Order Derivative UV Spectrophotometry Research Articles

Development and Validation of Analytical Methods for Simultaneous Estimation of Lercanidipine Hydrochloride and Enalapril Maleate

The fixed dose of lercanidipine hydrochloride(LH) and enalapril maleate (EM) is used to provide more effective control of hypertension. The research work was aimed at the development and validation of simple and sensitive analytical methods for their quantification from tablets. The simultaneous equation, first-order derivative, and multivariate spectrophotometric methods were developed for the simultaneous estimation of LH and EM in tablets. The simultaneous equation method involves a determination of LH and EM at 236 nm and 207 nm, respectively. First order derivative UV spectrophotometry method involves using a zero crossing point of LH at 330 nm and EM at 219 nm. Both methods were validated as per ICH Q2 (R2) guidelines and found to be accurate and precise as they exhibited <2% relative standard deviation. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) for LH were found to be 0.26 μg/ml and 0.78 μg/ml respectively whereas LOD and LOQ for EM were found to be 0.41 μg/ml and 1.24 μg/ml respectively for simultaneous equation method. The LOD and LOQ for LH were found to be 0.39 μg/ml and 1.19 μg/ml respectively whereas LOD and LOQ for EM were found to be 0.31 μg/ml and 0.97μg/ml respectively for the first-order derivative method. Three Chemometric methods namely classical least square (CLS), principal component regression (PCR), and partial least square (PLS) were studied for the simultaneous determination of LH and EM in tablets using spectrophotometry. A set of 25 standard mixtures containing both drugs were prepared in the range of 5–25 μg/ml for both drugs. The analytical figure of merit (FOM) was determined for all three chemometric methods. The LOD values for LH were found to be 0.97, 0.93, and 0.94 μg/ml and 0.90,0.88, and 0.89 μg/ml for EM using CLS, PCR, and PLS modeling techniques. The proposed methods were user-friendly, rapid, and sensitive enough for the determination of LH and EM.

Method development and validation of solifenacin succinate in pharmaceutical dosage form using first order derivative UV spectrophotometry

Method development and validation of solifenacin succinate in pharmaceutical dosage form using first order derivative UV spectrophotometry

Estimation of Delafloxacin Using Derivative Spectrophotometry and Area Under Curve in Bulk Material and in Laboratory Mixture

Simple, specific, rapid and accurate UV-spectrophotometric methods have been developed using a solvent acetonitrile (50 %) to determine delafloxacin in bulk material and in laboratory mixture. “Method A” is zero order derivative UV- spectrophotometry using absorbance, “Method B” is zero order derivative UV-spectrophotometry using Area Under Curve (AUC) technique, “Method C” is first order derivative UV-spectrophotometry using amplitude, “Method D” is First Order Derivative UV-spectrophotometry- AUC,“Method E” is Second Order Derivative UV-spectrophotometry using amplitude and “Method F” is second order derivative UV- spectrophotometry using (AUC) technique. The developed methods have shown excellent results in terms of linearity and range, accuracy, precision and Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ). In all Methods, delafloxacin obeyed linearity in the concentration range of 2 – 12 μg/mL with (r2 > 0.999). All these methods were applied for estimation of delafloxacin in laboratory mixture. All the above mentioned methods were validated considering linearity and range, accuracy, precision, ruggedness and sensitivity.

Quantification of Spironolactone by first and second order UV Derivative Spectrophotometry in bulk and tablet dosage form

For determination of Spironolactone in pharmaceutical formulation, Simple, fast and reliable first and second order derivative UV spectrophotometric methods were developed. Spectrophotometrically, Spironolactone was determined by measuring the 1D and 2D-values at 226 nm and 262 nm using methanol as background solvent. The Calibration curves were shown linear within a concentration range from 5-35 ?g/ml. The developed and validated method was easily applied to the analysis of the pharmaceutical tablet preparations. The percentage recoveries were found to be 100% for given methods. The excipients did not interfere in the analysis. The results showed that this method can be used for rapid determination of Spironolactone in pharmaceutical tablet with specificity and accuracy. Keywords: Zero crossing, First order Derivative, Second order Derivative UV spectrophotometry, Spironolactone, Validation

Simultaneous determination of Cefixime trihydrate and Ofloxacin in pharmaceutical dosage form by second order derivative UV spectrophotometry

Derivative spectrophotometry offers a useful approach for the analysis of drugs in multi-component formulation. In this study a second order derivative spectrophotometric method is applied for the simultaneous determination of Cefixime Trihydrate and Ofloxacin in Tablet dosage form. The measurements were carried out at wavelengths of 307 and 298 nm for Cefixime Trihydrate and Ofloxacin respectively. The method was found to be linear (r=0.999) in the range of 4-20 ?g/ml for Cefixime Trihydrate in the presence of 20 ?g/ml of Ofloxacin at 307 nm. The linear correlation (r=0.999) was obtained in the range of 4-20 ?g/ml for Ofloxacin in the presence of 20 ?g/ml of Cefixime Trihydrate at 298 nm. The method was successfully used for simultaneous determination of Cefixime Trihydrate and Ofloxacin in tablet dosage form without any interference from excipients and prior separation.

