Policies In Order Research Articles

Impacts of the Inflation Reduction Act on the Economics of Clean Hydrogen and Synthetic Liquid Fuels.

The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) in the United States provides unprecedented incentives for deploying low-carbon hydrogen and liquid fuels, among other low-greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions technologies. To better understand the prospective competitiveness of low-carbon or negative-carbon hydrogen and liquid fuels under the IRA in the early 2030s, we examined the impacts of the IRA provisions on the costs of producing hydrogen and synthetic liquid fuel made from natural gas, electricity, short-cycle biomass (agricultural residues), and corn-derived ethanol. We determined that, with IRA credits (45V or 45Q) but excluding the incentives provided by other national or state policies, hydrogen produced by electrolysis using carbon-free electricity (green H2) and by natural gas reforming with carbon capture and storage (CCS) (blue H2) is cost-competitive with the carbon-intensive benchmark gray H2, which is produced by steam methane reforming. Biomass-derived H2 with or without CCS is not cost-competitive under the current IRA provisions. However, if the IRA allowed biomass gasification with CCS to claim a 45V credit for carbon-neutral H2 and a 45Q credit for negative biogenic CO2 emissions, this pathway would be less costly than gray H2. The IRA credit for clean fuels (45Z), currently stipulated to end in 2027, would need to be extended or similar policy support would need to be provided by other national or state policies in order for clean synthetic liquid fuel to be cost-competitive with petroleum-derived liquid fuels. The levelized IRA subsidies per unit of CO2 mitigated for all of the hydrogen and synthetic liquid fuel production pathways, except for electricity-derived synthetic liquid fuel, range from $65-$384/t of CO2. These values are within or below the range of the U.S. federal government's estimates of the social cost of carbon (SCC) in the 2030-2040 time frame.

Foreign Exchange Rates Dynamics and Stock Market Performance in an Emerging Economy: Evidence from Nigeria

This study focused on the connection between foreign exchange rates dynamics and stock market performance in Nigeria (1995 to 2021). The paper set out to examine the effects of foreign exchange rates movements on the stock market performance in Nigeria. The data for the study were obtained solely from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin. The Naira-U.S Dollar, Naira-British Pounds, Naira-Euro, and Naira-Swiss Franc exchange rates were proxies for the foreign exchange rate dynamics, while stock market performance was represented by stock market capitalization. The vector error correction mechanism (VECM) and the Pairwise Granger Causality tests were employed to analyze the secondary data. Results revealed the existence of long run relationship between foreign exchange rate dynamics and stock market performances in Nigeria though with an insignificant impact. In addition, a uni-directional causality was observed running from market capitalization to naira US-dollar exchange rate among others. It was therefore concluded that foreign exchange rates dynamics have an insignificant impact on stock market performances in Nigeria. Thus, there is need to align Nigeria’s economic stabilization policies in order to effectively achieve currency stability (of the naira). Policies such as outright ban on importation of items that can be produced locally should be pursued vigorously. This will no doubt boost aggregate domestic demand for such products and also go a long way in enhancing the value of the naira and by extension stock market outlook in Nigeria.

Do Digital Technologies Support Entrepreneurship Growth? Evidence from Indonesian Muslim Women in Depok City

The main objective of this paper is to assess the impact of digital technologies on the entrepreneurial output of Muslim women in Indonesia. Using a questionnaire, we collected data from Muslim women entrepreneurs involved in digital entrepreneurship in Depok city. We applied multiple linear regression to analyze the data. We found that the use of e-commerce platforms and internet services affects positively the entrepreneurship growth of Muslim women in Indonesia. However, online payments have been found non-significant because of awareness of risk and security towards online payment system. One of the limitations of this research is the size of the sample. Obtaining data from Muslim women entrepreneurs was very difficult. Again, the case under study is limited to one country. Therefore, it is recommended for future research to use a large sample size and include more countries. Indonesian government should implement tax reduction policies in order to improve the growing sector of Muslim women entrepreneurs, which can help them to become empowered in society.

