Ordinary Ore Research Articles

Distribution platinum content in chromite and dunite type ores Nizhny Tagil massif (Middle Ural)

The relevance of the work is due to the importance industrial meaning native and placer platinum deposits in basic-hiperbasic complexes. Methods of research included separation industrial type of ores for valuation quality platinum ore chute, use probabilistic-statistic, geometric-statistic and geostatistic model for description amplitude and frequency changeability in distribution platinum content in ore Nizhny Tagil massif. Result research. In chromite ores Nizhny Tagil massif platinum content vary in wide limits by predominance among theirs rich and ordinary ores and extremely uneven distribution platinum and other elements platinum group (palladium, rhodium, iridium, osmium, ruthenium) concentration in ores. In difference from ores chromite type in distribution platinum content in dunite ores massif in limits prospected Alexandrovsky area among industrial type ores prevail more low on quality poor and wretched ores by amplitude changeability platinum concentration in ores on data theirs ordinary sampling in prospect hole-from uneven to extremely, by gross sampling more deep mine working (half-pit and pit) – from even to very uneven. The largest frequency changeability in distribution platinum concentration in ores dunite type be distinguished ores widespread in north part Alexandrovsky area, differ and more low quality. Contemporary level development technology dressing platinum-bearing chromite and dunite type ores allowed consider theirs in quality perspective ores for joint processing.

Sustainable recycling of iron concentrate obtained from the processing of iron-silicate uranium ore

In the processing of iron silicate ore by blast-furnace smelting for uranium extraction, the problem of safe reuse of iron concentrate arises. That concentrate contains up to 65% of iron and therefore can be used as raw material for ferrous metallurgy. This provides significant resource savings compared to other industrial uranium ore processing technologies. However, the increased content of radioactive elements (U, Ra, Po) in this concentrate requires the development of methods for separating these elements before smelting. In this regard, we studied the distribution of radioactive elements (U, 228Ra, 210Po, and 210Pb) in ordinary ore of the Pershotravneve deposit (Ukraine) and other products (agglomerates, slag, dust, iron concentrate). Data on nitric acid leaching of ore under various conditions showed a possibility of reducing the radioactivity of slag for up to 84% calculated for 210Po and 210Pb. Results indicate a significant release of 210Po and 210Pb into the gaseous phase during agglomeration, which requires the implementation of an additional off-gases cleaning system. Nevertheless, the results show that mixing the iron concentrate with ordinary ore (in an amount of ≤3 wt%) leads to an insignificant increase in the overall activity during agglomeration (no more than 4–10% for 210Po and 210Pb altogether). Thus, such slags can be safely used as a building material.

Empirical Study on Reduction Behavior and Metallurgical Properties of Vanadia–Titania Magnetite in Blast Furnace

The loss of permeability affects the reduction of the ferrous burden in the cohesive zone of a blast furnace (BF). Vanadia–titania magnetite (VTM) burden of various chemical compositions have different metallurgical properties. The reduction and softening-melting-dripping properties of different kinds of VTM were investigated. The results showed that the core of sinter or pellet is indirectly reduced to wustite and (Fe,Ti)Ox, and the periphery contains interlinked metallic iron and CaSiO3 in the cohesive zone. Wustite and (Fe,Ti)Ox are directly reduced in the melting-dripping zone. The aggregate (Fe, V, Cr) present in the non-dripping causes a loss of valuable components. With the increase in TiO2 content, the substrate phase of molten slag changes from melilite to titanaugite, and the mass of dripping decreases gradually. In addition, the permeability index S increased and the melting zone widened, which indicates that the increase in TiO2 content negatively affected the melting-dripping performance. The mass of the dripping is directly proportional to the pellet ratio. Considering the adverse effect of TiO2 on softening-melting-dripping properties, it is recommended that high TiO2 VTM is smelted while mixed with ordinary ores or with an increased pellet ratio in the burden structure.

