Orange Powder Research Articles

Moisture sorption isotherms and net isosteric heat of sorption for spray-dried pure orange juice powder

The aim of this study was to measure the moisture sorption isotherms of spray-dried pure orange-juice powders. These isotherms have been fitted using eleven different sorption equations. The GAB model was found to be the best fit. The GAB parameters were estimated both by direct and indirect regression methods. The net isosteric heat of sorption was also determined using the Clausius–Clapeyron equation and was successfully used as a limiting condition for estimating the six unknown parameters of the GAB equation using the direct regression method. The net isosteric heat of sorption decreased from 9.05 kJ/mol at 0.05 kg/kg dry basis to approximately 0.0 kJ/mol at 0.7 kg/kg dry basis. These values, as expected, were comparable to the enthalpy difference between the monolayer and multilayer moisture (8.16 kJ/mol), and the difference between the latent heat of condensation for pure water and the heat of sorption of multilayer moisture (=−0.88 ± 0.69 kJ/mol).

Effect of Spray Drying of Four Fruit Juices on Physicochemical, Phytochemical and Antioxidant Properties

Fruit juices from Khasi mandarin orange, watermelon, carambola and pineapple were spray dried with 20% maltodextrin and studied for physicochemical, phytochemical and antioxidant properties. Khasi mandarin orange gave the highest yield (85.27%). Viscosity of the feed sample and the particle size distribution of the powders varied among samples. Moisture content ranged between 3.41 and 5.47%. pH was in the acidic range and titratable acidity was highest in carambola (0.70%). Solubility values ranged from 57.57 to 76.75%. Hygroscopicity of the juice powders ranged from 11.63 to 11.99 g/100 g of samples. The change in color (ΔE) after spray drying was highest in reconstituted Khasi mandarin. The phytochemical content and antioxidant activity were significantly different between the spray-dried and fresh untreated juice samples. An increase in total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, ferric reducing antioxidant potential and DPPH radical scavenging activity was observed in Khasi mandarin juice powder. Practical Applications Application of heat treatment causes number of changes in quality parameters of spray-dried fruit juice powder. The present work studied the effect of spray drying on the physicochemical properties of four fruit juice powders as well as changes in their phytochemical and antioxidant activities. It was observed that spray drying had both positive and adverse effects on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties depending on the fruit juice type. The phytochemical and antioxidant properties were enhanced upon spray drying of Khasi mandarin juice. The results indicate that spray-dried Khasi mandarin orange and watermelon juice powders can be promoted for processing by the fruit processing industries.

Retention of ascorbic acid in fortified orange juice powers during storage

Both Coorg and Sathgudi orange juice powders are good carriers for added ascorbic acid during prolonged storage at ordinary temperatures. There is not much difference between nitrogen and air packs as regards retention of ascorbic acid during storage. Nitrogen pack, however, helps to keep the power in a better free-flowing condition.

Anisyl and ferrocenyl adducts of methylenepyran-containing β-diketone: Synthesis, spectral, structural, and redox properties