Widening the scope of intensive treatment for PTSD in the military health system

ABSTRACT Recent trends have exacerbated existing problems accessing mental health care for military service members. To address these problems, lawmakers and military leaders have been busy introducing new legislation and changing policies in order to improve access. While these initiatives are critical for long-term change, military service members need solutions that can help them now. Although it may not be a panacea, intensive outpatient treatments may be part of the solution for the MHS, especially when considering posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This commentary begins by describing the history of intensive treatments in the military health system, which has been largely offered as intensive outpatient treatments (IOPs). Next, it describes a decade of research on intensive treatments for PTSD, which has included a diverse array of IOP formats as well as stand-alone, massed treatments. Lastly, this commentary recommends that lawmakers and military leaders expand their notion of intensive outpatient treatments to include both programs and stand-alone, massed treatments. By doing so, the MHS could have more options for service members and commands as they search for workable treatment options.

Effect of Debt Capital on Financial Performance of Listed Pharmaceutical Companies in Nigeria

This study investigated the effect of debt capital on financial performance of listed pharmaceutical companies in Nigeria. The ex post facto research design was adopted for the study with a population of ten (10) listed pharmaceutical companies in Nigeria as listed by the Nigerian Exchange Group in 2021. Data were retrieved from the annual reports of the selected listed pharmaceutical companies for the period 2013 to 2017. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the data gathered with the aid of Stata12 statistical software. The study revealed a negative and insignificant relationship between debt capital and profit before tax of listed pharmaceutical companies in Nigeria. it also revealed a positive and insignificant relationship between debt capital and return on assets of listed pharmaceutical companies in Nigeria. Therefore, it was recommended that management of listed Pharmaceutical companies should not adopt aggressive total debt financing policy. This means that the managers of listed Pharmaceutical companies should concentrate on using more current liabilities to finance assets, relative to debt capital. Also, the government should regulate the financial sector through various monetary and fiscal policies in order to reduce the cost of borrowing given that many Pharmaceutical companies rely on external borrowing to finance their cash requirements. As it has shown in this study that debt capital has no significant relationship with firm’s performance.

GREEN ECONOMY AS A FACTOR OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The purpose of the article is to study the directions of development of the green economy in Ukraine as a factor of ensuring the transition to sustainable development of the country. Methodology. One of the main elements of the methodology for conducting research on the green economy as a factor of ensuring sustainable development are evaluation methods. Comparative, balance, graphic, economic-mathematical and other methods of economic justification are used in the work. The methods of systematisation and generalisation were used to study the principles of further ecologically balanced development, economic-statistical, structural-logical and analytical – for the development of methods and indicators for the analysis of the system of directions of the green economy, graphic – for the visual presentation of the dynamics of indicators of sustainable development. The results of the work show that the growth of income and employment in the green economy is guaranteed at the expense of public and private investments aimed at increasing energy efficiency, reducing the negative impacts of economic activity and increasing the diversity and productivity of the biosphere, in the interests of the entire population, especially the poorest. It is important to emphasise that the concept of the green economy does not replace the concept of sustainable development, but develops it and is a means of putting it into practice. Green development can only be ensured if environmental and economic policies are integrated in such a way that social progress, economic growth and improvement in the quality of life of the population take place against a background of reduced threats to the surrounding natural environment. Practical implications. The concept of green growth emphasises the importance of integrating environmental and economic policies in order to identify new potential sources of economic growth without placing an "unsustainable" burden on the quantity and quality of natural resources. The transition to a green economy requires the application of a wide range of measures, including economic instruments (taxes, subsidies, emissions trading schemes), government regulatory measures (setting standards) and non-economic measures (voluntary initiatives, provision of information). Value/originality. Important economic indicators of sustainable environmental and economic development are a nature-intensive economy and a structural indicator that reflects the specific weight of products and investments in the natural resource-based sectors of the economy.

