Ordinary Men Research Articles

Trichomonas Vaginalis Infection in Men with High-Risk Sexual Behaviors.

Background:Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan pathogen of the human genitourinary tract, which is the cause of trichomoniasis. The disease is one of the most important non-viral sexually transmitted infections in the world. Many studies have been performed on the molecular identification of Trichomonas in men in different parts of the world, but in Iran, such a study has been very limited. We aimed to detect T. vaginalis in urine of men with unusual sexual behavior by wet mount microscopic observation, culturing in TYM-33 and molecular method in Tehran, Iran.Methods:Totally, 47 urine samples were collected from men with high-risk sexual behaviors referred to Health Care Centers in South of Tehran, Iran during 2017–2018. After urine centrifugation and wet mount sediment preparation, the samples were cultured in TYM-33 medium and examined microscopically. Then DNA was extracted from urine sediment samples and finally the 18srRNA gene was amplified by PCR.Results:Thirty-one (65.95%) urine samples were positive for T. vaginalis by PCR. Of these, only 6 (12.76%) were detected positive by wet mount method and 25 (53.19%) by culture and successive passages.Conclusion:The high prevalence of trichomoniasis among men with high-risk sexual behavior in Tehran indicates a potent health risk condition for families. Of course, this percentage is not the real infection rate in ordinary men in Tehran. This situation could be controlled by promoting concurrent diagnosis and treatment of T. vaginalis infection in men and women, as well as strengthening religious beliefs and health education in the individuals.

A Tale of Two Floods: Reflections on Biological Sustainability

A Tale of Two FloodsReflections on Biological Sustainability Regina Linder (bio) Keywords Biodiversity, climate change, horizontal gene transfer (HGT), microbial genetics, microbiome, narrative power, Noah's Ark, Superstorm Sandy, zoonosis INTRODUCTION1 In May 2019, the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), an internationally funded U.N.-backed group, prepared a report summarizing thousands of biodiversity studies. IPBES found that, in addition to the twenty percent of Earth's plant and animal life that have disappeared over the past century, as many as one million ADDITIONAL plant and animal species are at risk of extinction.2 The causes the authors cite for this loss of habitats are all driven by human activity: a doubling of the human population in the last fifty years, increased food production, overfishing, global trade, and climate change. As the pandemic caused by COVID-19 continues, further investigations have identified interactions among climate, biodiversity, and the development of pathogenic microorganisms as a further threat capable of widespread human harm.3 Writing in response to the 2019 IPBES report, New York Times climate reporter Brad Plumer reflected upon both the practical toll such a loss would take on society as well as the consequences of the disappearance of the "spiritual or inspirational value" of nature, "[which] can be difficult to quantify."4 Our oldest stories confirm the essential relationship between human well-being and the preservation of natural environments and their inhabitants. Flood stories from Asia, Australia, the Americas, and the Near East—including the biblical story of Noah—can be found throughout ancient literature. In the Huxley Memorial Lecture of 1916, anthropologist James Frazer described these narratives as "contemporary [End Page 406] folklore."5 Reframing these myths as chronicles about microbial diversity had personal resonance for me as a scientist who studies microorganisms. Applying current knowledge of molecular biology to past floods—mythological or otherwise—is impossible. Today, however, we have the necessary tools to explore the biological, cultural, and emotional impact of catastrophic weather events on human communities. What do we mean when we talk about the loss of life forms? How can we interpret the observations of our ancient ancestors through a lens of contemporary molecular biology? Taxonomic or ecological change, especially among microbial species, can be explained by physical/chemical changes and/or transfer of nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) between organisms. Such events may take place in environments like water or within organisms themselves. How does contemporary scientific knowledge inform our ideas and subjective reactions to the natural losses we experience? Examples that emerge from a more recent flood story help to make the ancient ones accessible. These and similar narratives exercise a unique influence on human imagination, linking science with the sense of loss underlying ecological damage.6 FLOOD STORIES ACROSS TIME AND CULTURES The image of a paternal Noah, shepherding pairs of animals onto the ark he designed to protect them from forty days of rain, is beloved by children across cultures. Best known from the biblical Genesis story, this narrative forms the basis of the Islamic, Christian, and Jewish interpretations of the flood event, which respectively portray Noah as a prophet, a righteous preacher, or an ordinary man heeding God.7 However, the Abrahamic narratives were long preceded by "deluge" or flood stories in Near Eastern literature. Mesopotamian Gilgamesh poems (2100–2000 BC) and the Babylonian Atrahasis Epic that followed tell of a flood hero with characteristics of a god but relate logistical details very similar to the Genesis chronicle.8 Historians believe these stories are precursors of the biblical version, transmitted by the people of Haran, the region from which the Patriarch Abraham would emerge.9 All versions of the story agree that the destruction of the earth by water resulted from human failing, including violence and corruption.10 In the aftermath of the deluge, it can be argued that a new and more modern order emerges. Lifespans no longer reach the exceptional 1000 years that Noah achieves, as future Patriarchs and Matriarchs typically live about one tenth of that. Much commentary is devoted to the description of [End Page 407] Noah as a "good man in his day" and whether or not...