Wittig reaction between the in situ generated [2,6-diphenyl-4H-pyran-4-yl phosphorane and methyl 4-formylbenzoate afforded the methyl 4-[(2,6-diphenyl-4H-pyran-4-ylidene)methyl]benzoate precursor 2 in 75% yield. The anisyl and ferrocenyl adducts of methylenepyran-containing β-diketones 3 and 4, respectively, were prepared from the base-catalyzed Claisen condensation reaction between precursor 2 and 4-methoxyacetophenone or acetylferrocene, using t-BuO−K+ as basic initiator. Both β-diketones 3 and 4 were isolated as an orange and dark-red crystalline solids in 50% yield, respectively. The acetyl derivative 6, 1-acetyl-1′-methylenepyranyl-ferrocene, was synthesized following a classical Friedel–Crafts acylation reaction of the parent ferrocenylmethylenepyran 5, and isolated in 61% yield as a red microcrystalline powder. The condensation reaction between the electron-rich acetyl complex 6 and acetyl acetate, using lithium diisopropylamide as the active base initiator, provided the ferrocenylmethylenepyran-containing β-diketone, 1-(1,3-dioxobutyl)-1′-[(2,6-diphenyl-4H-pyran-4-ylidene)methyl] ferrocene 7, isolated in 20% yield as an orange powder. The composition and identity of the new compounds 2–4, 6 and 7 are supported by elemental analysis, FT-IR, one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectral data and mass spectrometry. Additionally, the molecular structures of compounds 2, 4 and 6 were ascertained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. FT-IR and NMR spectral data indicate that both β-diketones 3 and 4 do solely exist as their keto–enol tautomeric form in solution and in the solid state, whereas a mixture of keto–enol and β-diketone tautomers in a 73:27 spectroscopic ratio was observed for 7. In the three cases, enolization takes place exclusively away from the anisyl or ferrocenyl group with formation of a six-membered pseudo-aromatic keto–enol ring, confirmed by the crystal structure of 4. Cyclic voltammetric measurements revealed that all the compounds undergo a single one-electron oxidation, localized presumably at the methylenepyran unit. This first oxidation generates a radical cation that undergoes an intermolecular C–C bond coupling to form the corresponding dimer. Anodically shifted to the first oxidation, cyclovoltammogram of 4 exhibits one reversible two-electron oxidation while that of 6 and 7 present two successive reversible one-electron oxidations, attributed in the three cases to the ferrocenyl fragment of the dimer.

Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Cs2Ga2Se5

AbstractCs2Ga2Se5 was obtained by the reaction of CsN3 with stoichiometric amounts of GaSe and Se at elevated temperature. It forms yellow crystals embedded in a pure orange microcrystalline powder. The crystal structure of Cs2Ga2Se5 was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction at 123 K. The compound crystallizes monoclinically in the space group C2/c (No. 15) with a = 15.3911(5) Å, b = 7.3577(2) Å, c = 12.9219(3) Å, β = 126.395(3)°, V = 1177.89(7) Å3, and Z = 4. The structure features one‐dimensional chains 1∞[Ga2Se3(Se2)2–], consisting of edge‐ and corner sharing GaSe4 tetrahedra. Raman spectroscopic measurements reveal vibrational bands of the Se22– units at 236 cm–1, and the bands of Ga–Se vibrations at 254 and 273 cm–1. UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy shows the bandgap at about 1.95 eV.

