Ordinary Fat Research Articles

Effect of feeding bypass fat to dairy animals- A Review

The last 3 weeks each of pregnancy and early lactation are very critical for the dairy animals because of the challenges posed by metabolic and hormonal changes in the body. The dry matter intake of these animals starts declining during advanced pregnancy and gets reduced up to 30% just 3 weeks before parturition. Most of the energy is utilized for the production of colostrum and milk after parturition due to which the animal faces negative energy balance. The animal also loses its body condition score due to the utilization of its body fat to meet energy requirements that lead to an increase in non-esterified fatty acids in the blood. The animals are prone to metabolic disorders and decreased production of milk when its body fats are depleted. The energy requirements of such animals could be met by increasing the energy density of their diet. There is an increase in rumen acidosis if more quantity of concentrate is offered to such animals. Acidosis leads to the poor digestion of fibers in the rumen. There is increased production of propionate in comparison to acetate which is responsible for less percentage of fat in the milk of these animals. The ill effects of negative energy balance may be eliminated if these animals are offered bypass fat in their diet. The cellulose digesting bacteria stay unharmed due to bypass fat where as ordinary fat may harm these bacteria if more than 1% of its dry matter intake is fed. Therefore, it is advisable to offer bypass or prilled fat to the animals during transition period.

Unsaponifiable Matter in Carnuba (<i>Cera carnuba</i>) Wax, a Modification of the USP/NF and FCC Methods

Carnuba wax consists chiefly of myricyl cerotate (MW 817.4) and small quantities of free cerotic acid (C26H52O2, Mw 396.7) and myricyl alcohol (C30H62O, mp 90°C). Of the two common extraction solvents, ethyl ether or petroleum ether, Lewkowitsch prefers the former. Concerning separation of phases, he advocates addition of small amounts of alcohol or caustic, and he also states that formation of a flocculant layer between the aqueous layer and the solvent does not interfere with the correct estimation of the unsaponifiable matter. These statements were not corroborated in the hands of this chemist. The “Unsaponifiable Matter” in oils or and fats, which consist mainly of hydrocarbons, sterols and aliphatic alcohols of high molecular mass that are not saponifiable by alkali hydroxides but are soluble in the ordinary fat solvents, and to products of saponification that are soluble in such solvents. Carnuba wax, a rather expensive wax, may be adulterated with less expensive paraffin by dishonest merchants. ASTM has a method for determining paraffinic material in carnuba wax. It uses heptanes at its boiling point to dissolve the wax, apply it to a silica gel column, and elute only the nonpolar (i.e. alkane) material. The method has the disadvantage of using a large volume of haptane, nor is it called for by either US Pharmacopeia/National Formulary (USP/NF) or Food Chemicals Codex (FCC). The test for unsaponifiable matter on pure carnuba wax will yield a result of 50.0% - 55.0%, while a higher result will betray the presence of paraffin adulterants.

The Secret Life of Fat Suggests New Therapeutic Targets

Not so many years ago, most considered fat a passive recipient of our indulgence. But since the discovery of leptin in 1994,1 it has become ever clearer that fat is more than a storage site for excess calories. Rather, fat plays an active, communicative role in metabolism that research is beginning to uncover. Two recent studies not only represent our rapidly changing grasp of the biology of fat but also suggest potential treatments for one of the world's most intractable chronic health conditions: obesity. A paper in Nature 2 in January 2012 from the laboratory of Bruce Spiegelman, PhD, of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, MA, reported the discovery of a new hormone released by muscle that converts white fat deposits into thermogenic brown fat. Whereas white fat acts as a repository for excess, mitochondria-rich brown fat cells burn ordinary fat as energy to produce heat. Once thought to only exist in rodents and infants, several groups have confirmed brown fat in humans. It is found in small patches along the spine, in the upper back, on the sides of the neck, and between the collarbone and shoulder. A few weeks after Spiegelman's Nature paper was published, a publication3 in the Journal of Clinical Investigation from the laboratory of Shelia Collins, PhD, of the Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute in Orlando, FL, revealed the heart plays a role in the regulation of fat burning. Collins, first author Marica Bordicchia, and colleagues reported that cardiac natriuretic peptides increased browning of white fat, elevating uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)–dependent energy expenditure. C. Ronald Kahn, MD, chief academic officer at the Joslin Diabetes Center in Boston, MA, says the recent discoveries are likely just the opening act in our growing knowledge about fat metabolism. “Right now we're looking at the first things …

Suspicious minds: perceived vitamin content of ordinary and diet foods with added fat, sugar or salt

Male and female dieters and non-dieters (mean age 18.5 years) rated the vitamin levels of ordinary foods (e.g. ‘sliced fresh peaches’) and counterparts with added fat, sugar or salt (e.g. ‘sliced fresh peaches with sugar’). Unlike previous studies, in addition diet foods (‘sugar-free ice cream’) were compared to their ordinary fat- and/or sugar-rich counterparts (‘ice cream’). Some respondents believed diet products to be lower in vitamins, particularly when the corresponding ordinary food was considered to be wholesome (e.g. milk or muffins).

