrumental cycle “The Bestiary or Procession of Orpheus” appears as a system of musical and poetic allegories that recreate the main idea of the composition: the catharsis associated with comprehending the depth of the power of art, the cognition of the love and beauty of the world, the struggle of worldly vices of an ordinary person and the Human-Poet, the victory of life over death and the achievement of the ideal perception of the world in realizing the great destiny of the Artist-Creator. The allegorical “portraits” of animals reflect not only the essence of a human nature, as it was originally stated in the medieval “Bestiary”, but the spiritual qualities of the Poet-Creator, whose mission, according to the authors, is to lead humanity from darkness to light. The idea of the authors corresponds to the aesthetic canon of Orphism, based on the identification of the author’s “I” with the mythological image of Orpheus. The catharsis, as a path of purification through deep intellectual work, underlies the idea of the cycle: the spiritual level of the Poet must correspond to his high purpose.

Review of Artificial Intelligence

Over many centuries, tools of increasing sophistication have been developed to serve the human race Digital computers are, in many respects, just another tool. They can perform the same sort of numerical and symbolic manipulations that an ordinary person can, but faster and more reliably. This paper represents review of artificial intelligence algorithms applying in computer application and software. Include knowledge-based systems; computational intelligence, which leads to Artificial intelligence, is the science of mimicking human mental faculties in a computer. That assists Physician to make dissection in medical diagnosis.

Survey of Intelligent Face Forgery and Detection

Face forgery technology has made considerable progress in recent years, and has several challenges in terms of maintaining social stability and protecting individual rights. Nowadays, an ordinary person can easily generate lifelike fake images and videos, including fake news related to public figures, without any professional knowledge. To eliminate the social security risks caused by fake face images and videos, face forgery detection has become an emerging field that has attracted considerable attention. This survey provides a detailed overview of face forgery and face forgery detection methods. Based on the ratio of manipulations to the original image,this paper first introduces four types of face forgery methods: i) identity swap, ii) expression swap, iii) attribute manipulation, iv) entire face synthesis, and corresponding face forgery detection datasets. We then introduce image- and video-level face forgery detection methods. To improve the manipulation detection results, most face forgery detection methods exploit prior knowledge, such as biological and frequency information, based on deep learning. Subsequently, this paper analyzes the effects of these manipulation detection methods. Finally, we discuss the shortcomings of the current methods in terms of practical applications and discuss the future development trend of face forgery detection.

"The Legend of Nakhoda Ragam" in the Malay World and Its Link to Penang's Early History

The Malay World has produced many legends about extraordinary people such as rulers, nobles, warriors and the like. Patih Gajah Mada and Hang Tuah are examples of such legendary figures who possess a variety of extraordinary abilities and who are proudly regarded as idols of the community that produced them. Nevertheless, there are many other legendary figures who are not yet well known within the community but who have played no less than an important part in the history of the nation. Legends do not tell the life stories of ordinary persons; they showcase very special events associated with particular figures, which are then told and retold many times again. This article will discuss "Legenda Nakhoda Ragam" [The Legend of Nakhoda Ragam], which is well known in Brunei Darussalam, and his extraordinary adventures as a traveller in the Malay World, including his link to the founding of Pulau Pinang (Penang). Based on notes by Vaughan (1857), Nakhoda Ragam was a trader who often sailed between Lingga and Kedah. There was only one island between these two places that was attractive for him to anchor at, which he named "Pulo Ka Satu" (later Pulau Pinang or Penang). Nakhoda Ragam was also said to have founded several other places here, among them "Pulo Kindi", "Bayan Lepas", "Gerattah Sangkol", "Pulo Bittong" and "Puchut Muka", which all still exist today. This article presents evidence regarding the presence of this figure and his connection to the early history of Penang.

Research Trends on the Usage of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Advertising

Advertising is a way in which a company introduces possible customers to a company’s product/service, the main objective is possibly to convince them to buy their product or use their service. The significance of Advertising is critical for the company, as this alone can make people aware of the company’s product and in doing so can generate a good possibility of it being sold to the customers. It is inevitable for companies to face changes and one such change is the evolution in the way of doing Advertisement. Advertisement is now done with the help of not so newfound helping hand that is Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. The answer to the question as to why the change in the process of Advertising is important lies in the before-after statistical observations of companies using this technology. The results themselves are reasonable motivating factors for companies who are yet to acknowledge the change. The serious challenge to this new version of Advertising is to make sure to not allow the usage of it to such a great extent where ordinary person is concerned about his/her privacy. Implementing Advertisements this way, we are quite sure that making laws, enforcing the laws or even having its own governing body can ensure righteous use of deploying this technology. The future of Advertising is going to be even better than before as Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning will bring more control of Advertising to companies. Summing up, we feel confident that Advertising with Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning are here for a noticeable and a significant change.

