Ordinary Form Research Articles

Possibility of stationary detonation of condensed high explosives (HE) in charges without shells in connection with shock polar properties

This paper considers the location of the sound points normal in a stationary detonation front in a condensed explosive, if the mass flow rate of the shock-compressed substance u is less on the shock polar than at the point of maximal angle of stream rotation. The known construction of the ordinary form of the shock polar in gases is extended by graphical construction to estimate the slope of the isentropy at point A of the shock adiabat. The conditions that a condensed medium must satisfy for the sound point to occupy a normal location on its theoretical shock polars are determined. It is found, according to this analysis performed on the theoretical shock polars of condensed HE, that the sound points do occupy the normal location.

Equilibration of 2-chloro-1,2-dihydrosantonin conformers; A theoretical approach using X-ray diffraction and MO calculations.

2α-Chloro-1, 2-dihydro-l-α-santonin (1) with the cyclohexenone A-ring of the ordinary half-chair form and the 2β-chloro isomer (2) with that of the unique half-boat from were found to equilibrate through acid-catalyzed epimerization and thermodynamic conformational change. In this, the former was favored over the latter by a free energy difference of 0.7-1.0 kcal/mol. The crystal structure and the half-chair conformation of the molecule of 1 were confirmed by X-ray diffraction methods. Semi-empirical (MNDO and CNDO) and ab initio molecular orbital calculations of these chloroenone conformers using input parameters obtained from their X-ray analytical data reproduced the observed conformational energy.

Phase transition in KOH-doped hexagonal ice

A few crystals exist which have residual entropy1,2. The most notable of these is hexagonal ice, Ih, the ordinary form of solid H2O (ref. 3). The structural interpretation of the residual entropy proposed by Pauling and widely accepted ascribes it to positional disorder of the protons in the ice conditions4. As such a disordered arrangement of the constituent atom cannot be an equilibrium structure of the crystal at the lowest temperature, there has been great interest in the search for a possible ordering phenomenon in ice crystals. We report here a calorimetric experiment which shows that a first order phase transition takes place in KOH-doped ice crystals and that the transition removes most of the residual entropy of the ice crystal.

Hyperphenylalaninemia Due to Dihydropteridine Reductase Deficiency: Diagnosis by Enzyme Assays on Dried Blood Spots

Enzymatic diagnosis of hyperphenylalaninemia due to a deficiency of dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) has previously been made by assay on liver biopsy samples, cultured skin fibroblasts, cultured lymphoid cell lines, or peripheral leukocytes. These procedures have some disadvantages for the purpose of early diagnosis of the disease. A simple method of DHPR assay using erythrocytes or dried blood spots on filter papers is described. The mean DHPR activity erythrocytes of control subjects was 3.20 +/- 0.70 (SD) nmoles/min/mg of hemoglobin, those of two patients were undetectable, and those of obligate heterozygotes for DHPR deficiency were approximately 50% of the mean control value. The assay on erythrocytes required only a 5-microliters volume of whole blood for one test. The DHPR activities in dried blood spots on filter papers from 100 normal newborns were 5.77 +/- 1.16 nmoles/min per 5-mm diameter disc; those from normal older infants, children, and adults were 3.37 +/- 0.72 nmoles/min per disc; and those from two adolescent patients with DHPR deficiency were undetectable. No false-positive results were obtained. The stability of DHPR in dried blood on filter papers was enough to mail samples in an ordinary form to a specialist laboratory. The DHPR assay on erythrocytes of dried blood spots can be easily applied to all newborn infants with hyperphenylalaninemia detected using the Guthrie tests, and will facilitate the quick and confirmative detection of DHPR deficiency among them.

Behaviour of iron (III) oxide hydroxides and iron (III) oxides in concentrated solutions of alkali hydroxides

The behaviour of iron (III) oxide hydroxides (i.e. α-, β- and γ-FeOOH) and that of γ-iron (III) oxide were studied in solutions of both sodium and potassium hydroxides of concentration between 6 and 15 mol/L at temperatures of 150 to 250°C. All modifications of iron (III) oxide hydroxide and γ-iron (III) oxide transformed into hexagonal α-iron oxide. Except the product of dehydration of β-FeOOH, which was the ordinary prismatic form of hematite, all other transformations resulted in the special morphologic form of α-Fe 2O 3 — the micaceous iron oxide. The reaction undoubtely can be described as the dissolution of the starting compound into an unidentified soluble intermediate followed by crystallization of the new low soluble phase from the solution. The size of the α- iron oxide platelets depends on the reaction conditions.

