Ordinary Frame Research Articles

A simplified method for evaluation of seismic displacement of reinforced concrete frame buildings

ABSTRACTCurrent seismic design requirements specify lateral displacement or story drift limits to be compared with calculated results from structural analysis. The lateral displacements for different types of buildings are usually predicted through commercial structural software, which takes much computational time at the beginning of the structural design. In this research, a simplified equation is proposed to calculate lateral displacements of buildings under lateral loads with different distributions. The equation is developed to quickly predict the elastic and inelastic building displacements during preliminary design of new buildings or seismic assessment of existing buildings without performing expensive dynamic time history analyses using software. The proposed method is based on elastic beam theory and is compared with similar ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) 7–10 procedures. The accuracy of the proposed method is validated by the elastic and inelastic analysis using 2-D (two dimensional) and 3-D (three dimensional) frame buildings. Additionally, the equation is used to determine inelastic story displacements of ordinary, intermediate and special moment frames, and coefficient used to compute the inelastic story displacement according to the proposed equation are recommended in this study.

THE DESIGN – THE ESSENCE OF THE JAPANESE SPIRIT

The modern Japanese design today is in a historical momentum of change. Japanese define new orientations for coming decades and announce a new technical and spiritual sphere. In last two decades, events in this domain were growing in and out of Japan, hundreds of exhibitions were organized, a huge number of projects were realized, a number of debates dedicated design were initiated. Designers from various generations, layers, styles, features took part in such intense dynamics. Common denominator of described frequent communication was sending of signals a new vision, which surpassed ordinary frames or abundant creation of new aesthetic objects. This tendency was increasingly oriented towards experimentation and application of new materials and technologies. It is also trying preserve or renew manual and craft local traditions. This evolution fuels on the extreme individual specialization which is accompanied by interdisciplinary and cooperative orientation . Such a relationship raises boundaries of objects of their physical and imaginary potential fullest extent, and in same way, devises and fills within living space. The mobilization of senses becomes even more evident.During 2003, Japanese daily Asahi Shimbun published a letter from famous fashion designer Issey Miyake (titled Timeto Create a Designe Museum). In this text he is committed building a Design Museum in Japan. At same time, he is trying analyze design in Japan and recalls requirements for refreshing design ten years after economic crisis in Japan. In this review, Mijake notes that the Japanese have become indifferent new ideas and original technologies as well as design processes that give them form . He addresses his compatriots that they should be more sensitive modern designs that can improve their lives. Mijake tells elites that there is an unwanted effect of intellectual and creative impoverishment, because designers look only forward without turning back and exploiting lessons learned from past. Fifteen years later, it can be concluded that Japan does not yet have a design museum, but campaign of Mijane, Kenya Haro and art historian Masanori Aoyagi has grown into a kind of movement. In 2013, realization of creation of a national design center was launched. It was another motive begin interest of Japanese engage in implementation of new materials, technology and innovations energy that influenced cohesion of society. Kenya Aharo succeeded in gathering largest living Japanese creators and most successful creative crews in domain of design, art, architecture, engineering of Japan. The basic slogan of this esteemed company was to live our life in a new way. His concept goes beyond framework of usefulness and beauty of object. The rediscovery of earth and tree allows one find a new force that has created harmony between people and spirituality of life. Japan has come alive in a new era of design.

K $\mathcal {K}$ -Matrix-valued Wave Packet Frames in L 2 ( ℝ d , ℂ s × r ) $L^{2}(\mathbb {R}^{d}, \mathbb {C}^{s\times r})$

We study frame properties of a matrix-valued wave packet system in the matrix-valued function space $L^{2}(\mathbb {R}^{d}, \mathbb {C}^{s\times r})$ , where the lower frame condition is controlled by a bounded linear operator $\mathcal {K}$ on $L^{2}(\mathbb {R}^{d}, \mathbb {C}^{s\times r})$ (lower $\mathcal {K}$ -frame condition, in short). There are many differences between ordinary frames and $\mathcal {K}$ -frames. The lower $\mathcal {K}$ -frame condition for matrix-valued wave packet Bessel sequences in $L^{2}(\mathbb {R}^{d},\mathbb {C}^{s\times r})$ in terms of operators; a trace functional associated with a bounded linear operator on $L^{2}(\mathbb {R}^{d}, \mathbb {C}^{s\times r})$ ; and a series associated with a matrix-valued Bessel sequence is presented. It is shown that matrix-valued wave packet frames are stable under small perturbation with respect to wave packet window functions.