Chemical Constituents from Celastrus monospermus

The genus Celastrus belongs to the family Celastraceae, comprising 50 species, of which 30 species are distributed in China [1]. Celastrus monospermus Roxb is a liana plant belonging to the Celastraceae family and is widely distributed in Guizhou, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, and Yunnan Provinces of China. It grows at 300–1500 m above sea level [2]. Previous chemical studies led to the isolation of triterpenens with the friedelane skeleton, which exhibited diverse activities in rheumatism, leukemia, and skin diseases [3–5]. In the course of our research on the chemical constituents of C. monospermus Roxb., 14 compounds were isolated and identified by comparison of their ESI-MS and NMR spectroscopic data with those reported in the literature. Among them, compounds 2–12 were isolated from this plant for the first time. The stems of C. monospermus Roxb were collected from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province of China in July 2010 and identified by Prof. Zhang Hangmin (Second Military Medical University). A voucher specimen (No. 201007DZT) has been deposited at the School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The air-dried and powdered plant material (5.0 kg) was extracted three times with 95% EtOH at room temperature. After evaporation of the EtOH under reduced pressure, the viscous residue (296 g) was suspended in H2O and then partitioned successively with petroleum ether and EtOAc, yielding 32.0 g and 78.1 g, respectively. The petroleum ether extract was applied to a silica gel column eluting with petroleum ether–EtOAc gradient (100:1 to 0:100) to obtain five fractions (Fr. 1–Fr. 5). Fraction 2 (2.1 g) was subjected to repeated column chromatography over silica gel eluted with petroleum ether–EtOAc (80:20) to provide compounds 1 (1.2 g) and 9 (10.3 mg). Fraction 3 (2.4 g) was isolated on Sephadex LH-20 (CH2Cl2–MeOH 1:1) to afford compounds 2 (14.0 mg) and 13 (85.9 mg). Compounds 3 (4.4 mg) and 4 (10.0 mg) were purified by crystallization in acetone from Fr. 4 (3.1 g). Fraction 5 (2.1 g) was rechromatographed on silica gel eluted with petroleum ether–EtOAc gradient (10:1 to 0:1) to obtain fractions A–D; Fr. C (0.7 g) was submitted to preparative HPLC [eluted by MeOH–H2O (70:30)] to obtain compounds 10 (13.0 mg) and 11 (7.7 mg). The EtOAc extract was chromatographed on a silica gel column eluting with CH2Cl2–MeOH (50:1 to 5:1) to obtain five fractions (A1–A5). Compounds 8 (33.4 mg) and 14 (57.4 mg) were crystalized from A2 (6.2 g) in acetone. Fraction A3 (5.1 g) was separated by silica gel column again, and the third sub-fraction was subjected to preparative HPLC [eluted by MeOH–H2O (70:30)] to give compounds 7 (5.8 mg) and 12 (5.8 mg). Compounds 5 (14.5 mg) and 6 (4.0 mg) were obtained after purification of A5 (1.3 g) by Sephadex LH-20 (MeOH) and preparative HPLC [eluted by MeOH–H2O (40:60)]. Friedelan-3-one (1). C30H50O. Colorless crystals, mp 229–321 C. ESI-MS (positive) m/z 449 [M + Na] +. Compound 1 was characterized as friedelan-3-one by comparison of the physical and spectral data with the literature [6]. Woodwardic Acid (2). C30H43O3. Colorless crystals, mp 264–265 C. ESI-MS (negative) m/z 455 [M – H]–. Compound 2 was characterized as woodwardic acid by comparison of the physical and spectral data with the literature [7]. Stigmastane-3,6-dione (3). C29H48O2. Colorless crystals, mp 178–180 C. ESI-MS (negative) m/z 427 [M – H] –. Compound 3 was characterized as stigmastane-3,6-dione by comparison of the physical and spectral data with the literature [8]. Stigmast-4-en-6 -ol-3-one (4). C29H48O2. Colorless crystals, mp 189–191 C. ESI-MS (negative) m/z 427 [M – H]–. Compound 4 was characterized as stigmast-4-en-6 -ol-3-one by comparison of the MS and NMR spectral data with the literature [9]. ( )-Catechin (5). C15H14O6. Orange powder, mp 214–216 C. ESI-MS (positive) m/z 313 [M + Na] Compound 5 was characterized as (+)-catechin by comparison of the MS and NMR spectral data with the literature [10].