“Comicocracy” as a Cultural and Political Reality

The article researches one of the distinctive trends of the world political situation: its implication in comic culture. Buffoon is symbolically perceived as one of the cultural archetypes of the humanity. The comedian’s public status has rapidly evolved from the humble caste in pre-modern society to the top of the political party in the post-modern society. Laughter is currently being heard not from the least privileged groups of population but from the political Olympus. Traditional politicians have been replaced by a new generation of figures who used to be involved in the show business, with a lack of experience in public management and the reliance only on the popularity of their television image. Laugh seems not to be able to create anything outside its own field of play; however, it can be used to destroy the opponent, which in its turn stimulates the development of the political buffoonery.The article is an attempt to analyze the situation related to the presidential election of the showman V. Zelensky in Ukraine. It has become possible considering the media mythology produced by the news outlet, response and approval from TV audience, which still includes the majority of the population, unlike Internet, cinema and theatre.Man of leisure seems to be beyond time in networks of archaic myth, consuming primitive products of mass culture, such as soap operas or television shows. Political talk shows, in particular, draw an audience of millions because they give an ordinary person a virtual opportunity to communicate with popular figures as well as an illusion of being involved in solving of publicly significant problems, yet politics is presented as entertainment.Manipulative technologies are successful because they take into account the “clip” consciousness as a product of the visual culture, which has superseded the culture of printed text with the developed linear type of consciousness.Therefore, the unconditional rightness of the so-called “majority” of any society is an illusion inspired primarily by the media that perform political orders on oligarchic channels, are preoccupied with their ratings and shake up society in order to achieve the required political resonance. On the contrary, real social development is not ensured by the masses, but by the accumulation of people with higher level of consciousness, namely an active “minority” that is ignored in times of aggressive populism. Manuscript received 15.03.2020

Поэма Р. Бухараева «День мертвых»: пути самоидентификации лирического субъекта

The Russian-language creative works of “foreign” authors is studied in the context of a transcultural model of artistic development in modern literary studies. Literary postcolonial discourse is focused on the character research, which is based on the boundaries of homogeneous cultures, and the principles of its representation in the literature. The subject architectonics of R. Bukharaev’s poem “Day of the Dead” is analyzed in the aspect of the problem of identity and self-identification of the lyrical subject for the first time in this article. The dynamics of the subject- figurative structures corresponding to different stages of the hero’s spiritual ascent is educed: from the problematization of identity and separation from the “I” of its substitutes to the way out of the painful bogdom and finding true self. The ways of self-determination of the lyrical hero, who is in dialogic relations both with his counterparts and with super-subjects of a special type — history, country and nature are determined. It has been established that historical and literary allusions and reminiscences from the works of world literature perform an identifying function. They educe a universal and panhuman source in the attitude and mental structure of an ordinary person. The author highlights the phenomenon of a cultural interference that occurs as a result of the overlapping of different codes and national-artistic traditions on which the Russian-speaking poet focuses on. The results of the study are significant for understanding the artistic and aesthetic nature of literature, which implements the phenomenon of the cultural borderlands.

Protection of Personal Information in the Medical Sphere of Social Relations

The purpose of the work was to identify the main legal parameters of modern information. As material sources of research at work, not only the Ukrainian regulations in the field of medical relations information are used, but also relevant innovations in the legal regulation of medical information relations, which are produced in the countries of the European Union. It is established that in the normative legal acts of Ukraine, unlike in European legislation, there is no division of information about an individual into general data and vulnerable personal data. The laws of Ukraine do not contain the notion of "public figure", whose limits of criticism, according to the European Court of Human Rights, are broader for an ordinary person. Among the main conclusions, it stands out that, in order to guarantee the freedoms and rights of citizens, it is necessary in the regulations to classify groups, lists of personal data and access to them based on the secret classification to avoid ambiguities. The materials in the article have practical value for graduates of higher education institutions of police and medical specialties, among others.