Note from the Editor

Note from the Editor

Hapšenje i procesuiranje partizanskih saradnika iz Pirota, Nišora i Gradašnice 1944. godine

This work is primarily a contribution to the study of the Second World War history from the perspective given in the material of the Central State Archives in Sofia which have been only partially used so far. Based on the completely preserved case of the arrest and prosecution of a group of partisan associates from Pirot and Nisor village, the neglected dimensions of the war on the local level will be presented according to authentic testimonies of the accused in the proceedings but also in relation to the attitude of Bulgarian occupation authorities which determined the context of events to a great extent. Apart from the possibility to look at the reality of war from the point of view of the occupiers and the accused, the research made also provides space for getting a better insight into the fate of an ordinary man, often unsettled in the whirlwind of war. In addition, the mentioned material reveals some new and unknown details about significant names of the partisan movement in the area of Pirot, which could be interesting additional information to the existing biographies.

Figure, image, reputation of politicians in the language and the actual political discourse (a corpus research experience)

The purpose of the article is to show the evolution of the concepts of “figure”, “image” and “reputation” in the Russian language in the last fifty years, to analyze their use in modern political discourse. The corpus study on the material of modern political journalism, showed that “image”, the emotionally affecting perception of a person, does not always coincide with the “figure” as the type or character associated with the speaker. Content-analysis of the use of lexemes imidzh, obraz, reputatsiya showed that in the semantic plan they influenced each other, becoming synonyms in various meanings. The semantic evolution of the word imidzh went from an impression of appearance to stereotypical ideas that can be appreciated by society. The “figure”, judging by the Russian National Corpus data, today looks more like a “role” in a film or a play, responding to the theatricalization of the political process. An analysis of the speeches of the president, the prime minister of the country, regional rulers, deputies, and opposition leaders reveals the “masks” of the Grate-Powerman and Patriot, People’s Chosen, Ordinary Man, Strong Man (Powerful Hand), Debater, Distressor, and some others, used as an element of a discursive strategy.

“More Davids than Goliaths?” A Case for the Power of Small Firms To Be Stronger Innovators Compared to Larger Firms During a Global Pandemic

The biblical story of David and Goliath depicts how an ordinary man was confronted with a tremendous challenge and had to respond in an immediate and effective manner in order to be victorious. This same sentiment embodied in the story of David and Goliath holds true in the context of business innovation and reimagination among small firms, especially right now during the Coronavirus Global Pandemic. This conceptual paper discusses how large firms, or Goliaths, have proven track records and tremendous amounts of muscle and resources to support innovation, R&D, and even unexpected emergencies. Yet, small firms, or Davids, often suffer from the liability of newness, sudden change in the business environment, and do not have the same resources to consistently finance on-going innovation or even operations. Nevertheless, we present a case that small firms, like David, can be victorious by being empowered as well as by leveraging their own creativity, resourcefulness, ingenuity, strategic innovation, and reimagination of their businesses during the current Global Pandemic.