파프리카의 색이 열풍 건조한 파프리카 분말을 첨가한 돈육 분쇄육의 이화학적 특성과 항산화 활성 평가

본 연구는 색깔별로 열풍 건조한 파프리카 분말의 항산화 활성을 알아보고, 열풍 건조한 파프리카 분말을 돈육분쇄육에 첨가하여 이화학적인 특성과 항산화 효과를 알아보기 위하여 수행하였다. 파프리카의 총 페놀성화합물 함량은 파프리카의 색과 추출용매에 따라서 유의적으로 차이를 나타내지 않았다(p>0.05). 파프리카 분말의 DPPH에 대한 전자공여능은 파프리카 색깔에 따라 차이를 보이지 않았고, 파프리카의 색깔과 관계없이 물 추출물보다 메탄올 추출물이 더 높은 전자공여능을 보였고, 특히 0.5% 이상에서 메탄올 추출물이 대조구인 ascorbic acid와 유의적으로 차이를 나타내지 않음으로써 높은 항산화 활성을 보였다. 철이온 흡착력은 파프리카의 색깔이나 용매에 상관없이 모든 처리구들에서 농도가 높아짐에 따라 철 흡착 활성이 높아지는 경향을 보였고, 특히 1.0%에서는 메탄올 오렌지 추출물(MOP)과 물로 추출한 붉은 파프리카(WRP) 처리구가 EDTA와 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았고, EDTA를 제외한 모든 처리구에서도 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>0.05). 환원력은 모든 농도에서 처리구간에 유의적으로 차이를 나타내지 않았고(p>0.05), 농도가 증가함에 따라 환원력도 증가함을 보였다. 열풍 건조한 파프리카 분말이 첨가된 돈육 분쇄육에 냉장저장 중 이화학적인 특성에서는 적색도는 붉은색 파프리카 분말을 첨가한 처리구가 높게 나타났고, 반대로 황색도는 주황색 파프리카 분말을 첨가한 처리구에서 높게 나타났다. TBARS값은 파프리카 색에 관계 없이 분말의 함량이 증가할수록 낮게 나타났고, 특히 1% 첨가한 처리구의 경우에는 참조구인 REF와 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않음으로써 우수한 항산화력을 나타내었다. 미생물 실험 결과 파프리카 분말 첨가가 미생물을 억제하는데 기여하지 않았다. 이와 같은 결과로 볼 때 색에 관계없이 파프리카 분말은 천연 항산화 물질로서의 우수한 항산화 효과를 나타내어 육가공품 가공에 천연 항산화제로서의 이용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. This study was performed to determine the antioxidant activity of the oven-dried paprika powder as affected by the color differences of paprika and to evaluate physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of pork patties with various levels of paprika powders. The total phenolic contents of the paprika were not affected by color and solvent (p>0.05). The methanol extracted paprika powder showed higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than water extracted counterpart, and no differences were observed at concentration of 0.5% as compared to the reference (ascorbic acid) (p>0.05). In all treatments, the iron chelating ability increased with increasing concentrations. At a concentration of 1.0%, methanol extracts of orange paprika (MOP) and water extracts of red paprika (WRP) were not different from the reference, (ethylendiaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA). The paprika color and extraction solvent didn't affect reducing power of paprika powder at each concentration (p>0.05). Pork patties with red paprika powder were higher redness values than those with orange ones, regardless of addition level. The addition of red paprika increased the yellowness, and patties with 1.0% orange paprika powder showed the highest value. TBARS values were decreased with increasing paprika powder, especially, patties with 1.0% paprika powder were lower TBARS than those with 0.5% paprika powder, resulting in similar to those with ascorbic acid (p>0.05). Although the microbial counts increased with storage time, paprika powders did not inhibit microorganisms during storage. In conclusion, paprika powders could be used as a natural antioxidant in meat products, regardless of paprika color.

Comparison of cytotoxic extracts from fruiting bodies, infected insects and cultured mycelia of Cordyceps formosana

A resazurin method was employed to test and compare cytotoxicity of extracts from fruiting bodies, insects and cultured mycelia of Cordyceps formosana against Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Results showed that the cultured mycelia had much stronger cytotoxicity than that of the fruiting bodies and infected insects. This suggestes that using cultured mycelia to substitute a natural Cordyceps may result in poisoning. A combined method of HPLC-PAD–HRMS and cytotoxic analysis revealed that the most toxic compound (Compound 1) was found mainly in the cultured mycelia and also a small amount in the infected insect body of the Cordyceps, but not in the fruiting body. The second toxic compound (Compound 2) was found in all structures of Cordyceps and in cultured mycelia. Different contents of the toxic compounds resulted in the different cytotoxicity of the extracts. Compound 1 and Compound 2 were prepared with preparative HPLC as yellow and orange powders, respectively. Cytotoxic tests showed that the median lethal dose (LD50) against CHO cells of Compound 1 was 18.3±0.2 and 103.7±5.9μg/mL for Compound 2. Compound 1 and Compound 2 were identified as rugulosin and skyrin by HRMS, UV and NMR data. The two compounds were never previously isolated from the genera Cordyceps and Hirsutella and their cytotoxicity against CHO cells was also reported for the first time.