On radiative and conductive heat transfer in spacecraft

The “radiative” boundary condition in a heat conduction problem relates the heat flux in a point of the wall to the temperatures in all the other points of the surface system. That is, this condition is of a “functional” type. This “functional” can be solved in discrete terms by using the conventional technique of dividing the body in small discrete elements or “nodes”. This paper instead presents an approach on a continuous scheme, by which the functional is solved in terms of “spacewise harmonics” of the temperature inside the body; the heat conduction problem is thus reduced to an ordinary form differential system whose unknowns are these “harmonics”. An interative linearized procedure to solve this system is also suggested, by which “exact” solutions are obtained. The merits of these solutions, with respect to practical discrete element computations, are in the better spacewise resolution and in the consequent more accurate treatment of both radiation and conduction. The application of the procedure is, however, limited to particular geometries. It is relevant to note that among these possible geometries many are included of practical interest, like hollow cylinders and polygons, cubic boxes etc. A numerical example completes the work.

Antisymmetric Tensor Gauge Field in General Covariant Gauges

Recently, Townsend has shown that there exist similarity and dissimilarity between the mode counting of spin 3/2 field and that of antisymmetric tensor gauge field. 11 Especially, one cannot find a mechanism of introducing extra two modes in contrast to the case of spin 3/2 theory where an additional extra Majorana spinor ghost has been introduced by Nielsen. 21 Nielsen adopted the ordinary form of Faddeev-Popov (FP) ghosts c*(rD)c+N(rD)N. On the other hand, Rata iand Kugo 31 have proposed a new formalism of supergravity by adopting the unconventional form of FP ghost ic*(ro) (rD)c. Since the ghosts c and c* of Hata-Kugo obey the second order differential equations, all their components are independent and give rise to eight modes of FP ghosts. There should then exist eight unphysical modes of spin 3/2 field sector which compensate eight modes of FP ghosts. Such an unphysical sector is constructed by introducing the Lagrangian multiplier spinor field B which plays a role of fixing the gauge. The unphysical modes consist of four longitudinal components of cj; 11 and four components of B, and their number is equal to that of FP ghosts. Fronsdal and Hata41 have further shown that such a type of formalism is necessary to construct the interacting theory of higher spin fields so that the unitarity ,:of the physical S-matrix is assured. The present author 51 has also shown that the axial anomaly for the gravitino in the background curved space is obtained by B field not by ghost fields in Hata-Kugo formalism. It is, therefore, desirable to discuss the mode counting of the quantized antisymmetric tensor gauge field by introducing the Lagrangian multiplier fields. We shall start with the following Lagrangian :

Turcot's syndrome and its mode of inheritance.

Two sisters with Turcot's syndrome, in which malignant cerebral neoplasms are associated with colonic polyposis, are presented. Cases reported in the literature, including some familial cases, have also been analysed. In familial cases, sex was unrelated to the occurrence of this disease and it was found only among siblings of the same parents and not in other members of the family. There was consanguinity in the parents of the patients in two out of three families. We therefore concluded that the mode of inheritance in this condition is autosomal recessive and that it is genetically distinct from the ordinary form of familial polyposis coli. Support is lent to the absence of an association between the two disorders by a difference in the number, size, and distribution of the colonic polyps found in Turcot's syndrome as compared with familial polyposis coli.

Surface crystallography of rubidium on Ag(111), and the chemical reactivity of nitric oxide on rubidium-dosed silver

Rubidium chemisorbs amorphously on Ag(111) at coverages below one monolayer, but ordered structures are formed in the multilayer regime. For thin layers the Rb grows as an fcc crystal, but above a certain critical thickness a phase transition occurs to yield the ordinary bcc form. The reactivity of Rb-dosed Ag towards NO is examined and compared with earlier work on Ag/Na. Although there are broad similarities between the two systems, certain important differences in chemical behaviour are found. These are mainly the result of reduced penetration of the Ag lattice by Rb, and the very greatly reduced surface → bulk transport of chemisorbed oxygen as compared with the case of Na. Evidence is also found for the formation of surface compounds between Rb, O, and N on Ag(111), and auxilliary experiments with O 2 and N 2O are carried out in an attempt to shed further light on the nature of these compounds.