Моделирование процессов фильтрации технологических растворов при блочном подземном выщелачивании

PAO “Priargunsky Production Mining and Chemical Association” has been working on reserves of uranium deposits of the Streltsovsky ore field for more than 50 years. During this period, most of the rich ores have been worked out by traditional mining and physical technology. The share of poor and ordinary ores remains significant, but traditional technology does not provide the necessary level of profitability. Therefore, the widespread introduction of physicochemical technology: underground block (BPV) and heap leaching (KV) can be a decisive moment in the continuation of the operation of these deposits. The applied technology of underground block leaching has one significant drawback – a low rate of uranium recovery into a productive solution, which significantly reduces the effectiveness of this technology in the development of poor uranium deposits. To increase the yield of uranium into the productive solution, it is necessary to analyze the entire preparation and leaching process and establish the main reasons for the low rates of transition of uranium to a mobile state. For this purpose, it is proposed to simulate the underground leaching process by building visual models of halos spreading of solutions along shrinked ore mining mass accumulated in an underground chamber. During the simulation, it was found that the distribution of the size classes of the broken ore pieces in the chamber can be predicted at the stage of drilling and blasting operations, and when determining the line of least resistance W and the distance between the ends of the wells, take into account the diameter of the controlled crushing zone R_p. At the same time, 3 zones of granulometric compositions are formed: a re-grinding zone, an optimum zone and a non-carbarite exit zone. The flow of solutions through these zones will differ the more significantly, the higher the height of the chamber. In a zone with larger crushing, an almost steep distribution of the solution spreading front is expected. Accordingly, the smaller the fraction, the lower the front to the horizontal is. The following functions are offered to simulate filtering processes: – it is possible to control the flow of working solutions to the fan of irrigation wells in order to achieve optimal leaching parameters, i.e. to quickly control the process; – knowledge of the law of distribution of irrigation flares makes it possible to select the optimal grid of location of single sprinklers

Geochemistry of magnetite from the giant Paleoproterozoic Dahongshan Fe-Cu deposit, SW China: Constraints on nature of ore-forming fluids and depositional setting

The Dahongshan Fe-Cu ore deposit, hosted in the Paleoproterozoic meta-volcanic and meta-sedimentary sequences, is a giant deposit in the Fe-Cu metallogenic province of southwestern China. Two ore types have been identified: (1) massive and disseminated Fe ores hosted dominantly in meta-volcanic rocks and (2) disseminated and banded Fe-Cu ores in meta-sedimentary rocks. Magnetite presents in all orebodies, and is dominant in the Fe ores. Chemistry of magnetite suggest that the fluids for iron mineralization in the Fe and Fe-Cu orebodies are likely chemically similar and cogenetic. Minor sulfides (e.g., molybdenite) occur at the end of iron mineralization stage, indicating the gradually decrease in oxygen fugacity for the mineralizing fluids with magnetite precipitation. Along with evolution, mineralizing fluids generate magnetite with depletions in Cr, Ni, Ga and V, but enrichments in Mn, Sn and Co, which are primarily reflective of the temperature decrease of fluids.We have discovered some magnetite grains that are extremely rich in V (~10000 ppm), but low in Ti and Cr. Geochemical patterns suggest that they were formed by fluids similar to those of ordinary ores. Available knowledge about the unique high-V magnetite indicates highly-reduced marine environments for its generation. Ore bulk REE patterns showing remarkable positive Eu anomalies and absence of obvious Ce anomalies suggest a BIF-like marine environment, consistent with the morphology of both Fe and Fe-Cu orebodies. Our results provide independent evidence for submarine environment in the formation of the giant Precambrian stratiform Fe(-Cu) ore deposit.

Thermal Transformation of Mixed E-Waste Materials into Clean SiMn/FeMn Alloys

In this paper, the use of three fractions of e-waste (i.e., glass, alkaline batteries, and developer kit) in production of clean alloys of silicomanganese (SiMn) and ferromanganese (FeMn) is verified. The need for producing high quality steels with lower impurities has put strain on manganese alloy-making industries to improve the quality of the product by tighter specifications on harmful elements, particularly sulfur and phosphorus. Commercial production of manganese alloys from ordinary ores inevitably introduces many impurities in the final metal, although in small amounts. In recent years, e-waste has turned into a global concern despite the attempts being made worldwide to tackle this critical issue. Using a blend of glass taken from monitors (GCM), the cathode part of alkaline batteries (CAB), and a developer kit (DK) (as rich sources of silicon, Mn/C, and Fe, respectively), a carbothermal process was employed at 1550 °C under argon purge at atmospheric pressure to produce clean alloys. SEM-EDS stu...