New Insights in the Use of Trehalose and Modified Starches for the Encapsulation of Orange Essential Oil

During the encapsulation of aromas by spray-drying, some volatile components may be lost; consequently, the sensory profile could be modified in the final product. Therefore, the selection of the carrier matrix for the encapsulation is crucial to obtain high aroma retention and long shelf-life stability, reduce aroma oxidation and increase physical stability of the powder. With the aim of studying the use of trehalose for the encapsulation of orange essential oil, emulsions were prepared containing mixtures of trehalose–maltodextrin (TMD) and sucrose–maltodextrin (SMD). Two modified starches were used as emulsifiers. The emulsions were spray-dried and stored at 25 and 37 °C. The aroma retention was evaluated using head space–solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) and by sensory evaluation. In addition, some physical properties of orange essential oil powders, such as water sorption and glass transition temperature (Tg), were determined. The sensory profiles obtained for TMD and SMD were different: TMD formulations retained mainly limonene, while SMD retained mostly α-pinene and myrcene. The modified starches (Capsul and Hi Cap) used as emulsifiers also affected the retention of certain volatiles. Therefore, the selection of components in the carrier matrix is relevant to the retention of aromas in orange oil powders. Regarding the physical properties, TMD formulations presented better characteristics in comparison to SMD, particularly due to the higher Tg values. The high aroma retention levels and the good physical characteristics are promising results in relation to the inclusion of the developed formulations in dehydrated citric juices.

Investigation Biosorption Potential of Copper and Lead from Industrial WasteWater Using Orange and Lemon Peels

Much attention has been made towards adsorbent materials to be used in heavy metal removal from polluted water and various techniques are applied such as chemical, physical and biological techniques. This study was designed for using less expensive and much frequently available materials (orange & lemon peels) to remove copper and lead from industrial waste-water. Three forms of these peels (fresh dried small pieces and powder) were used. Also other factors such as pH and temperature were examined for probable effects on biosorption. Current data show that both orange and lemon peels are capable of removing copper and lead ions at significant capacity. Furthermore, lemon peels had higher capability than orange peels and the form of peel powder of both orange and lemon showed higher capacity than fresh and dried pieces where lemon powder has shown biosorption capacity of 72.5% and 71.3% for lead and copper respectively while orange powder had bioremoval percentage of 56.7% of lead and 34.5% for copper. In case of fresh lemon peels, these figures were 70.9% for lead and 62.2% for copper but fresh orange peels gave much less percentage (48.7of lead and 29.6% of copper). Regarding dried peels which showed the lowest values, but again, lemon peels were significantly better than those of orange. These values of lemon were 58.0% for lead and 57.1% for copper but for orange peels, the biosorption percentages reached 37.2% and 23.7% for lead and copper respectively. However, biosorption capacity of both fruit peels at different forms were significantly affected by various levels of both pH and temperature. The optimum pH and temperature values for better bioremoval capacity for all treatment within this study were 5 and 40 C° for pH and temperature respectively. Based on above, current data found that lemon peels are more efficient than the orange peels as biosorbents materials.

Crystal structure of trans-diiodidobis(4-phenylpyridine-κN)platinum(II), C22H18I2N2Pt

Abstract C22H18I2N2Pt, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 9.072(2) Å, b = 9.158(2) Å, c = 13.169(2) Å, β = 107.281(3)°, V = 1044.8 Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0319, wRref(F2) = 0.0727, T = 200 K.