Participation of chloroplasts and mitochondria in virus reproduction and the evolution of the eukaryotic cell

The similarity of prokaryotic cells and the organelles of eukaryotes can be explained not only by the ordinary form of the endosymbiosis hypothesis, but also by another evolutionary model presented here. This model postulates that portions of DNA of an ancient prokaryote were transferred into the nucleus of the ancient eukaryote cell. In combination with prokaryotic DNA-encoded proteins and phospholipid membranes prokaryotic DNA may have given rise to a structure resembling a promitochondrion or a proplastid. The transfer of genetic material into the nucleus or the cytoplasm could have occurred via a virus-mediatich. This suggestion is in accordance with the reported association of chloroplasts and plant mitochondria with replication of some strains of tobacco mosaic virus, cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, barley stripe virus and tobacco rattle virus and with findings of virus-like particles in mammalian and reptilian cells as well as cells of Neurospora crassa. The terms “mitophages” and “plastophages” (“chlorophages”) are introduced to designate the viruses associated with mitochondria or plastids (chloroplasts) during some phase of development. Participation of virus-mediated DNA transfers can be suggested for endosymbiotic organellar origin also.

Heat Transfer in Liquid-Coupled Indirect Heat Exchanger Systems

The theory of liquid-coupled indirect heat exchanger systems has been studied to ascertain optimum criteria with respect to the coupling-liquid flow rate and the distribution of total heat transfer area between the hot-side and cold-side exchanger units in the case of counterflow arrangement. The optimum coupling-liquid capacity rate is derived and given as a function of the over-all capacity rate ratio and the Ntu ratio between the two exchanger units. For this optimum liquid capacity rate together with the proposed over-all number of transfer units, it is shown that the over-all heat transfer effectiveness of the liquid-coupled system can be expressed in the ordinary form for individual exchanger units in true counterflow.

Coherent-potential approximation for liquid metals and amorphous solids. I. Tight-binding model

A tight-binding approach is studied to obtain an approximate solution of the averaged one-particle Green's function for liquid metals and amorphous solids. The short-range atomic correlations are taken into account such that the exclusion effects or the excluded volume effects for atoms are treated in a self-contained manner as proposed by Yonezawa. The approximation is shown to be equivalent to the coherent-potential approximation (CPA) in the sense that it depends on the same physical and mathematical philosophy as the original CPA as well as in the sense that it reduces to the ordinary CPA form when a liquid metal or an amorphous solid is regarded in the limit of a lattice-gas model. The result is also identical with the effective-medium approximation discussed by Roth.

John Barth's "Glossolalia"

NE OF THE MOST fundamental distinctions in literary criticism is one between verse and prose. Every literary text, it is assumed, is either one or other, or occasionally some mixture of two. The possibility of a third category is rarely entertained. The chief difference between verse and prose, it is also assumed, is meter. The Oxford English Dictionary says that principal signification of prose is the ordinary form of written or spoken language, without metrical structure; esp. as a species or division of literature. Verse is defined in an analogous but opposite fashion: Metrical composition, form, or structure; language or literary work written or spoken in metre; poetry, esp. with reference to metrical form. Such a simple set of definitions for prose and verse has been weakened, or at least made far more complicated, by general acceptance of free (that is, nonmetrical) verse. Though there are still many dissenters, a large number of critics are willing to admit that there are nonmetrical texts which nevertheless ought to be called verse. In this essay I propose to complicate matters further by examining a text which is metrical in a perfectly unambiguous way but which remains in spite of its meter a piece of prose. To make issues as clear as possible, I shall establish metrical structure of this text by comparing it to another one which, though metrical in exactly same way as first, happens to be verse. It is hoped that out of this dramatic confrontation will come a new understanding of relationships that obtain in practice among notions of meter, verse, and prose. John Barth's collection Lost in Funhouse contains a group of six short paragraphs collectively entitled Glossolalia. It is, in spite of its brevity, a formidably complex fiction, one that requires an especially imaginative and attentive reader. Each paragraph is composed in a different narrative voice. And each paragraph, one notices, is metrically

Photoequilibrium and the Decay Mechanism in Dinitrobenzyl Pyridine Photochromism

The maximum intensity of photochromic color change in 2- and 4-(2′, 4′-dinitrobenzyl) pyridine solutions is controlled by a photon equilibrium. The equilibrium has been approached from both sides by means of irradiation. Solutions of the compound almost entirely in the form of its colored modification have been prepared. In the absence of photon activated decay, which is controlling in experiments where the preparation is made photolytically, these solutions decay thermally to the ordinary form by two mechanisms, the relative importance of which depends on temperature and pH.