Development of the “lipoid theory of narcosis” in German-speaking countries in the 19th century: from Bibra/Harless to Meyer/Overton

There are some important steps in the development of the so-called lipoid theory of narcosis in German-speaking countries: Bibra and Harless: Ernst von Bibra and Emil Harless found that anesthetics dissolve ordinary fat. Through quantitative estimation of fat contents in the brain of normal and narcotized animals, they concluded that anesthetics directly remove fat-like substance from the brain. Hermann: Ludimar Hermann discovered lecithin in red blood cells. As anesthetics, such as ether and chloroform, are capable of dissolving red blood cells, he conjectured that they would dissolve lecithin as well. Hermann assumed that the parallel functions of anesthetics on lecithin and on the red blood cells are the basis for narcotism of the central nervous system. Pohl: Julius Pohl investigated the storage of chloroform in red blood cells and in the brain. He assumed that it is found on the content of lipoid substances. He pointed out that the solubility of chloroform in fatty substances could be the reason for its narcotic properties. Meyer and Overton: Hans Meyer and Ernst Overton developed the correlation of anesthetic potency with solubility in olive oil. They proposed that anesthetics somehow must have worked at the lipid, lipophilic and/or hydrophilic sites (“lipoid theory of narcosis”), exhibiting similar functions they display in olive oil.

Fat in the Stool of Persons Who Eat Olestra Potato Chips

Summaries for Patients15 February 2000Fat in the Stool of Persons Who Eat Olestra Potato ChipsSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-132-4-200002150-00031 SectionsAboutFull Text ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail What is the problem and what is known about it so far?Olestra is a fat substitute that recently became available. It tastes like ordinary fats and is used to make some snack products, such as fat-free potato chips. The body does not absorb olestra and excretes it in stool. This means that people can eat food that contains this fat without absorbing any of the bad things (such as added calories and cholesterol) that come from eating food that contains fats that are absorbed. Abnormal amount of fat in the stool is known as steatorrhea. Steatorrhea occurs in diseases ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: The summary below is from the full report titled “Positive Results on Tests for Steatorrhea in Persons Consuming Olestra Potato Chips.” It is in the 15 February 2000 issue of Annals of Internal Medicine (volume 132, pages 279-282). The authors are R. Balasekaran, J.L. Porter, C.A. Santa Ana, and J.S. Fordtran.Summaries for Patients are a service provided by Annals to help patients better understand the complicated and often mystifying language of modern medicine.Summaries for Patients are presented for informational purposes only. These summaries are not a substitute for advice from your own medical provider. If you have questions about this material, or need medical advice about your own health or situation, please contact your physician. The summaries may be reproduced for not-for-profit educational purposes only. Any other uses must be approved by the American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoPositive Results on Tests for Steatorrhea in Persons Consuming Olestra Potato Chips Ranga Balasekaran , Jack L. Porter , Carol A. Santa Ana , and John S. Fordtran Metrics 15 February 2000Volume 132, Issue 4Page: 279KeywordsCholesterolEatingFatsFoodNutrientsTaste ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 February 2000 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2000 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.Loading ...

TREATMENT OF FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLÆMIA IN CHILDREN

Thirteen children with the heterozygous form of familial hypercholesterolæmia were treated by a diet low in ordinary fat (largely saturated) and supplemented with cornoil foods (rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids). A mean reduction in serum-cholesterol of 24% was achieved: the greater the amount of ordinary fat in the diet the smaller was the reduction in serum-cholesterol, but there was no correlation between the amount of corn oil and the reduction in serum-cholesterol. It seems that corn oil has no specific hypocholesterolæmic action in familial hypercholesterolæmia, but it is still important in treatment since it greatly improves the palatability of a diet low in ordinary fat. It also avoids the need for a high-carbohydrate intake which may lead to hypertriglyceridæmia. Clofibrate, given in addition to diet, decreased the serum-cholesterol further, and resulted in a mean total reduction of 33%. One child with the homozygous form has been treated for 2 years with diet, clofibrate, and cholestyramine. Serum-cholesterol fell by 32% and her xanthomas decreased both in size and number.

GLycol-EThanol-WAter (3:3:4); A SOlvent for SUdan BLack B STaining

AbstractThe previously used supersaturated 60% isopropanol method (Lillie 1954, p. 303) protected the more readily soluble lipids from the solvent action of 70% alcohol but precipitation of dye particles within and around sections is sometimes a disturbing complication (cf. Vlachos 1959). The propylene glycol method of Chiffelle and Putt (Lillie, p. 304) has been found to remove much of the birefringent lipid from the sections. Glacial acetic acid dissolves most tissue lipids except those of the solvent-resistant ceroid or lipofuscin type. While solutions in 60–70% acetic acid conserve ordinary fats well (Sills and Marsh 1959) their effect on the more easily soluble lipids should be further explored.

The effects of hypophysectomy, adrenalectomy and of thiouracil feeding on the cytology of brown adipose tissue.