Hypo-Cholesterolemic and Hypoglycemic Effects of Orange Albedo Powder (Citrus Aurantium L.) on Male Albino Rats

The present study was conducted to evaluates the hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic effects of dietary Orange Albedo Powder (Citrus Aurantium L.) in the hypercholesterolemic albino rats, also to examine various oxidative stress-associated with some biochemical parameters. Thirty two male albino rats weighing 110 + 10 g were divided into four groups, the first group received the basal diet only and served as (negative control), the second group received the hypercholesterolemic diet and served as (positive control), the other two groups received hypercholesterolemic diet supplemented with 10%, 20% orange albedo powder respectively (OrAP) for six weeks spontanously. The obtained results revealed that the groups of rats which received diets supplemented with 10% and 20% OrAP were significantly decrease total lipid, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase), when compared with positive control, also kidney functions were significantly improved. Body weight gain and food intake were significantly decreased when compared with positive control. The results indicate that the orange albedo is a good source of natural fiber. It could use in obese people for body loss, also serves to improve blood picture and to reduce the blood glucose level in hypercholesterolemic rats.

(η6-p-Cymene)(1,3-dimesityl-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylidene)bis(pentafluorobenzoato-κO)ruthenium(II) dichloromethane disolvate

The title compound, [Ru(C7F5O2)2(C10H14)(C21H24N2)]·2CH2Cl2, is formed as an orange crystalline powder by the reaction of RuCl2(p-cymene)(IMes) and AgOCOC6F5 in anhydrous tetra­hydro­furan (IMes = 1,3-dimesityl-2,3-di­hydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl­idene). The asymetric unit consists of two independent [Ru(C6F5COO)2(η6-p-cymene)(IMes)] com­plexes and four dichloro­methane solvent mol­ecules. In each complex molecule, the Ru atom presents a pseudo-octa­hedral environment with the p-cymene ligand occupying three facial coordination sites, while the remaining coordination positions are occupied by the O atoms of the penta­fluoro­benzoate ligands and by the imidazolyl­idene ligand.

Validation of a HPLC method for simultaneous determination of main organic acids in fruits and juices

Abstract A liquid chromatographic method for fast and simultaneous determination of tartaric, malic, ascorbic and citric acids was validated for further application to fruits and juices. Moreover, the organic acids content of commercial samples of fruits and juices were evaluated, as well as the ascorbic acid stability during the storage. Determination of organic acids was carried out using a liquid chromatograph coupled to a diode array detector, with reversed phase (C 18 column) and isocratic elution with 0.01 mol L −1 KH 2 PO 4 (pH = 2.60) mobile phase. The validation parameters showed efficiency, adequate linearity, relative standard deviation values between 0.4% and 2.3% ( n = 10) for repeatability and from 1.2% to 5.0% ( n = 18) for reproducibility, limits of detection (LD) were between 0.03 and 3.31 μg mL −1 and quantification (LQ) were between 0.10 and 11.03 μg mL −1 , recovery rates were between 82% and 110%, for two levels. In addition, the method is fast (10 min) and generates low and non-toxic residues. The values found for vitamin C were about 10 times above the values declared at the package. Ready to drink juices have a composition similar to the fruit, concerning to organic acids, except for the powder juice, in which only ascorbic and citric acids were found, for all tastes. After opening the package, a decrease of 14.0% and 27.0% in ascorbic acid content was observed for orange powder and ready to drink juices, respectively.