Multipliers for von Neumann–Schatten Bessel sequences in separable Banach spaces

In this paper we introduce the concept of von Neumann–Schatten Bessel multipliers in separable Banach spaces and obtain some of their properties. We study their behavior when the symbol belongs to ℓp. Also, we investigate the continuous dependency of Hilbert–Schmidt Bessel multipliers on their parameters. Special attention is devoted to the study of invertible Hilbert–Schmidt frame multipliers which is an extensive class of ordinary frame multipliers and includes g-frame multipliers and fusion frame multipliers as elementary examples. Among other things, the invertibility of Hilbert–Schmidt Riesz multipliers is completely characterized. In particular, we show that all the existing frames in Hilbert spaces is uniquely determined by the set of its dual frames.

Evaluating seismic response modification factor of steel frames with different bracing systems

This paper aims to evaluate seismic response modification factor, overall ductility factor, and overstrength factor of ordinary moment steel frames with different concentrically bracing systems (X-bracing, V-bracing, and inverted V-bracing). The effects of bracing type and number of stories have been considered in the course of this study. Such factors effects on seismic parameters are not considered in seismic codes such as International Building Code (IBC, 2012) and European Standards (EN). Linear time history analysis has been performed using multiple earthquake records selected to include the variability in ground motion characteristics for 4-, 8-, 12-, and 16-story steel frame buildings. Nonlinear pushover analysis was then carried out by assigning nonlinear material behaviour and plastic hinges to steel elements according to code. It has found that each bracing system has a unique behaviour as well as different seismic parameters than other types, which are not differentiated in seismic codes such as IBC and EN. Also, it was found that the overall ductility factor, decreased with increasing the number of stories, while response modification factor (except for the inverted V-braced system) and overstrength factor increased with increasing the number of stories.

Topological Optimization of Aircraft Frame Structures with the Variable Density Method

In this paper, a variable density topological optimization method is derived on the basis of Lagrange function, and the RAMP interpolation model is selected to optimize the frame structure of aircrafts with variable density method. For an example, the ordinary frame structure of the domestic planes is taken to illustrate validity of the presented method. The numerical model of the aircraft frames is obtained. The optimal design analysis of the model structural distribution and the weight loss requirement of the aircraft frame structures are realized. In conclusion, the structural distribution law of the topology optimization is summarized according to the topology optimization structures.

$G$-Frames for operators in Hilbert spaces

$K$-frames as a generalization of frames were introduced by L. Gu{a}vruc{t}a to study atomic systems on Hilbert spaces which allows, in a stable way, to reconstruct elements from the range of the bounded linear operator $K$ in a Hilbert space. Recently some generalizations of this concept are introduced and some of its difference with ordinary frames are studied. In this paper, we give a new generalization of $K$-frames. After proving some characterizations of generalized $K$-frames, new results are investigated and some new perturbation results are established. Finally, we give several characterizations of $K$-duals.

Unification of gravity and quantum field theory from extended noncommutative geometry

We make biframe and quaternion extensions on the noncommutative geometry, and construct the biframe spacetime for the unification of gravity and quantum field theory (QFT). The extended geometry distinguishes between the ordinary spacetime based on the frame bundle and an extra non-coordinate spacetime based on the biframe bundle constructed by our extensions. The ordinary spacetime frame is globally flat and plays the role as the spacetime frame in which the fields of the Standard Model are defined. The non-coordinate frame is locally flat and is the gravity spacetime frame. The field defined in both frames of such “flat” biframe spacetime can be quantized and plays the role as the gravity field which couples with all the fields to connect the gravity effect with the Standard Model. Thus, we provide a geometric paradigm in which gravity and QFT can be unified.

On the duality of frames and fusion frames

Optimal frame bounds play a key role in many applications of frame theory, such as filter banks. In this paper, we study the relation between the bounds of a frame and its alternate dual and then present some approach to construct a family of Parseval frames. Also, we survey some problems on duals of fusion frames. In particular, we discuss on some essential differences between duals of ordinary frames and fusion frames. Finally, we characterize duals of some fusion frames.