Constraints Faced by Fruit Nursery Growers in District Kulgam of Jammu and Kashmir, India

The main purpose of this study was to analyse the constraints faced by fruit nursery growers in district Kulgam of Jammu and Kashmir. The study is based on personal interview with 218 fruit nursery growers of the district. The study found that the constraints faced by the fruit nursery growers include non-availability of seedlings/planting materials, lack of training facilities, inadequate funds, electricity/power cuts and irrigation under production and potential buyers unaware of existing nurseries, less margin/ low profit, low sales, price fluctuation and instability of policies on seedling production under marketing. Government should come up with different programmes and policies in order to support and help fruit nursery growers by providing them with different subsidies. The agriculture and horticulture departments should develop close linkages with fruit nursery growers and provide timely guidance to them relating to their problems

Türkiye’nin Enerji ve Atık Sektörü İçin Kirlilik Cenneti Hipotezinin Sektörel Geçerliğinin Test Edilmesi

The increase in environmental standards in developed countries and the efforts of developing countries to attract foreign direct investments (FDI) offer both a theoretical and an empirical research area. In practice, this situation, which can be seen as a shift of investments to countries with looser policies in order to avoid the costs of environmental regulations, is called the pollution haven hypothesis (PHH). In this study, the existence of the mentioned hypothesis for Türkiye's waste and energy sector is investigated. In order to test the hypothesis, linear time series analysis methods are used in the study. When the findings are examined, it is observed that the hypothesis is valid in both sectors.

Kebijakan Pajak Karbon Sebagai Strategi Pembangunan Ekonomi Berkelanjutan

The decline in the earth's climate was the cause for the birth of the 2015 Paris Agreement which was ratified by Indonesia through Law Number 16 of 2016 concerning the Paris Agreement on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change as a form of commitment from the government to address climate problems in Indonesia. One of the strategic efforts made by the government is to implement a carbon tax policy to reduce the increase in carbon emissions which was accommodated in Article 13 of Law Number 7 of 2021 concerning Harmonization of Tax Regulations. The implementation of a carbon tax policy is an implementation of Pancasila economic principles which focus on creating sustainable economic development by harmonizing the balance between economic growth and improving environmental quality. The implementation of the carbon tax policy is also a manifestation of the fifth precept of Pancasila which aims to fulfill the constitutional rights of the people as stipulated in Article 28H paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia by creating corrective justice in the economic and environmental fields. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the application of carbon tax policies in order to achieve the goals of sustainable economic development in Indonesia. The writing method used is juridical-normative using statutory and conceptual approaches. The data used is secondary data through literature study on primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results of this paper show that the implementation of carbon tax policies is in line with Pancasila economic principles and is a strategic effort in creating a green investment climate, as well as increasing state revenue from the tax sector. However, strengthening is needed in terms of substance, structure, and legal culture in implementing the policy.

Improbidade administrativa e um estudo acerca da amplitude e subjetividade do art. 11 da Lei nº 8.429/1992: análise de um recorte jurisprudencial do Tribunal de Justiça de Santa Catarina

Corruption and misconduct in public office, prevention and combat are constant objects of studies about Public Administration, considering the negative impact on the democratic order, public interests and public policies. There is not exactly a legal concept for acts of administrative improbity, but Law No. 8.429/92 – The Administrative Improbity Act – known as LIA, presents a typology so that its configuration can be identified, dividing them into: acts that imply illicit enrichment (art. 9); acts that cause damage to the Treasury (art. 10); and acts that violate the principles of Public Administration (art. 11). The present study is related to the research developed by the research project “Prevention and fight against corruption: the contribution of the systematization of data related to acts of administrative improbity in the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of Santa Catarina (2015-2017)”, developed by SAPIENTIA – Research Group for the Study of Social and Organizational Transformations. The incidence of the LIA articles was identified, used as grounds for the initial petition of actions of misconduct in public office, with the objective of identifying which of them were more frequent, being the target including the innovations brought by Law No. 14.230/21, which made profound changes to the legal regime for acts of administrative improbity. The relevance of the research is justified by the fact that it corresponds to a period that preceded the Law No. 13.655/18, which included provisions on legal certainty and efficiency in the creation and application of public law in the Introduction to the Norms of Brazilian Act.