“For the Eradication of Polish and Jewish-Muscovite Rule in Ukraine”: An Examination of the Crimes of the Ukrainian Legion of Self-Defense

Abstract This study examines the German-sponsored Ukrainian Legion of Self-Defense (Ukrains’kyi Legion Samooborony, ULS), both its rank and file and its Ukrainian and German officers. Drawing upon sources in German, Ukrainian, American, and Israeli archives, the authors analyze the Legion’s command structure, its relationship to the Third Reich, and its relationship to the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists branch led by Andriy Atansovich Mel’nyk. The presentation of the political and military careers of lower-, mid-, and upper-level Legionnaires reveals their participation in killings of Jews, Poles, and other Ukrainians. The authors also identify the motivations of many of the actors. A close analysis of one case of German and Ukrainian “cooperation” in the Holocaust and other mass murders, this article relates to the debate over whether Holocaust perpetrators were “Ordinary Men.”

Force and the city: occupying and controlling Madrid in the aftermath of the Spanish Civil War

AbstractFor some years, the historiography on Francoist violence has engaged with debates developed by European scholars on the importance of citizen collaboration in authoritarian regimes. In some cases, denunciations made by ‘ordinary men’ have been quantified to establish the extent of violence in everyday life, without taking other qualitative criteria into account. This article explores the importance of urban criteria such as neighbourhood, sociability and mobility in the scope of Francoist violence, taking the military occupation of Madrid at the end of the Spanish Civil War as a case-study.

Populism as Parody: The Visual Self-Presentation of Jair Bolsonaro on Instagram

This study analyzes the visual self-representation of current Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro, who is considered to be one of the exponents of the recent rise of rightwing neopopulism. Despite the growing body of literature analyzing contemporary populism, little has been said about the deployment of images in the construction of public meanings relevant to popular understandings of populist leaders. This research draws from the social media analysis of Casullo to investigate how the images posted on Bolsonaro’s Instagram account show him (1) as a mirror of the people, (2) someone extraordinary, and (3) quick to appropriate symbols of power. Referencing the work of Butler, we document how the visual self-representation of Bolsonaro is marked by eccentricity and unsophistication, which makes his demeanor, body, and appropriation of institutional power function as a series of parodies. His performance hyperbolizes the transgressive aspect of populism, producing a vertiginous and pleasurable ambiguity toward the figure of the leader. In emptying the presidency from its extraordinary dimension, the parody paradoxically does something extraordinary by reestablishing the distance that it seeks to eliminate. His eccentric rejection of basic social standards, over-the-top masculinity, and impromptu use of everyday objects as props work to construct an image that he is just an ordinary man, extraordinarily occupying the presidency.

A Broken Screw in the Soviet System. The Life and Fate of Leonid Nikolaev

The tectonic change of 1917 not only disrupted the country but also placed, for a brief moment, a “little man” at the centre of “big story.” Nikolaev was a typical representative of ordinary people being pushed into a corner by circumstances and deceived in their expectations by a pseudo-socialist state. The high expectations of ordinary people, who were involved by the Bolsheviks in their politics, naturally crashed into the harsh realities of the construction of socialism.Brought to political life from social non-existence, this ordinary man soon became unnecessary to the new political regime’s needs and was subject to manipulation and mobilization by the party. This is how he ended up being merged with the human mass, which was faceless to the party nomenclature. However, this ordinary man was opposed to the latter and thus became the cause of large-scale social cataclysms. He got a weapon and killed Kirov; the personification of the political power against which Nikolaev’s act was directed.In the early Soviet period, many representatives of this social stratum raised their voices in protest, even if not in a terrorist form. Many of them were physically eliminated, the rest were brought to submission. This was a demonstration of the toughness of the Bolshevik regime, which transformed into the regime of Stalin’s personal power in the 1930s, involving terrorist forms of governing.