α-Glucosylated 6-gingerol: chemoenzymatic synthesis using α-glucosidase from Halomonas sp. H11, and its physical properties

6-Gingerol [(S)-5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)decan-3-one] is a biologically active compound and is abundant in the rhizomes of ginger (Zingiber officinale). It has some beneficial functions in healthcare, but its use is limited because of its insolubility in water and its heat-instability. To improve these physical properties, the glucosylation of 6-gingerol was investigated using α-glucosidases (EC. 3.2.1.20) from Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus nidulans ABPU1, Acremonium strictum, Halomonas sp. H11, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and cyclodextrin glucanotransferases (CGTase, EC. 2.4.1.19) from Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus sp. No. 38-2, Bacillus clarkii 7364, and Geobacillus stearothermophilus. Among these, only α-glucosidase from Halomonas sp. H11 (HaG) transferred a glucosyl moiety to 6-gingerol, and produced glucosylated compounds. The chemical structure of the reaction product, determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, was (S)-5-(O-α-d-glucopyranosyl)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)decan-3-one (5-α-Glc-gingerol). Notably, the regioisomer formed by glucosylation of the phenolic OH was not observed at all, indicating that HaG specifically transferred the glucose moiety to the 5-OH of the β-hydroxy keto group in 6-gingerol. Almost 60% of the original 6-gingerol was converted into 5-α-Glc-gingerol by the reaction. In contrast to 6-gingerol, 5-α-Glc-gingerol, in the form of an orange powder prepared by freeze-drying, was water-soluble and stable at room temperature. It was also more stable than 6-gingerol under acidic conditions and to heat.

UTILIZATION OF ORANGE POMACE IN PROCESSING LOW CALORIES CAKE

This research was aimed to utilized from baladi orange pomace (Citrus sinensis) as by-products from juices factories which causes some environmental problems in processing low cup calories cakes. Wheat flour 72% extraction was substituted with powdered orange pomace at different three levels i.e. 5, 10 and 15%. Effect of orange pomace on physical, chemical, textural characteristics and microstructure properties of cup cakes were determined. A gradual decrease in moisture, ether extract, carbohydrates, while fiber and ash contents were increased with the increase in concentration of powdered orange pomace. with substitution of 15 % orange pomace to cake batters and cake formulae was negatively effect on physical characteristics namely , pH, line spread, and volume cm3, texture profile and volume measurements. Results of scanning electron microscope showed that substitution with 15 % orange pomace caused undesirable changes in the structure of starch granules, gluten matrix and the gas cells comparing with the other cup cake formulae. Results of sensory evaluation indicated that cup cake formulae containing 5% and 10% orange pomace have the highest scores for taste ,odour, height , crumb colour and crust colour in compared with cup cake formula with 15 % orange pomace. So, substitution wheat flour 72 % with orange pomace powder up to 10 % in processing low calories cup cake is recommended .

Bicyclic dinuclear tris-(ditopic diphosphane) complexes of zerovalent group 10 metals

Selective formation of bimetallic group 10 complexes using the Cs symmetric, bicyclic diphosphane P2C12H20 is reported herein. With its eclipsed lone pairs disposed at a relative angle of ca. 45°, the diphosphane framework is ideally suited to form multiple bridges between two metal centers. The complexes contain {M2P6} cages with three diphosphane bridges and a pair of trans-axial ligands such as EPh3 (E = P, As, Sb) or η1-P2C12H20. X-Ray crystallography experiments revealed that the cages have a pseudo-D3h symmetry, with metal–metal distances in the 3.9–4.1 A range. The complexes were isolated in 48–91% yield as crystalline, bright yellow or orange powders. Substitution of the axial ligands with the {M2P6} cages remaining intact was also observed.

In-situ X-ray diffraction study of phase crystallization from an amorphous MoVTeNb oxide catalyst precursor

Abstract The formation of the crystalline phases M2, M1, orthorhombic MoO 3 , and a tetragonal M 5 O 14 (M = Mo,V,Nb) type phase during heat treatment of an amorphous Mo-V-Te-Nb oxide precursor in helium is investigated applying in - situ X-ray diffraction. The precursor was synthesized by precipitation, spray-drying and subsequent calcination of the dried orange powder in air at 275 °C. Crystallization of M2 starts at 450 °C, and it occurs simultaneously with the initial liberation of tellurium. Concurrent formation of M1, M 5 O 14 , and MoO 3 at temperatures higher than 550 °C suggests that structural building blocks consumed during crystallization are competitively supplied from a common amorphous precursor. The results indicate that the availability of tellurium could play a decisive role with respect to phase distribution in the final catalyst providing one possible explanation for the susceptible response of the phase composition of Mo-V-Te-Nb oxide catalysts for selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid on the experimental conditions of thermal activation.