NOVEL ZERO ORDER UV-SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC AND FIRST ORDER DERIVATIVE UV-AUC METHODS FOR ESTIMATION OF ETOMIDATE IMPARTING HYDROTROPIC SOLUBLIZATION

Simple, novel UV-spectrophotometric methods have been developed and validated for the estimation of etomidate imparting a hydrotropic solublization phenomenon. Etomidate is an imidazole derivative, approved as a short acting intravenous anesthetic having poor water solubility. As the UV-spectrophotometric estimation was not seen in any published literature, we have reported it here; zero order UV-spectrophotometry (Method I) and First Order Derivative UV-spectrophotometry (Method II) with the application of hydrotropy to counteract the poor water solubility of etomidate. The present research endeavour utilizes propylene glycol (PG) (2% v/v with distilled water) as the hydrotropic agent for the UV-spectrophotometric determination of etomidate. The drug was found to be stable in solution form with the aforementioned hydrotropic agent. Method I was carried out by measuring absorbance at λmax of 243.40 nm whilst for Method II, a uniform area between 245.40 - 268.40 nm was measured and plotted against concentration. The linearity range was obeyed to be in between 4 - 24 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 for both the developed methods. The non - interference of a hydrotropic agent ensures the specificity for proposed methods. The mean recovery of 99.60 (Method I) and 100.28 (Method II) reflects accuracy for developed methods. The method precision results were found to be within limit; expressed in % RSD; no more than 2.0%. The developed UV-spectrophotometric methods for the estimation of etomidate are simple, less time consuming and eco-friendly. The developed methods were validated according to ICH guidelines and proved statistically accurate, precise and sensitive, which can be extended to a routine determination of etomidate in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.

Simultaneous Determination of Carvedilol and Hydrochlorothiazide in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form by Second Order Derivative UV Spectrophotometry

Derivative spectrophotometry offers a useful approach for the analysis of drugs in multi-component formulation. In this study a second order derivative spectrophotometric method is applied for the simultaneous determination of Carvedilol and Hydrochlorothiazide in tablet dosage form. The measurements were carried out at wavelengths of 292 and 272 nm for Carvedilol and Hydrochlorothiazide respectively. The method was found to be linear (r2=0.999) in the range of 5–25 μg/ml for Carvedilol in the presence of 20 μg/ml of Hydrochlorothiazide at 292 nm. The linear correlation (r2=0.999) was obtained in the range of 5–25 μg/ml for Hydrochlorothiazide in the presence of 20 μg/ml of Carvedilol at 272 nm. The method was successfully used for simultaneous determination of Carvedilol and Hydrochlorothiazide in tablet dosage form without any interference from excipients and prior separation.

Application of First Order Derivative UV Spectrophotometry Coupled with H-Point Standard Addition to the Simultaneous Determination of Melamine and Dicyandiamide in Milk

A simple and rapid method for simultaneous determination of melamine and dicyandiamide in milk was developed, in which first order derivative UV spectrophotometry was coupled with the improved H-point standard addition proposed in our previous paper for melamine and with K-ratio-H-point standard addition for dicyandiamide, respectively. Dicyandiamide and melamine did not influence with each other determination. The method was applied successfully to the determination of melamine and dicyandiamide in three kinds of milk samples, including two kinds of milk powder and one kind of liquid milk. The relative standard deviation (n = 3) for the determination of melamine was in the range of 4.37 ∼ 6.05 % with recoveries of 94.3 ∼ 110.6 %, for dicyandiamide was in the range of 0.12 ∼ 3.44 % with recoveries of 94.27 ∼ 110.6 %. The proposed method can be applied to samples containing melamine higher than 0.69 mg kg−1 in milk powder and 0.15 mg L−1 in liquid milk, and dicyandiamide higher than 0.011 mg kg−1 in milk powder and 0.013 mg L−1 in liquid milk. Furthermore, it is organic solvents-free and less laborious.