Stories of Words, Words as Stories. Some lexico-statistically based Reflections on the Meaning Unit in Spoken Language

This paper develops a theoretical discussion about the definition of the unit of content in spoken language. The issue originates from the applicative field of corpus-based lexico-statistical surveys, which are traditionally and prevalently used to optimize and standardize the programs for the vocabulary didactics of foreign languages. The main critical limitation of lexico-statistical inquiries can be identified in their impossibility to determine a representative threshold of the basic content lexicon of a language or, put otherwise, the most important words referring to the concrete things that are spoken about. Beyond the threshold of the most recurring 1,000 lexemes, in fact, words virtually show low and irregular as well as semi-equivalent probabilities to recur in spoken texts. The lexico-statistical applications that have followed aim exactly at overcoming this limitation. Albeit through different methodologies, the various approaches conceive in fact the basic content lexicon as made up by the most frequent or used concrete substantives of a language. From time to time, either limited or particularly extensive series of concrete nouns have been compiled: however, these nouns are de facto subject to sporadic and irregular trends of recur-rence values in spoken texts and are likely to be encountered very rarely by the language user in actual spoken utterances. The discussion on basic spoken contents simply ends up in a theoretical flaw and in a mere representational paradox, because it investigates and describes exactly what is not constitutive of the examined phenomenon. The consideration of the very semiotic peculiarity of spoken language constitutes the premise of an alternative definition of its meaning unit. The things that are talked about are in fact expressed only sporadically, because they are embedded in the situational context wherein they are shared – and mostly reiterated – by the conversation partners. More than with a dis-crete lexical element, the unit of spoken content seems to be identifiable with the holistic con-versational practice that is instead regularly carried out by the speakers within likely ordinary frames of experience; consequently it seems to be closer to a basic unit in the “practice of meaning” than to an isolated meaning constituent. As the habitudinary modality of construct-ing, inhabiting and sharing our everyday form of life, the meaning unit in spoken language rather unveils as a narrative unit, for reasons that this paper explores in details. Such an alter-native theoretical vision is dealt with in the final part of the contribution, which also outlines further issues related to the possibilities of both its representation and its didactic usability.

The new proposed details for moment resisting connections of steel beam to continuous concrete column

Six new details for composite steel–concrete connections are proposed for a continuous concrete column and a steel beam segment. A steel sleeve is used to connect the steel beam to the concrete column. Connection components are either steel studs or U-channels used in two different types of joints to connect the sleeve to the concrete column. Attachment of beam to the sleeve is in three different ways including direct connection, using steel plates at beam flange levels, and utilizing apron plates all around the column at beam flanges. The behavior of the connections is evaluated, and stiffness, strength, and ductility of the suggested connections are compared with the conventional steel and concrete joints. Effects of axial load, beam size, steel sleeve thickness, and height of steel sleeve are investigated. Based on the results of this study, appropriate ranges for the thickness and height of the steel sleeves are determined. In addition, some optimized design parameters are proposed in order to improve the behavior of the connections. The proposed connections are categorized based on their strength and ductility for use in ordinary, moderate, and special frames.

G-FRAMES IN HILBERT PRO-C*-MODULES

G-frames are generalized frames which include ordinary frames, bounded invertible linear operators, as well as many recent generalizations of frames, e.g., bounded quasi-projectors and frames of subspaces. G-frames are natural generalizations of frames which provide more choices on analyzing func- tions from frame expansion coefficients. First, they were defined in Hilbert spaces and then generalized on C*-Hilbert modules. In this paper, we first gen- eralize the concept of g-frames to Hilbert modules over pro-C*-algebras. Then, we introduce the g-frame operators in such spaces and show that they share many useful properties with their corresponding notions in Hilbert spaces. We also show that, by having a g-frame and an invertible operator in this spaces, we can produce the corresponding dual g-frame. Finally we introduce the canoni- cal dual g-frames and provide a reconstruction formula for the elements of such Hilbert modules.

Experimental tests for the evaluation of the energy dissipation capacity of a double split tee connection with SMA bolts

The double split tee connection is a form of connection suitable for ordinary or special moment frames. This double split tee connection represents different behavioral characteristics and failure modes depending on the stiffness ratio of the beams and columns, the geometric shape of the T-stub and the panel zone effect. In general, the geometric shape of the T-stub and its effects can be classified by the parameter α representing the value of the ratio between the moment at the centerline of the bolt line and the flange moment at the face of the T-stub stem. Energy dissipation capacity, however, can be improved by applying materials that facilitate the expression of seismic performance, as with the double split tee connection, which has a relatively small α value. In this regard, this study attempted to investigate the changes in energy dissipation capacity by applying the shape memory alloy (SMA), which provides excellent shape memory capability and ability to restore superelasticity to the double split tee connection having relatively small α value. Specimens of the double split tee connection fastened using SMA bolts were fabricated, and an experiment on the connections was performed.

$$t$$ t -Frames and their Noetherian Perturbation

The concept of \(t\)-frame associated with the tensor product of Hilbert spaces is introduced. All the properties of ordinary frames are extended to this case. Noetherian perturbation of \(t\)-frames is considered. The stability of \(t\)-frameness with respect to quadratic closeness is proved.