Harris , James The Great Fear: Stalin's Terror of the 1930s Vatlin , Alexander Agents of Terror: Ordinary Men and Extraordinary Violence in Stalin's Secret Police by Seth Bernstein (review)

REVIEWS 781 impatient with political in-fighting and discussion. For them, as for Stalin, ‘democracy was something to aspire to, like communism itself — something for the distant future’ (p. 124). Ashortreviewcannotdojusticetotherichnessanddiversityofthiscollection, but it is hoped that the comments above will encourage a wide readership. Department of History Richard G. Robbins University of New Mexico Harris, James. The Great Fear: Stalin’s Terror of the 1930s. Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, 2016. x + 205 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index.£30.00. Vatlin, Alexander. Agents of Terror: Ordinary Men and Extraordinary Violence in Stalin’s Secret Police. Edited, translated and with an introduction by Seth Bernstein. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI, 2016. xxxiv + 171 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Index. $64.95. The Great Terror of 1937–38 was, according to its leaders, aimed at stomping out a vast conspiratorial network of counterrevolutionaries in league with foreign intelligence services. Yet nearly all of the charges of conspiracy and treason were false. Rather than strengthening the Soviet Union, the Terror disrupted it — leaving it more vulnerable to foreign attack on the eve of World War Two. But if the Terror was so destructive, why did Stalin and his councillors unleash it? Did they miscalculate? Or were they in control of it at all? Observers sought answers to these questions from the very outset of the massacre. In October 1937 Leon Trotskii described it as the death throes of a counterrevolutionary bureaucracy without social support, lashing out in a vain attempt to squash all opposition. As the Terror wound down Arthur Koestler penned Darkness at Noon, which attributed Communist confessions of treason to fealty to an ideology that placed the collective good above the individual: ‘If the party requires it, I will confess…’ In the 1950s and ’60s both Leninist reformers and anti-Communists focused on Stalin’s paranoia and hunger for absolute power. In these accounts, charges of counterrevolution and treason masked the real motive, of squashing all imaginable opposition to Stalin’s power. This was the tack Stalin’s successor Nikita Khrushchev took, thus evading wider Communist Party responsibility (including his own). In The Great Terror (1968), anti-Communist crusader Robert Conquest paradoxically took a similar position to Khrushchev’s, focusing on the demonic evil of Stalin and his NKVD deputies. In Conquest’s story, Stalin was the master-plotter, who had already planned the Terror by the autumn of 1933. SEER, 98, 4, OCTOBER 2020 782 As popular audiences devoured Conquest, scholars were shifting their analyses of the Terror away from Stalin’s personality and leadership politics. Scholars such as Graeme Gill and J. Arch Getty focused instead on tension between Moscow and provincial political machines, showing that the latter often evaded Central Committee directives and concealed information from the centre. In the run-up to the Terror, Stalin and other central authorities expressed increasing frustration with the problem. One aspect of the Terror, then, was an attempt by Stalin et al. to impose discipline on the periphery by force. Most of the Terror’s victims were not political elites. Yet neither high politics or Stalin’s tyrannical personality, nor even centre-periphery conflict, seemed to explain this reality well. From the 1970s onward a number of historians (among them Moshe Lewin, Gabor Rittersporn, Roberta Manning and Sheila Fitzpatrick),pointedtoacomplexofsocialandlocalpoliticaldynamicsthatthey believed accelerated the massacres. In an under-governed ‘quicksand society’ destabilized by gigantic state initiatives, government efforts to exert control by encouraging denunciations of corrupt officials, spies and class enemies led to contagious fear. The result was rapidly propagating waves of denunciations to the security organs. When central authorities gave the organs the green light for mass repression, terror ran amok. The opening of the Soviet archives revealed that Stalin had indeed ordered the arrests and executions of tens if not hundreds of thousands. He had also driven a process in which top NKVD officials set quotas for arrests by local offices. While the numbers do not quite add up — we cannot trace all of the deaths and camp sentences directly to central orders — the archives left no doubt of Stalin’s ultimate responsibility for the Terror. At the same time, the dynamics described by the social historians (Lewin et...