Estimation of Tadalafil Using Derivative Spectrophotometry in Bulk Material and in Pharmaceutical Formulation

Four simple, rapid, accurate, precise, reliable, and economical UV-spectrophotometric methods have been proposed for the determination of tadalafil in bulk and in pharmaceutical formulation. “Method A” is first order derivative UV spectrophotometry using amplitude, “method B” is first order derivative UV spectrophotometry using area under curve technique, “method C” is second order derivative UV spectrophotometry using amplitude, and “method D” is second order derivative UV spectrophotometry using area under curve technique. The developed methods have shown best results in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, and LOD and LOQ for bulk drug and marketed formulation as well. In N,N-dimethylformamide, tadalafil showed maximum absorbance at 284 nm. For “method A” amplitude was recorded at 297 nm while for “method B” area under curve was integrated in the wavelength range of 290.60–304.40 nm. For “method C” amplitude was measured at 284 nm while for “method D” area under curve was selected in the wavelength range of 280.80–286.20 nm. For methods A and B, tadalafil obeyed Lambert-Beer’s law in the range of 05–50 μg/mL while for “methods C and D”, tadalafil obeyed Lambert-Beer’s law in the range of 20–70 μg/mL, and-for “methods A, B, C, and D” the correlation coefficients were found to be > than 0.999.

APPLICATION OF UV-SPECTROPHOTOMETRY FOR DETERMINATION OF ZILEUTON IN BULK AND IN TABLETS

Zileuton is an orally active inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase and found to inhibit leukotrienes (LTB4 , LTC4, LTD4 , and LTE4) formation and well-known for the effective treatment of asthma. Rapid, economical and simple ‘Zero order UV-spectrophotometry’ and ‘First order derivative UV-spectrophotometry’ have been developed for estimation zileuton in bulk and in-house tablets. Zileuton showed maximum absorbance at 258.4 nm in 0.01M NaOH. For Zero order UV-spectrophotometric method (Method I), two wavelengths 243.4 nm and 271.0 nm were selected for the determination of area under curve (AUC). In First order derivative UV-spectrophotometry (Method II), two wavelengths 260.0 nm and 279.60 nm were selected for determination of AUC. For both these methods, zileuton followed linearity in the concentration range of 4 - 24 µg/ mL with correlation coefficient value of 0.999. Both methods were validated as per ICH guidelines.

A spectrophotometric and thermodynamic study of the charge-transfer complexes of N-aryl-N′-isopropyloxycarbonylsulfamides with DDQ and TCNE

Molecular charge-transfer complexes of three N-aryl-N′-isopropyloxycarbonylsulfamides derivatives with π-acceptors tetracyanoethylene (TCNE), and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ), were studied by using zero and second order derivative UV spectrophotometry in different solvents at four different temperatures within the range of 20–35°C. The stoichiometries of the complexes were found to be 1:1 ratio between donors and acceptors using Job’s method. The data were analyzed in terms of their stability constant (K), molar extinction coefficient (εCT), thermodynamic standard reaction quantities (ΔG°, ΔH°, ΔS°), oscillator strength (f), transition dipole moment (μEN) and ionization potential (ID).The results show that the stability constant (K) for the complexes was found to be dependant upon the nature of electron acceptor, electron donor, and polarity of used solvents.

A simple and sensitive method for the determination of melamine in milk by first derivative UV spectrophotometry coupled with the H-point standard addition method

Based on first order derivative UV spectrophotometry coupled with H-point standard addition, a simple, rapid, sensitive and accurate method for the determination of melamine in milk was developed. The milk sample solution was precipitated with silica gel in hydrochloric acid, then the first order derivative UV spectrum of the supernatant obtained by centrifuging the precipitation solution was measured. The concentration of melamine in sample solutions was determined by the cross-point of two standard-addition curves obtained by plotting the difference (ΔdA/dλ) between the dA/dλ peak value at 229 nm and the dA/dλ valley value at 242 nm versus the added concentrations of melamine at two measurement acidity values of 0.75 mol L−1 HCl and 2.5 mol L−1 HCl, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, the relative standard deviation for three replicates of the milk sample and spiked sample was 4.94% and 3.41%, respectively. The recoveries for three kinds of milk samples were in a range of 95.5–113.3%. The proposed method can be applied to milk powder and liquid milk samples in which melamine contents are larger than 1.67 mg kg−1 and 0.20 mg L−1, respectively.

Performance characteristics of high performance liquid chromatography, first order derivative UV spectrophotometry and bioassay for fluconazole determination in capsules

The bioassay, first order derivative UV spectrophotometry and chromatographic methods for assaying fluconazole capsules were compared. They have shown great advantages over the earlier published methods. Using the first order derivative, the UV spectrophotometry method does not suffer interference of excipients. Validation parameters such as linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection and limit of quantitation were determined. All methods were linear and reliable within acceptable limits for antibiotic pharmaceutical preparations being accurate, precise and reproducible. The application of each method as a routine analysis should be investigated considering cost, simplicity, equipment, solvents, speed, and application to large or small workloads.