Shaking table comparative test and associated study of a stepped wall-frame structure

A new structural system called a stepped wall-frame structure is proposed in this study to solve the bottom yielding problem of RC frames, which widely occurred during previous earthquakes such as the Wenchuan and Yushu earthquakes in China. A 1/5 scale ordinary RC frame model and a stepped wall-frame model were subjected to shake table motions together to study the seismic behavior of the new structural system. This paper presents the dynamic characteristics, the seismic responses and the failure and collapse mechanism of the two models under low, moderate and high intensity shaking. The test results and further analysis demonstrate that the seismic performance of stepped wall-frame structures is superior to ordinary RC frames in terms of the well-controlled deformation pattern and more uniformly distributed damage. The stepped wall can effectively suppress the bottom yielding mechanism, and is simple, economical and practical for engineering practice.

Seismic Performance Analysis of Steel Frame with Wedge Devices Based on the Energy Dissipation

The steel frame with wedge devices is a kind of shock structure based on the node energy consumption. The seismic performances of steel frame with wedge and ordinary steel frame model under low cycle reciprocating load simulation analysis and time history analysis under earthquake loads are analyzed by using finite element software, compared the respective energy dissipation performance and seismic performance, the results show that the wedge spring damping device can effectively control story drifts of structure, reduce the seismic response of structure, and well consume the seismic energy, so the structure of the new column bases with wedge spring devices show better seismic performance.

An Energy Dissipation Device Based on Shape Memory Alloys for Frame Structures

This paper proposes an energy dissipation device based on shape memory alloys (SMA) for frame structures. By setting anchorage device below and near the inflection point of the first storey columns, a set of force cable and energy dissipation cable using SMA are installed symmetrically in the anchorage device and the bottom of them fixed in the ground. Analytical study including the push-over and time-history analysis were investigated by ANSYS finite element program to a new CFST frame and an ordinary CFST frame. Studies have shown that the device can effectively control the structural displacement response and acceleration response, dissipating large amounts of earthquake energy. Therefore, the energy dissipation devices had a better value and prospects in engineering.

The Seismic Performance Analysis for the Ceramsite Concrete Frame – Shear Wall Structure

The paper focused on the seismic performance of ceramsite concrete frame—shear wall, which conducted the modal analysis and elasto-plastic time history analysis for 6 layers ceramsite concrete frame—shear wall and ordinary concrete frame—shear wall by software SAP2000. Then compared the results, which showed that the periods of ceramsite concrete frame—shear wall structure was longer than the ordinary concrete frame—shear wall structure, while the inter-storey drift ratio and the maximum absolute acceleration are less than ordinary concrete frame—shear wall. Besides, the largest base shear of ceramsite concrete frame—shear wall structure was less than ordinary concrete frame—shear wall structure. And the seismic performance of ceramsite concrete frame—shear wall showed was better than ordinary concrete frame—shear wall structure.

Test Scheme and Result Analysis of New-Type Frame Structure with Column End of Steel-Concrete Composite Joint

The frame column and frame structure with column end of steel-concrete composite joint is a new-type architectural structure. To obtain the mechanical property of the new-type frame column and frame structure, comparative tests between 6 new-type columns and 3 ordinary columns and comparative tests between new-type frames and ordinary frames are carried out. This paper elabrately introduces the specimen design, experiment load, test program, test results and others. Thus, the transformation and failure characteristics of new-type long and short columns at different axial compression ratios and the transformation and failure characteristics of new-type grames at different prestresses are obtained. They are respectively compared with the ordinary long and short columns and frames. Results show that the seismic performance of the new-type column and frame structure is obviously superior to that of the ordinary ones. The tests can achieve the expected test objectives and are proved successful.

Class of bounded operators associated with an atomic system

$K$-frames, more general than the ordinary frames, have been introduced by Laura G{\u{a}}vru{\c{t}}a in Hilbert spaces to study atomic systems with respect to a bounded linear operator. Using the frame operator, we find a class of bounded linear operators in which a given Bessel sequence is an atomic system for every member in the class.