Economic Growth Implications of Inflation Targeting and Inflation Volatility: An Emerging Economy’s Perspective

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to comparatively examine the extent to which inflation targeting and inflation volatility impact on economic growth from an emerging economy’s perspective.
 Methodology: Annual data from the World Development Indicator (WDI) and the Bank of Ghana (BoG) from 1985 to 2014 were used for the study. The data was interpolated into quarterly series using E-views. The stationarity characteristics of the variables were tested using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller and the Phillip-Perron unit root tests. The GARCH (1 1) and ARDL models were employed for the analysis.
 Findings: The study found that inflation targeting had a positive significant effect on economic growth in Ghana. Also, despite the volatile nature of inflation in Ghana, inflation volatility had no significant effect on economic growth.
 Implications: This scholarly work would aid policy makers in policy formulation pertaining to inflation targeting and inflation volatility on economic growth. It will also open up the circles of knowledge regarding inflation targeting monetary policy’s regime in empirical literature, institutions of higher learning and the understanding of the general public. The study recommends that the Bank of Ghana maintains its current monetary policy framework - Inflation Targeting, but should strengthen the preconditions and subsequent requirements of the monetary policy in order to maximize the gains to economic growth.

Acceptability of breast milk donor banking: A qualitative study among health workers in Greater Accra Regional Hospital, Ghana.

Despite the compelling evidence demonstrating the immediate and long-term health advantages of prompt breastfeeding from birth, not all newborns are breastfed exclusively for a variety of reasons. As a result, the World Health Organization has made new recommendations for the adoption of breastmilk donor banks to make sure that children receive breastmilk when mothers are unable to produce it. In order to better understand how health professionals at the Greater Accra Regional Hospital, who would be leading the charge in putting this policy into practice, perceive and accept the practice of storing breastmilk, this study was conducted. At the Greater Accra Regional Hospital, 18 healthcare professionals were chosen using maximum variation purposive sampling procedures. They were made up of eleven midwives, a medical officer, six nurses, and two nutritionists and all participants were interviewed face to face using a semi structured interview guide. Data was transcribed verbatim and was analyzed using thematic analysis. Participants in the study admitted that they would be open to using or contributing to a bank of breastmilk. Participants also said that if safety precautions are taken, they would urge their customers to give breastmilk and recommend breastmilk from a breastmilk bank to them when the situation calls for it. Health professionals recommended that education be provided prior to the installation of breast milk donor banking to lessen or eliminate any misconceptions people may have about it. The concept of breastmilk donor banking was fairly accepted among health workers. Misconceptions about the safety of breast milk was the main concern. The results emphasize the necessity of greater stakeholder engagement and education prior to the implementation of this policy in order to boost acceptance and uptake.

The impact of externalization of border controls on the human rights of refugees in the Italian-Libyan Mediterranean Sea

The issue of the high mortality of immigrants related to violations of international law is not an easy discourse. Failure to do so, both in scholarship and in activism towards human rights, shows significant limitations and hurdles of international law and international relations specifically in addressing human rights for refugees. This study aims to address and shine a light on the problem that migrant poses in the Mediterranean Sea. In the wake of the migration crisis, European Union in particular Italy adopted a series of policies in order to reduce migration flows within the EU. This article uses methods qualitative research methodology with a focus on conducting an in-depth literature review. The findings present that an ambitious policy to reduce the flow of migrants was introduced to combat the surge of refugees, an example of these steps is the Italian-Libyan Memorandum of Understanding of 2 February 2017 which led to questions about the ability of the state to uphold their roles and obligation in addressing human rights for refugees that caused twenty more people died at the Mediterranean Sea. This article examines the challenges posed by the refugees that have been caused by the treaties in force at the Mediterranean Sea as well as specific issues regarding the monitoring and implementation of the above regulations, which cause obstacles and challenges that impact the life and the migration process of refugees. Through this article we also highlighted that one of the most important motives in migration from Libya to Italy is economic opportunities for migrants, hence further studies are necessary in resolving the ongoing dispute.