Quantitative Determination of Lafutidine in Tablets by First Order Derivative UV-Spectrophotometry Using Area under Curve

Lafutidine (LTD) is used as antiulcer and mucosal protective. A new simple, economical and rapid UVSpectrophotometric first order derivative method using 'Area Under Curve' (AUC) technique has been developed for the quantitative determination of LTD in bulk and tablets. Methanol (20% v/v) was used as a solvent. Zero order spectrum of LTD was derivatised into first order using UV-probe software of the UVVis Spectrophotometer and the AUC was determined between the two selected wavelength 276.80 nm to 306.00 nm. LTD followed linearity in the concentration range of 10 - 80 μg/mL with r 2 > 0.99. The quantity of drug estimated by this method was in good accord with label claimed. This method was found to be accurate, precise and ruggedness as shown by low values of % RSD.

Simultaneous determination of Indigotin and Ponceau-4R in food samples by using Vierordt's method, ratio spectra first order derivative and derivative UV spectrophotometry

Three sensitive and accurate methods for determination of Indigotin and Ponceau-4R in mixtures by Vierordt's method, ratio spectra first order derivative and first order derivative UV spectrophotometry are described. No separation step was required for these novel methods. Ratio spectra first order derivative and first derivative UV spectrophotometric methods were studied in the wavelength range of 300–700 nm and phosphate buffer pH 7.0 medium. The linearity ranges were found as 1.00–50.00 μg ml −1 for Indigotin and 1.00–52.00 μg ml −1 for Ponceau-4R dyes at developed UV spectrophotometric methods. In order to determine both dyes these procedures were applied to the commercially available food samples containing saccharose and citric acid such as powdered drinks, sweets and jellies. Developed spectrophotometric methods were found accurate, precise, reproducible, directly and easily applicable for the analysis of Indigotin and Ponceau-4R in food samples. The data obtained from these spectrophotometric methods to determine Indigotin and Ponceau-4R dyes in food were compared with data from HPLC methods which have been previously reported. No statistically significant difference was found between these methods.

Analysis of glimepiride by using derivative UV spectrophotometric method.

Glimepiride (Amaryl), which is a new oral antidiabetic drug in the sulfonylurea class, was analysed by using second order derivative UV spectrophotometry. The quantification of glimepiride in dimethylformamide was performed in the wavelength range of 245-290 nm at N = 6, ?lambda = 21. The second order derivative spectra was calculated using peak to peak (lambdaDMF = 263.3-268.2 nm), peak to zero (lambdaDMF = 268.2 nm) and tangent (lambdaDMF = 263.3-271.8 nm) method for calibration curves, the linearity range of 1.00-500.00 microg ml(-1) by using the second order derivative UV spectrophotometric method. The developed method was applied to directly and easily to the analysis of the pharmaceutical tablet preparations. R.S.D. were found to be 4.18% (Amaryl tablet; 1 mg) and 2.21% (Amaryl tablet; 2 mg). The method was completely validated and proven to be rugged. The limit of quantitation and the limit of detection were found as 1.00 and 0.4 microg ml(-1), respectively. This validated derivative UV spectrophotometric method is potentially useful for a routine laboratory because of its simplicity, rapidity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy.

Determination of nimesulide in pharmaceutical dosage forms by second order derivative UV spectrophotometry

In this study, nimesulide which has been used as an analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agent, was analyzed by using second order derivative UV spectrophotometry. The solvent, the degree of derivation, ranges of wavelength and n-value were chosen in order to optimize the conditions. The concentration of nimesulide in its solutions in ethanol and chloroform were determined between the wavelength ranges of 200 and 500 nm ( n=6, Δ λ=21) and in the linearity ranges of 2.0–90.0 μg ml −1 in ethanol and 2.0–50.0 μg ml −1 in chloroform by using the values obtained from the second derivative UV spectrum of the substance. The developed second derivative UV spectrophotometric method was applied to the pharmaceutical preparations such as tablet, sachet (granule) and suspension. Tablet and sachet were analysed in ethanol while the suspension was analysed in chloroform. The results obtained from derivative UV spectrophotometry were compared with those obtained by using HPLC. It was found that the difference was not statistically important between these methods. It was concluded that developed derivative UV spectrophotometric method was accurate, sensitive, precise, reproducible and could be applied directly and easily to the pharmaceutical preparations.