Schizophrénie et rétablissement : analyse phénoménologique d’un cas de retrait positif

ObjectivesThe recovery paradigm has emerged in mental health over the last thirty years, referring to the subjective and dynamic process by which a person achieves a satisfying life, relying on his/her strengths, his/her values, and the very experience of his/her psychiatric illness. The understanding of the experience of people living with schizophrenia and engaged in a path of recovery is undermined by an objective and categorical psychiatric approach, targeting symptoms and deficits to be compensated. We propose a phenomenological approach to a clinical situation of positive withdrawal, as developed by Corin and Lauzon, as a form of recovery for the schizophrenic subject, in order to shed light on the first-person experience of what psychiatric semiology refers to as negative symptoms, apragmatism and social withdrawal. MethodWe develop the single case of Sam, 39 years old man who has been treated for schizophrenia for about 10 years. He talks about his “spiritual schizophrenia”, which has in the past generated a demon above his head guiding his aggressive behaviors. Since he was discharged from hospital three years ago, Sam has become an “ordinary person” again, according to him. His daily routine is ritualized by a weekly activity at the day hospital, daily nursing visits at home, television, and visits from two friends on weekends. He explains that he needs peace and quiet around him and like to be aware of his neighbourhood and village lives and events. He listens to his spiritual guides and his gift of clairvoyance, which predicted him, more happiness from his forties onwards by getting a job and by a love encounter. We propose a phenomenological analysis of his experience of recovery and positive withdrawal. ResultsSam's embodied experience was previously characterized by a confusion between the intentional and sensitive flesh (Leib) and the objectified body (Körper), disembodied and materialized as if on the outside by a demon on top of his head. Today, it seems to be re-articulated in a dialectic harmony between Leib and Körper. Sam inhabits his body in an embodied life, as an interface between himself, his history and the world. His relationship to space is characterized by the paradox of an opening to the shared world by keeping a distance from others. Sam gets punctually and cyclically involved in selected spaces that do not require any intimate social commitment, and stays on the lookout, from his home, for events in his neighborhood, his village, and world news. The Others participate in his distant integration into the community: his link with the mayor of the village validates his identity as a fully-fledged citizen, his family regularly invoked in his self-narrative is kept at a distance by monthly digital contacts, the neighbor's daily life must not be disturbed under penalty of divine punishment, etc. Sam claims a necessity of calm both inside and outside, as a support for a controlled intersubjectivity allowing the reconstruction of the self. Finally, the patient's temporality is structured by patience. À slow-now allows him to synchronize private and public paces. His esoteric beliefs give meaning to the cyclical repetition of events; his spiritual guides direct his life trajectory, promising him professional and relational dynamism from the age of forty. ConclusionÀ phenomenological approach as close as possible to the subjective experience of the person living with schizophrenia has made it possible to break loose from the social withdrawal symptom pointed out by psychiatric semiology. Positive withdrawal, as an active positioning of the subject both inside and outside the society, illustrates a process of recovery from the illness. By supporting an identity reconstruction through a dialectical tension between proximity and distance with the Other and the world, positive withdrawal reveals the importance of considering the paradoxical shape of recovery processes. It invites clinicians to free oneself from normative interventions motivated by a restrictive psychiatric empiricism.

A Plea for Mercy

A Plea for Mercy

Death of the Truth or Mortal Truth

Postmodernism, ending the dominance of modernism, also reduced the privilege of elites from economy to culture, from media to politics. Thanks to the development of communication channels and technologies, people whose voices could not be heard became visible, and this situation supported participatory democracy. Transforming from a passive position to an actor that shares content, human beings have found themselves in a world where, thanks to new communication technologies with virtual intelligence, they hear the voices of those who are similar to them, approve their views, but do not tolerate the other. As a result, people were polarized, language of hate and marginalization became inevitable. Truth began to lose its importance at this phase. Scientific facts are not regarded as different from the point of view of the ordinary person. Even if their reality is universally proven, everyone has begun to deny the truth the way they want. People have also begun to accept the discourses that are pleasing to them, even if these discourses are wrong, or put forward them before everyone else. Postmodernizm, modernizmin hâkimiyetini bitirirken elitlerin ekonomiden kültüre medyadan siyasete ayrıcalıklarını da azaltmıştır. İletişim kanalları ve teknolojilerinin gelişmesiyle sesi gür çıkmayan kesimler görünür olmaya başlamış ve bu durum demokrasinin katılımcılık şartını desteklemiştir. Pasif konumundan içerik paylaşan aktöre dönüşen insanoğlu, kendisini, sanal zekâlı yeni iletişim teknolojileri sayesinde benzerlerin seslerini duydukları, görüşlerini onayladıkları ama ötekine tahammül edilmeyen bir dünyada bulmuştur. Neticede körü körüne kutuplaşmalar doğmuş, nefret dili ve ötekileştirme kaçınılmaz hale gelmiştir. Hakikatin önemini yitirmesi de bu safhada başlamıştır. Bilimsel gerçekler sıradan insanın bakış açısından farklı sayılmamaya, gerçekliği evrensel olarak kanıtlansa da herkes istediği gerçeği yadsımaya, kendisine iyi gelen ve hoşuna giden söylemleri, yanlışsa da kabul etmeye veya herkesten önce ortaya atmaya başlamıştır.