Pomnit' po-nashemu: Sotsrealisticheskii istorizm i blokada Leningrada by Voronina Tat'iana (review)

SEER, 98, 4, OCTOBER 2020 784 Alexander Vatlin’s Agents of Terror, ably translated by Seth Bernstein, shows howNKVDofficersintheMoscowsuburbofKuntsevoimplementedthedeadly massacre. Working under the pressure of daily quotas for interrogations and ‘socialist competitions’ between branches for the highest number of arrests, confessions, etc., agents resorted to extraordinary shortcuts. They wrote up ‘confessions’ even before meeting arrestees, then beat the latter until they signed. In the ‘family method’, officers saved time and effort by arresting entire families at once. Another device was ‘staff witnesses’, who regularly provided ‘evidence’ for multiple cases. Vatlin finds that the Kuntsevo NKVD cycled through three types of charges. From the summer of 1937 until early 1938 agents tended to charge arrestees with ‘counterrevolutionary agitation’. In the spring of 1938 NKVD chief Ezhov mandated ‘the spy turn’, as officers investigated suspects for links with foreign intelligence services. The spy turn overlapped with a final phase, the arrests of elderly citizens who had belonged to non-Bolshevik political parties during the revolutionary years. This came about simply because the NKVD ran out of other criteria for arrests. Vatlin’s book complements Harris’s in its emphasis on widening circles of fear. NKVD officers worked frantically in dread that they themselves might be arrested if they did not meet quotas; neighbours denounced neighbours out of terror that they might themselves be denounced. AgentsofTerrordoesnotquitedeliveronthepromiseofitssubtitle—‘Ordinary Men and Extraordinary Violence in Stalin’s Secret Police’. The investigation files on which it is based do not allow a detailed psychological portrait of perpetrators, of the sort that Hannah Arendt undertook of Adolf Eichmann. It is, however, the most detailed account of NKVD investigation procedures we are likely to see coming out of Russian archives for decades to come. Since its writing the Russian Federation has re-classified NKVD operational files. The only pre-war operational files now accessible are in Ukrainian archives. Department of History Matthew Lenoe University of Rochester Voronina, Tat´iana. Pomnit´ po-nashemu: Sotsrealisticheskii istorizm i blokada Leningrada. Biblioteka-zhurnala ‘neprikosnovennyi zapas’. Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie, Moscow, 2018. 273 pp. Notes. R312.00. Tat´iana Voronina’s Pomnit´ po-nashemu brings new evidence and a fresh perspective to bear on how and why the master-narrative of the Leningrad Blockade has endured to shape public attitudes and political discourse in both the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation. Voronina has long been a scholar REVIEWS 785 of the Blockade and an authority on historical memory. She began recording oral histories with siege survivors in the early 2000s. Pomnit´ po-nashemu showcases her expertise in using such sources. She masterfully demonstrates how individual stories become enveloped in collectively-formulated concepts while remaining personally meaningful. Spanning the years 1941 to 2006, this remarkably succinct book uses a combination of historical, anthropological and literary methods to argue that the master-narrative or myth of the siege has its roots in Socialist Realism. This phenomenon began during the war years, when professional writers wellversed in Socialist-Realist aesthetics deliberately incorporated them into their novels, poems and articles. The post-war repression of Leningrad’s wartime leadership silenced discussions of the siege during the late 1940s and early 1950s, but when this moratorium lifted under Khrushchev’s Thaw, historians, politicians and survivors continued to recount the blockade by drawing — deliberately or unwittingly — on structural features and textual devices from Socialist Realism, which now seemed self-evident (p. 199). At the same time, the myth of the Blockade has not been static. Voronina demonstrates how it evolved, especially during the Thaw, perestroika and Soviet collapse. However, even as the political landscape shifted and censorship was lifted, the masternarrative endured. Voronina’sconceptualizationofSocialistRealismisbasedonthemorphology outlined by Katerina Clark in The Soviet Novel (Chicago, IL, 1981). Among the mode’s defining traits is the positive hero, who overcomes formidable obstacles to achieve a socially significant feat. The hero struggles, but his struggle is always meaningful and it proves his steadfast commitment to his mission. In Socialist-Realist accounts of the Blockade, the hero might be a soldier, party official, or civilian who willingly and ‘wholeheartedly’ sacrifices himself to defeat the besiegers (p. 160). Heroism — not trauma or victimization — comprises the core of historical memory about the siege. This explains why, Voronina...