‘One sows, another reaps’: Analysing the asymmetric impact of remittance inflows on the trade balance in a large emerging economy

Remittances are regarded as an important source of foreign exchange for the majority of low and middle-income countries, and thus have the potential to impact their aggregate economic activities. The current study investigates the impact of remittance inflows and international oil prices on India's trade balance from 1975 to 2020. We use a non-linear autoregressive and distributed lag model to examine the asymmetric impact of remittance and oil price changes on trade balance. The study discovered that rising remittance inflows have a detrimental long-run impact on the trade balance. It also demonstrates that while a positive oil price shock worsens the trade balance, a negative oil price shock improves it in the long run. As a result, the paper emphasises the need to reduce skilled migration, properly channel remittance revenues, develop financial institutions, and implement more efficient exchange rate policies in order to achieve long-term trade surpluses.

Evaluasi Kebijakan Sistem Zonasi Dalam Penerimaan Peserta Didik Baru (PPDB) di SMPN Kabupaten Tanah Datar

This study is about the acceptance of new students (PPDB) at SMPN Tanah Datar by using a zoning system. As for the goals of this study is to find out how it is implemented, as well as the supporting and inhibiting factors in PPDB by using the zoning system at SMPN Tanah Datar Regency. This study uses qualitative methods with phenomenological types. The research instrument is the researcher himself and is added with notebooks, recording devices, and other documents as supporters. Sources of data were obtained from principals, teachers, parent and student at 7 SMPN Tanah Datar Regency. data collection using observation techniques, interviews and documentation. to check the validity of the data using the triangulation method and then analyzed using the Miles and Hubermen model consisting of data collection, data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of this study indicate that in the implementation of the zoning system policy in the acceptance of new students (PPDB) at SMPN Tanah Datar for 3 years, there were several problems encountered in the field such as zone mapping by the local government which was not yet accurate, the quota set was not in accordance with the needs. schools, regulations that are not yet firm so that there are still schools that violate the zoning provisions in the PPDB, there is still a lack of socialization to the community and the motivation and learning achievement of students / wi has decreased. The conclusion in this study is that the government as a stakeholder in education needs to evaluate especially in education policies in order to assess and measure whether the zoning system in PPDB has been implemented properly or not, what needs to be improved and addressed and can provide inputs. input so that the zoning system policy in this PPDB will be even better next time.

Modeling the Urban Freight-Transportation System Using the System Dynamics Approach

The dynamic and complex interactions between the urban freight-transportation system and population, economy, traffic flow, fuel consumption, and environmental pollution, make policymaking in this system one of the fundamental challenges of urban management. In this regard, a systemic approach in urban freight-transportation system modelling should be considered to solve the problems of the system. One of the main problems of this system is the mismatch between the freight-transportation capacity and the total freight-transportation demand. Considering the lack of sufficient studies in the field of macro and quantitative modeling of this system, the main goal of this article is to model the urban freight-transportation system in order to identify the factors affecting the urban freight-transportation demand and capacity. The main focus of the research is to develop quantitative scenarios which balance the freight-transportation capacity and freight-transportation demand. The urban freight-transportation system is modelled by the System Dynamics (SD) approach and their basic behaviors; as well as this the results of some policy-making scenarios are simulated. The model is validated by the real data of Shiraz. Five quantitative scenarios are designed with two approaches of managing the freight-transportation demand and freight-transportation-capacity sectors. The scenarios are based on four control variables, including the distribution coefficient, trip numbers, vehicle capacity, and vehicle numbers. The simulation results show that the total gap between freight-transportation capacity and freight-transportation demand will decrease by optimizing each of the control variables. However, the combined scenario is the most applicable policy in order to maintain the balance between freight-transportation capacity and demand. Generally, the proposed model can be used to design different quantitative scenarios in order to optimize the freight-transportation system’s performance. This study can also help policymakers to manage the urban freight-transportation system more efficiently.