The present investigation concerns the relation of the pituitary, adrenal, and thyroid glands to so-called “brown fat.” This tissue was formerly considered to be a gland of internal secretion but is now generally regarded as a form of adipose tissue. Its embryological relationship to ordinary fat is poorly understood and its functional significance is unknown, but its gland-like appearance and unusually rich blood supply suggest that it is metabolically more active than ordinary depot fat (Fawcett, ’48). This belief has been strengthened by biochemical studies which reveal that brown adipose tissue has a more rapid rate of phosphorus turnover (Littrell, Martin and Hartman, ’44) and a much greater oxygen consumption than white fat (Hook and Barron, ’41; Mirski, ’42). A relationship between the endocrine glands and adipose tissue has long been inferred from the marked sex differences in fat distribution in humans and from clinical observations on the association of obesity with certain disorders of the pitu...

Changes in the Adrenals Following Prolonged Treatment with Methyl-Testosterone.

SummaryExperiments on male albino rats indicate that chronic treatment with large doses of methyl-testosterone elicit changes in the adrenal cortex which are characterized by an involution of the glomerulosa, marked thickening of the connective tissue and deposition of coarse fat granules in the cells of the fasciculata and reticularis. In many cases these fat granules fuse into a single voluminous lipid globule which distends the cytoplasm and pushes the nucleus to one side. Consequently the epithelial cells of the cortex assume the appearance of ordinary fat cells. Although in the rat testoid compounds do not cause a specific involution of the reticularis as they do in the mouse, the above mentioned changes are considered to be a typical response of the cortical cells to overdosage with testoid substances.Contrary to previous observations in man the serum potassium showed no significant change following treatment with methyl-testosterone in the rat.

The elimination of certain dyes from the animal organism.

The observations of Delprat and others1 that an aqueous solution of rose bengal when injected intravenously into animals is rapidly eliminated through the bile, is not without theoretical significance as well as of practical value. Its behavior in this respect is wholly like that of the bile acids.2 Rose bengal is not soluble in the ordinary fat solvents and its behavior in the body does not follow the assumption of Mendel and Daniels3 that substances which are eliminated from the body by way of the bile must be insoluble in water and soluble in bile or substances contained therein.Rose bengal is a highly diffusible substance and it was not found possible to retain it within an ordinary collodion membrane. This property suggested that it might be possible by ligation of the bile duct to force the dye through the kidney. Numerous experiments∗ which were carried out on both dogs and rabbits showed that after ligation of the bile duct, rose bengal was found present in the blood stream for a period of 48 hour...

STUDIES UPON CALCAREOUS DEGENERATION

STUDIES UPON CALCAREOUS DEGENERATION

Studies on enzyme action.—Lipase

It was first shown by J. Reynolds Green, in 1889, that germinating seeds of the caster-oil plant contain an enzyme which is capable of hydrolysing castor oil. Of late years an industry has been based on this discovery, as it has been found that if ground ungerminated caster-oil seed be mixed with an ordinary fatty oil and a small quantity of acid (preferably acetic), the fatty matter is almost entirely hydrolysed into glycerol and fatty acid: as the change takes place rapidly, at a little above an ordinary temperature, the hydrolysis of fats may be effected in this manner with considerable advantage on economic as well as other grounds. The study of vegetable lipase is of special importance, as the ordinary fats—which are hydrolysed under its influence with peculiar readiness—are not asymmetric material under its influence with peculiar readiness—are not asymmetric material but simply glycerides of acids of the acetic or oleic series. The discovery of the nature of the process is, therefore, of particular interest, in order that a comparison may be instituted between this enzyme and those which are known to act selectively. The interest of the inquiry is enhanced by the fact that animal lipase, according to Dakin, acts selectively on the mixture of ethereal salts derived from inactive mandelic acid, hydrolysing the dextro-constituent more rapidly than the lævo-constituent; but even in this case, inasmuch as the whole of the ethereal salt is hydrolysed eventually, the selective effort of lipase is of a different order from that displayed, for example, by an enzyme of the sucroclastic class, which can only attack one member of a pair of enantiomorphous isomerides.

I. Contributions to the chemistry of food

This paper contains the results of researches on butter, cheese, milk, the cereal foods, bread and lentil flour. The author some time ago, as the result of a series of experiments, indicated that it was probable the soluble and insoluble fatty acids in butter fat did not exist as simple glycerides, but in the complex form of compound ethers—palmitic and oleic acids being combined in the same molecule with butyric acid. The results of a further investigation into the character of butter fat are given, which tend to confirm this theory of its constitution. Butter fat is proved to vary in composition far beyond the limits previously supposed, and a table of representative samples is given, showing the ordinary variations which occur. Ordinary fats are contrasted with butter fat, and it is suggested that the latter, from its complex character, probably performs some more specific office in the system than the former.

18. Action of Cod-liter Oil, and the Substitution of Ordinary Fats in Food

18. Action of Cod-liter Oil, and the Substitution of Ordinary Fats in Food