White Phosphorus Activation at a Metal–Phosphorus Triple Bond: a New Route to cyclo-Triphosphorus or cyclo-Pentaphosphorus Complexes of Niobium

The Nb-P triple bond in [P≡Nb(N[Np]Ar)(3)](-) (Np = CH(2)(t)Bu; Ar = 3,5-Me(2)C(6)H(3)) has produced the first case of P(4) activation by a metal-ligand multiple bond. Treatment of P(4) with the sodium salt of the niobium phosphide complex in weakly coordinating solvents led to formation of the cyclo-P(3) anion [(P(3))Nb(N[Np]Ar)(3)](-). Treatment in tetrahydrofuran (THF) led to the formation of a cyclo-P(5) anion [(Ar[Np]N)(η(4)-P(5))Nb(N[Np]Ar)(2)](-), which represents a rare example of a substituted pentaphosphacyclopentadienyl ligand. The P(4) activation pathway was shown to depend on the dimer-monomer equilibrium of the niobium phosphide reagent, which, in turn, depends on the solvent used for the reaction. The pathway leading to the cyclo-P(3) product was shown to require a 2:1 ratio of the phosphide anion to P(4), while the cyclo-P(5) formation requires a 1:1 ratio. The cyclo-P(3) salt has been isolated in 56% yield as orange crystals of the [Na(THF)](2)[(P(3))Nb(N[Np]Ar)(3)](2) dimer or in 83% yield as an orange powder of [Na(12-crown-4)(2)][(P(3))Nb(N[Np]Ar)(3)]. A solid-state X-ray diffraction experiment on the former salt revealed that each Nb-P(3) unit exhibits pseudo-C(3) symmetry, while (31)P NMR spectroscopy showed a sharp signal at -223 ppm that splits into a doublet-triplet pair below -50 °C. It was demonstrated that this salt can serve as a P(3)(3-) source upon treatment with AsCl(3), albeit with modest yield of AsP(3). The cyclo-P(5) salt was isolated in 71% yield and structurally characterized from red crystals of [Na(THF)(6)][(Ar[Np]N)(η(4)-P(5))Nb(N[Np]Ar)(2)]. The anion in this salt can be interpreted as the product of trapping of an intermediate pentaphosphacycplopentadienyl structure through migration of one anilide ligand onto the P(5) ring. The W(CO)(5)-capped cyclo-P(3) salt was also isolated in 60% yield as [Na(THF)][(OC)(5)W(P(3))Nb(N[Np]Ar)(3)] from the activation of 0.5 equiv of P(4) with the sodium salt of the tungsten pentacarbonyl adduct of the niobium phosphide anion.

Synthesis and magnetic properties of an iron 1,2-bisthienyl perfluorocyclopentene photochromic coordination compound

The coordination compound Fe(BM-4-PTP) 2(NCS) 2⋅2MeOH ( 1) including the photoisomerizable ligand BM-4-PTP (1,2-bis(2′-methyl-5′-(pyrid-4″-yl)thien-3′-yl)perfluorocyclopentene) was obtained as an orange powder. The powder turns blue upon photocyclization of the 1,2-bisthienyl photochromic ligand induced by UV light irradiation at room temperature. Photocycloreversion is obtained by visible light irradiation of the material in the solid state. The orange and blue powders were investigated over the temperature range (5–293 K) and pressure range (1 bar–12 kbar) by magnetic susceptibility measurements and variable temperature 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. The photo-induced colour change is accompanied by a distinct magnetic variation at room temperature. Potentialities of this functional optical material for display and data recording are introduced.