Political Economy Perspective on Social Development: Case Study of RentSeeking on Rice Import Policy and Coal Mining Policy in Indonesia

The research is aimed to reveal the prominent issue of rent-seeking on Indonesian Public Policy. The study emphasizes in intersets on food and mining sector. The political interset of policy is described by patterns of the rent-seeking activity through different regulation in bothe sectors. Answered the hypotheses as followed: (1) government elites are the main actors and they are mostly the policy makers from food institution, (2) the actors came from different political party and bring about the different agenda to be supported with regulation, and (3) food institution determined the rent-seeking activity through the same actors that dominate import. The important evidence of this point was the “three pairs of name” that affiliated with political party, importers and also influenced the regulation. Meanwhile result on rent-seeking practices in coal mining policies notify four different sectors and institutions, namely: (1) Mining and energy sector policies in order to enforcing tenders in coal mining permits that causing rent seeking practices in the process of issuing coal mining permits. (2) Forestry sector policy, where the measurement of boundaries for forestry areas are still easily manipulated for the benefit of rent seeking (3) Industry and trade sector policy that using surveyor reports and data manupulation. (4) Financial sector policy should carrying out the development of the digitization of the non-tax state income management system between related ministries and institution.

Effects of nutritional profile system and front labeling in food selection during purchases: a systematic review

Introduction. Nutritional profiling systems (NPS) are mainly used in front-end labeling policies in order to make the purchase and consumption choice conscious and healthy. Objetive. This study systematically reviewed evidence from interventions on the effect of NPS in the front-of- package on food purchases. Materials and methods. A bibliographic search was carried out in electronic sources from Medline, Elsevier, Scielo and Lilacs, of experimental studies and intervention between 2012 and 2022. A total of 14 articles were included in the review. They were analyzed according to the intervention modality used: 4 studies analyzed the effect of NPS in a real purchase situation and 10 evaluated purchase perception/intention. Results. According to the modality of intervention, the 6 studies that analyzed the NPS-warning system, all recorded healthier purchases compared to the control groups. While for the NPS-NutriScore, Health Star Rating and Multiple Traffic Lights were effective in the decision to purchase healthier foods, in 5 of 7 studies for the first NPS, in 4 of 7 for the second and in 4 of 8 for the third, compared with control groups. Conclusions. Findings of this study suggest that NPSs may be effective for healthy purchase choices, even so it is necessary to strengthen the system and policies with nutritional food education campaigns.

Human Resources Policies and Employees’ Attitude: A Study of Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Delta State

This study examined the influence of human resources policies on employees’ attitudes using the Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Delta State as a case study. The study used the survey research design and the instrument of data collection was the questionnaire which was administered to two hundred (200) academic and non-academic staff of the Federal University of Petroleum Resources. Data obtained in the survey were analyzed using linear regression technique. It was found that human resource recruitment and selection policy had a significant influence on employees’ attitudes (F-value = 3.246; P-value = 0.003). In addition, we found that human resource staff training and development policy had a significant effect on employees’ attitudes (F-value = 5.017; P-value = 0.026). The study recommends that the management of Nigerian public institutions of higher learning should sustain and improve on their recruitment and selection and staff training and development policies in order to enhance employees’ attitude to work. More so, there is a need for the management of Nigerian public institutions of higher learning to embrace diverse types of human resource policies that will improve employees’ attitudes to work.

Optimizing the Spare Unit Ordering Strategies for Replacement Under Constrained Availability From a Mathematical Perspective

This article investigates the optimal ordering policies of spare parts for preventive replacement of a single component deteriorating system in this article. The operational system suffers from a deterioration process and is also subject to random shocks during its service, where discrete shocks are categorized into fatal ones and nonfatal ones. To preventing the catastrophic losses resulting from degraded failures or shock incurred failures, a spare unit for replacement is ordered at some time between the system’s initial operation and its undesirable failure. The average cost rate with lower-limit constrained availability is minimized to seek the optimal spare unit ordering time, in which the Kuhn–Tucker necessary condition is satisfied. As a comparison strategy, the expected cost effectiveness defined as the ratio of system availability to average cost rate is maximized to dynamically adjust the optimum ordering time of the spare unit. Numerical experiments are designed to validate the existence and uniqueness of the joint optimal spare unit ordering and preventive replacement policies, as well sensitivity analysis of critical parameters are conducted.