ANTHONY NEİLSON’UN SANSÜRCÜ İSİMLİ OYUNUNUN ZYGMUNT BAUMAN’IN AHLAK SOSYOLOJİSİ IŞIĞINDA YENİ BİR OKUMASI

New writing, In-Yer-Face theatre, rising masculinity, grunge, the rave scene, and hip-hop dominated the world of music, literature, and drama in the nineties. The nineties also displayed that one could reach sexual affairs not only in the political world and on TVs, but also on theatre stages. Anthony Neilson whose works are associated in criticism with the phenomenon variously described as In-Yer-Face Theatre put The Censor on the stage in 1997. The Censor is not the playwright and director Anthony Neilson’s first experiential play; however, it was his most sensational and taboo-breaking one thanks to its infamous pornographic scene and a theme around sexual trauma, affection, loss, and death. It is a fact that there is a limitation of studies that focus on the relationship between Anthony Neilson’s dramaturgy and postmodernism. Therefore, this work aims to explore Neilson's Censor from a new perspective that will enable the postmodern elements and features of Neilson's work to be viewed from a moral point of view, which envisages analysing the postmodern situation through Zygmunt Bauman's views. To do this, firstly, this work limits its analysis to the discovery of the playwright’s in-yer-face drama via The Censor. Secondly, after presenting the Polish sociologist Zygmunt Bauman’s views over morality, it analyses morality behind the notion of fluid in The Censor through the focus on ordinary postmodern man and his/her moral and ethical condition by following the postmodernist zeitgeist around Zygmunt Bauman’s moral sociology.

Fragmentation vs. Integration in Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment

In this paper I analyse the internal splitting in Raskolnikov’s character, and the path which leads him from fragmentation to integration. The splitting of the character is explained as complemented by the split in the novel through the ‘surprising’ end of the novel, both in its style and brevity, i.e. the resolution of the internal conflict via Raskolnikov’s mystical turn to faith. The splitting comprises the fact that Raskolnikov must alienate himself in radical alterity in order to come to his authentic self; the split between the fictitious, false self of the extraordinary man and the realistic and true self of the ordinary man at the end of the novel tells the story of how the fragmented self, paradoxically, opens up the way to the integrated self. For this purpose I have relied mostly on Lacanian concepts, as Lacan’s idea of the integrated ‘I’ is closely related to the ethical act by which the Symbolic is transgressed, and which represents a radical alienation in the Real concomitant with the temporary suspension of the Symbolic.

ROLE OF MULADHAR CHAKRA IN ACTIVATION OF KUNDALIN SHAKTI

The Kundalini and the Chakras are thought to be the most mysterious part of the yogic sciences. Awakening of the Kundalini is well assumed to be the supernatural power which cannot be achieved by the ordinary man. This invites me to investigate the anatomical and nervous correlation of the Kundalini and the Chakra with the help of both ancient and modern knowledge. As the Muladhara Chakra is said to be the root Chakra and the serpent power i.e., Kundalini lies in it in dormant state, the present article is specially concerns to represent the scientific correlation of the activation of the Kundalini especially through Muladhara Chakra.

Explanatory frameworks and managing randomness

Epidemics, the medical historian Charles Rosenberg argued, typically have four Acts, as in a play. In Act I, which he termed ‘Progressive revelation’, ‘merchants’, ‘municipal authorities’ and ‘the complacency of...