REATMENT OF ANGINA PECTORIS WITH BETA‐RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENTS

Abstract. Nine patients with angina pectoris had been treated between two and three years with the beta blocking agent alprenolol when they agreed to withdrawal of treatment and introduction of a double‐blind cross‐over trial with placebo. All had more attacks on placebo than on alprenolol. Six patients had no attacks on alprenolol, but angina pectoris returned when they were on placebo. The same nine patients, one year later, compared the ordinary tablet of alprenolol (100 mg × 4) and sustained release tablets (200 mg × 2). No significant difference was found in frequency of attacks of angina pectoris or in subjective ranking of these two drugs. It is concluded that β‐receptor blockade as treatment of angina pectoris cannot be withdrawn even after a long period of treatment. Furthermore, the sustained release tablets were effective against angina pectoris, because they showed no difference from alprenolol in ordinary tablet form, and the latter were much more effective than placebo in the same patients.

Cross sections for isobar production in neutrino-nucleon collisions

The production of isobars in collisions of neutrinos and antineutrinos with nucleons is analyzed. The ordinary Hofstadter form factors as well as exponentially decaying form factors are used. Graphs of the cross sections as functions of the neutrino (or antineutrino) energy are shown for the production of the isobars N*3/2 and Y*3/2.

A variant of Trichophyton rubrum isolated in Hong Kong.

SUMMARY.— A distinctive strain of Trichophyton rubrum has been isolated from 5 patients in Hong Kong. The infections caused by this strain were clinically more inflammatory and responded more rapidly to treatment than infections with the ordinary form of T. rubrum. The mycological characteristics of the Hong Kong strain are described in detail. It is possible that the Hong Kong and the Nigerian strains of T. rubrum are identical. The apparent differences are discussed; only further investigation will establish their significance.

Survey of the eventual diagnosis in 226 cases referred for a second histological opinion after an initial biopsy diagnosis of reticulum cell sarcoma.

In a series of 226 cases of lymphadenopathy in which an initial histological diagnosis of reticulum cell sarcoma was reviewed in a reference laboratory this interpretation was confirmed in 165 cases (73%). In the 61 other cases the diagnosis of reticulum cell sarcoma was considered to be mistaken. The conditions most frequently confused with reticulum cell sarcoma were Hodgkin's disease (particularly its ordinary form) and metastatic tumours.

A Bidirectional Simplex Algorithm

A simplex type algorithm is presented which deals uniformly with (a) ordinary linear programming problems, (b) problems with upper bounded variables, and (c) problems with convex piecewise linear objective functions, e.g., absolute value terms. Problems of types (b) and (c) can be solved by suitable transformations into ordinary linear programming forms, but are handled by the unified algorithm without such transformations. Comparative computer runs indicate that direct solution by the unified algorithm is considerably more efficient than conversion into ordinary linear programming form followed by use of a regular simplex routine. Computer tests also show that the algorithm offers a worthwhile alternative to the use of artificial variables as a starting procedure for ordinary linear programming problems.

Noble gases in unequilibrated ordinary chondrites

The rare gases were determined mass-spectrometrically in eleven unequilibrated ordinary chondrites. The amounts of primordial Ar, Kr and Xe are systematically greater than in ordinary chondrites proper. Primordial Ne was detected in only two of the meteorites. The amounts of the heavy rare gases Ar, Kr and Xe are approximately inversely proportional to the degree of equilibration of Fe in olivine, and are directly proportional to C contents. The primordial rare-gas contents of different pieces of Bishunpur, Krymka and Mezö-Madaras vary substantially, indicating that these meteorites are inhomogeneous in this respect. The heavy gases Ar, Kr and Xe are “planetary” in the sense of the model of Signer and Suess. The average primordial Ar 86:Ar 38 ratio of nine cases is 5.35 ± 0.16. Except for Xe 129, the isotopic composition of Xe agrees with that of “average carbonaceous chondrites”. Carbonaceous chondrites, unequilibrated ordinary chondrites, and ordinary chondrites proper form a sequence of decreasing contents of primordial rare gases of the “planetary” type. This is consistent with a recent theory by Larimer and Anders on the formation of these meteorites. We infer from our results, however, that neon does not belong to the “planetary” component.