DELINEATION OF ORE OCCURRENCES IN ORE RESERVES APPRAISAL WITH MICROMINE PACKAGE

The ore quality requirements include: cutoff grade, minimum thickness of ore body, maximum permissible thickness of interbeds of barren rocks or offgrade ore within the ore body perimeter, minimum metropercent (metrogram) calculated as the product of cutoff grade and minimum ore body thickness. Recently, mineral reserves appraisal has put in practice automation within specialized programs of geological–surveying data processing. The principal subject in automation of ore occurrence delineation in Micromine package and the topic of this article is delimitation of an ore body across its thickness using the data from the ore quality requirements. This becomes necessary when geological data on external boundaries are absent, which is typical of variable morphology ore bodies: mineralized dikes and zones, ore folds, skarns, ore chimneys, etc. Previously, before this study, Micromine package implemented appraisal of composite material reserves in the following scenarios: along boreholes, by benches, by intervals, by geology, by content. The programmers implemented ,since version 16,the ore occurrence algorithm based on the ore quality requirements using a method in a separate menu tab: Drillhole/ Compositing/ Grade (GKZ).The main kinds (parameters) of the ore occurrence algorithm are the Strictly rules and the Relaxed rules.. The article describes general framework of the analysis of ordinary ore occurrences, and similarity and distinctions in performance of the main kinds of the algorithm. Technically, the ore reserves appraisal based on the ore quality requirements should use the algorithm where all the requirements are maximum possible taken into account. In Micromine package, such algorithm is the Strictly Rules with the option “Do not allow contiguous composites”. Practically, there arises multivariate coupling and delimitation of ore bodies in the identified ore occurrences. The article gives a few somewhat formalized examples to illustrate appropriateness of one or the other method of ore occurrence delineation. Automation of ore reserves appraisal results in essential acceleration of data processing. The described algorithms enable calculation and statistical processing of numerous alternatives of ore occurrences based on the input variables of the ore quality requirements: Cб, Mп, Mр, MC within a short time provided that the data are prepared and clean.

Promote Alumina Leaching through Re-Pelleting: Effects of Directional Coating of Calcite on Silicate Grains

The contents of Fe and SiO2 in ferric bauxite are much higher than that in regular bauxite, and the leaching yield of Al2O3 from ferric bauxite cannot reach the general level of ordinary ores, even under optimal conditions. This paper introduces a pretreatment method to enhance sintering before leaching. First, mixing followed by grinding was found to be more efficient than grinding followed by mixing as a pretreatment method by forming a directional coating structure of CaCO3 on the SiO2 surface. Second, leaching yields increased grinding fineness because CaCO3 grain uniformity could be improved with the latter method. Finally, the leaching yields were increased by pulp consistency under certain conditions, as evidenced by improvements in CaCO3 uniformity, bulk density, and Al2O3 grain size, which parameters were beneficial to enhance leaching. The leaching yield of Al2O3 was increased from 75.2% to 87.15% by using the proposed mixing–grinding method with the leaching agent of water.

Rare earth and other rare elements in uranium ores of paleovalley deposits in the Vitim district: Distribution, occurrence, and applied implications

The degree of concentration and REE and Zr distribution and occurrence in uranium ore samples from paleovalley deposits are considered. Various types of REE distribution in ores with variable uranium content has been revealed: the negative type with predominance of LREE in ordinary ore and the V-shaped type with significant growth of Y, MREE, and HREE contents in high-grade ore. In addition, the relationship between U, on the one hand, and MREE, HREE, Y, and Zr, on the other hand, has been established. Predominant isomorphic incorporation of these elements into various uranium constituents is suggested. The conclusion was arrived at about the most probable gain of REE and Zr along with U on various geochemical barriers from postvolcanic thermal carbonated and sulfuric-acid aqueous solutions enriched in these chemical elements. The significant enrichment of uranium ore in REE confirms the real possibility of recovery of them as a by-product from working solutions in the process of in situ uranium leaching.

Vanadium–titanium magnetite ore blend optimization for sinter strength based on iron ore basic sintering characteristics

Vanadium titanium magnetite (V–Ti) ore is one kind of important polymetallic minerals in China and the mainstream route of comprehensive utilization process is blast furnace (BF)→basic oxygen furnace (BOF). V–Ti sinter is one of the main burdens employed for BF and poor tumbler strength (TI) limits its efficiency. In order to optimize the V–Ti blends for sinter TI, the basic sintering characteristics (BSCs) of 5 kinds of V–Ti ores, 2 ordinary ores and 3 groups of optimization V–Ti blends were studied. In addition, the sinter pot tests were conducted to obtain the TI of the produced sinter. The influencing factors on assimilation temperature (AT), the relations between the 4 characteristics of BSCs, and the factors influencing the V–Ti sinter TI were analyzed. The results showed that the BSCs of 5 kinds of V–Ti ores DB, HW, YT, JL and FH were good except liquid phase fluidity characteristic index (LF). The key reason why V–Ti sinter had a poor TI was the low LF, which caused the sinter with a large-pore structure. Therefore, the matching ores for optimization V–Ti blends should have a high LF. In addition, self-strength of the bonding phase (BS) and crystal intensity (CI) had an important impact on TI when the melt formed was sufficient and meanwhile the melt had a high LF. Moreover, the proper AT was the prior factor for the melt generation. In addition, the optimization V–Ti blends had good BSCs. The sinter TI with 7% NF ore addition could meet the production requirements for its TI was higher than 65%. Totally, the method of V–Ti magnetite ore blend optimization for sinter strength based on iron ore basic sintering characteristics was useful.