Time and Work in Rural England, 1500–1700*

Abstract ‘Free of haste, careless of exactitude, unconcerned by productivity.’ This is how Jacques Le Goff characterized the temporality of pre-industrial rural working life. In E. P. Thompson’s famous argument, it was only with the arrival of the factory and the industrial age that the erratic rhythms of English working people were abruptly swept away by a new imperative for long and regular working hours controlled by the clock. It is a thesis that has been much debated in relation to pre- and non-industrial cities, and with regard to the impact of industrialization when it arrived. There has, however, been very little scrutiny of its account of the relationship between time and work in rural England before industrialization. This article therefore offers the first extensive empirical study of both time consciousness and work-related time-use in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century rural England. It does so by drawing on the testimony that ordinary women and men gave before the courts, testimony that often divulged both how those people told the time of day, and how they used it. What emerges is that English rural society in this period had a relatively high degree of clock-time awareness, and that everyday patterns of work followed more consistent and regular rhythms than Thompson’s thesis allows. As a consequence, the article argues that we need to question the assumption that the long hours and work discipline of ‘modernity’ had no roots in ‘traditional’ English rural life.

Ear Perception as a Poetic Device: The Aesthetics of Sound in William Wordsworth’s Poetry

Wordsworth’s romantic approach to poetry manifests itself through a rich array of writing techniques. His reliance on the five senses in his poetic depictions constitutes an aesthetics that swerves from a mimetic representation of reality and embraces reliance on personal experiences and subjective impressions. Among other senses, Wordsworth gives particular attention to the ear. Some important poems of his feature sound and music as stylistic devices illustrating a few theoretical concepts already developed in “Preface to Lyrical Ballads” (1802). In selected passages from The Prelude and “The Solitary Reaper” Wordsworth uses sound and hearing as metaphors for his principle of poetic creation in tranquillity, while in poems like “The Power of Sound” and “The Power of Music” the motive of music distinctively reveals Wordsworth’s differentiation between the poet and the ordinary man as plainly exposed in his “Preface”.

Anti-Muslim discrimination in France: Evidence from a field experiment

Abstract Are Muslims qua Muslims discriminated against in the French labour market? Identifying anti-Muslim hiring discrimination is challenging because it requires neutralising two confounding factors: geographic origin (the bulk of Muslim-majority countries are located outside of Europe and its offshoots) and religiosity (survey-based evidence reveals greater importance attached to God among Muslims than Christians). To address these challenges, this paper compares the callback rates of fictitious job applicants of Muslim and Christian affiliation who originate from the same country, Lebanon, and are identical in every respect save the religion they inherited. This paper also varies whether the job applicants are “religious”, i.e. whether they practise their religion in adulthood, through their membership in Scouting associations. The results reveal no discrimination against Muslims when they are not religious. However, Muslims lose ground when they are religious, unless they are outstanding. The gap further widens when religious Muslims are compared to religious Christians. While religiosity constitutes a penalty for Muslims, it works as a premium for Christians: their callback rate is boosted when they are religious. Consequently, religious Muslims must submit twice as many applications as religious Christians before being called back by the recruiters. A closer look at the data reveals that the “religiosity penalty” affects ordinary Muslim men and accounts for the full gap in callback rate between religious ordinary Muslim men (4.2%) and their Christian counterparts (10.9%). This finding is compatible with employers incurring a disutility when they interact with religious Muslim men, that wanes as the latter become outstanding and, hence, more likely to behave in a way that pleases employers. It is also compatible with religious ordinary Muslim men being linked to a risk of religious radicalism. A follow-up survey confirms that the signal used to convey religiosity is deemed relevant and correctly interpreted by employers.

Physiological norms in Silappatikaram

Silappatikaram an epic poetry was written by Ilanko Adikal. Silambu and Context (Athikaram) are combined and becomes Silappatikaram. The story of Silmba (Anklet) is therefore called Silappatikaram. It is called the Citizen's Epic because it was sung by ordinary people like Kovalan and Kannaki. It is the book that makes the life of the people very clear. Individuality, Family, Relative, Community Membership, Citizenship are Physiological Sites and characteristics that human beings need to protect, tasks to perform, and the norms by which an ordinary man can live in everyday life. The integrity of the political life, the rise of femininity, the belief in morality are the high principles of the Tamil people; Silappatikaram explains these. It persuades moral principles through fiction. In this way, it is considered to be the study of the Physiological norms of these People's through dance.