Introducing separate beneficiation technology for magnesites at the Magnezit Combine

The Magnezit Combine has completed measures to increase the throughput of existing ducts supplying the starting materials to the beneficiation section; installed a self-balancing, two-screen sieve unit GST-62A (heavy type) instead of the single screen unit; and put into operation a second conical separator SK-3.6 in the section that handles ore 70-8 mm in size; this has led to the use of a procedure for the separate beneficiation of magnesites in narrow fractions 70-40 (25) and 40 (25)-8 mm, and brought about improvements in the quality of the concentrate, as well as increasing the output of the beneficiation section by 30%. When the technology was being developed using ordinary ores containing 4–6% CaO and contaminated with less than 15% dolomite we obtained up to 75% (of the original) of overall high-grade magnesite concentrate of coarse and fine fractions grade MIO (TU-14-200-350-89) with 1.07–1.35% CaO and 0.78–0.8% SiO2 in place of the MI concentrate using the combined beneficiation method. As a result of the development of the optimum schedules in heavy suspensions and preliminary separation of the starting ore into narrow fractions on a screen with 25 mm apertures, we established the possibility of processing balanced and nonstandard ores from special dumps containing more than 7% CaO and dolomite impurities of more than 18–20%, with the production from coarse fraction of 70-25 mm magnesite of up to 30% high-quality magnesite concentrate MIO, and from fine fraction 25-8 mm — a concentrate of MI quality. These concentrates are suitable for making bricks and powders used in refractory factories of the country on a level with those from ordinary ores, which is especially important where there is a scarcity of raw materials at the combine. The technology described above should improve the quality of magnesite concentrate. The savings from using it for reprocessing nonstandard raw materials tranported from special dumps was 128,8000 rubles a year.

日立鉱業所における酸素製錬操業について

Basing upon the results of the commercialization tests on copper smelting by converter using oxygenenriched air, proviously published, (refer Note 1), the project for putting this process into commercial practice was commenced at the Hitachi Mine in September 1956 and completed in April 1958. Thereafter, the operation of this process has been continuing in smooth performance.The construction program may be summarized as follows:-(1) Four of the existing converters were put into use after modifications and improvements.(2) Wet blending is employed as a preliminary treatment for the converter feed ore which after pelletizing in a balling drum is dried to a moisture content of about 3%.(3) Of the existing ten blast furnaces, seven were scrapped and only three preserved, of which one Is being utilized as an auxiliary unit.(4) The oxygen producing plant is an air-separation unit with a capacity to produce 2, 000 cubic metres per hour of oxygen of 95% purity. The oxygen is stored in a-storage tank capable of, holding 2, 000 cubic' metres of oxygen. This is compressed by oxygen compressor and then automatically blended with air to the required oxygen density.(5) The converter slag is treated by the ordinary ore dressing process, for which purpose a slag dressing plant with a capacity for treating 5, 000 tons of slag per month was installed.(6) The No. 1 Sulfuric Acid Plant was expanded from its original production capacity of 3, 000 tons per month to 4, 500 tons per month by the addition of a gas flue of about 750 metres long from converter aisle with a washing tower in between, a drying tower, absorption tower and cooling units.(7) The No. 2 Sulfuric Acid Plant was also expanded from its original production capacity of 3, 000 tons per month to 7, 000 tons per month by the addition of a drying tower, absorption tower, converting units and cooling units. Furthermore, with a view to treating the converter gas, cottrell precipitators wore added. In place of the Herresh off roasters, afluidized bed roaster of 80 tons per day capacity was newly installed. The surplus heat is recovered as steam for utilization at the refinery to which it is piped over a considerably long distance of 3, 500 meters.(8) Improvements and modifications were made to all auxiliary installations to cope with the above.