Orange Peel Extract Research Articles

Synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using orange fruit peel extract for efficient remediation of dye pollutant in wastewater.

The removal of color-causing compounds from wastewater is a significant challenge that industries encounter due to their toxic, carcinogenic, and harmful properties. Despite the extensive research and development of various techniques with the objective of effectively degrading color pollutants, the challenge still persists. This paper introduces a simple technique for producing iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) using orange fruit peel for sustainable dye degradation in aqueous environment. The observation of color change and the measurement of UV-visible absorbance at 240nm provided a confirmation for the development of Fe2O3 NPs. Transmission electron microscopy examination demonstrated that the Fe2O3 NPshave an agglomerated distribution and forming spherical structures with size ranging from 25-80nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis supported the existence of Fe and O. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy conducted to investigate the involvement of orange peel extract in the reduction, capping, and synthesis of Fe2O3 NPs from the precursor salt. Fe2O3 NPs showed a photocatalytic remediation of 97%, for methylene blue under visible light irradiation. Additionally, prepared NPs exhibited concentration depended biofilm inhibition action against E. coli and S. aureus. In conclusion, Fe2O3 NPs can efficiently purify water and suppress pathogens due to their strong degrading activity, reusability, and biofilm inhibitionproperty.

Analysis Analysis of the Financial Feasibility of Producing an Instant Drink Mixed with Siamese Orange Peel Extract and Cinnamon Extract

Instant drinks are now increasingly popular among people. Because its practical use makes it easier for people to consume it. Then, along with the need to maintain health, drinks made from herbal ingredients have also become the people’s choice. One of the herbal ingredients that can be used is Siamese orange peel and cinnamon. The two ingredients are extracted and dried with a spray dryer, and the powder obtained is added with stevia sugar (1:3) and then packaged in 2 grams/sachet. Feasibility analysis is needed to determine whether this instant drink is feasible if used as a production business. From several financial aspects, the Break Event Point (BEP) receipt was IDR 68,480,496, the BEP production volume was 5,707 boxes, and the BEP price was IDR 8,965/box. Then, the eligibility criteria used are Net Present Value (NPV) obtained at IDR 13,049,296 (NPV>0), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 16.59% (IRR>interest rate), Net Benefit Cost Ratio (Net B/C) 1.23 (Net B/C>1), and Payback Period (PP) 1 year 4 months (PP<age of business).

NANOPARTICLE PREPARATION OF SIAM CITRUS PEEL EXTRACT (CITRUS NOBILIS L. VAR. MICROCARPA) USING SHORT-CHAIN CHITOSAN AND TRIPOLYPHOSPHATE AS CROSS LINKER AND CELLULAR UPTAKE STUDY ON MCF-7 CELL LINE BY IN VITRO

Objective: High consumption of oranges causes a lot of orange peel waste. Orange peel contains the compound naringenin, which has a cytotoxic effect on various cancer cells. This research aims to develop a preparation of Siamese orange peel extract nanoparticles with short-chain chitosan and tripolyphosphate carriers as an oral drug delivery system and determine its cytotoxic activity against the Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cell line. Methods: This research uses the micro tetrazolium (MTT) method to see the cytotoxic activity extract of methanol obtained from maceration extraction. The extract was then formulated into nanoparticles using chitosan and tripolyphosphate. Characterization and evaluation of nanoparticles were carried out, including particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and stability in the stomach using 0.1 N HCl and in the intestine using Artificial Intestinal Fluid (AIF) in vitro. This research was also conducted to assess the ability of nanoparticles to enter MCF-7 cells (cellular uptake). Results: Nanoparticles were successfully developed from Siamese orange peel extract. The results of the day 0 nanoparticle characterization were spherical, with average particle size 284.3 nm, zeta potential 0.713 mV, entrapment efficiency 96.73%, and stability in 0.1 N HCl at the 0th hours, respectively. 1st, 2nd, and 3rd. 99.16%, 98.70%, 98.47%, 98.31%, stability on AIF at hours 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively 99.52%, 99.30%, 99.40%, 98.99%, 99.29%. Characterization of nanoparticles on day 25 showed that the average particle size was 196.2 nm, zeta potential 0.476 mV, entrapment efficiency 96.92%, stability in 0.1 N HCl at 0, 1, 2 and 3 h respectively 99.51%, 98.67%, 98.51%, 98.27%, stability in AIF at 0th, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th hours 99.24 respectively %, 98.76%, 98.46%, 97.93%, 97.58%. Cytotoxic activity of extract Siamese citrus peel against MCF-7 cells with IC50 of 290.58 µg/ml. The result shows that cellular uptake of Siamese citrus peel nanoparticles can penetrate MCF-7 cells. Conclusion: Stable nanoparticles were successfully developed from Siamese orange peel extract, and their stability was maintained throughout a 30-day storage period. This extract displayed cytotoxic effects and showcased the ability for cellular uptake in MCF-7 cell cultures in vitro.

Green synthesized gold nanoparticles and CuO-based nonenzymatic sensor for saliva glucose monitoring.

Glucose, essential for brain and muscle functions, requires careful monitoring in diabetes and other chronic disease management. While blood glucose monitoring provides precise information about these diseases, it remains an invasive method. Saliva glucose monitoring could offer an alternative approach, but the glucose concentration in saliva is very low. In this work, we report a simple, low-cost, highly sensitive nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose sensor. We developed this sensor using green synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and wet chemical synthesized copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles on a screen-printed carbon electrode (Au/CuO/SPCE). The sensor's high sensitivity results from dual amplification strategies using AuNPs and CuO nanomaterials, each demonstrating catalytic activity towards glucose. This shows promising potential for saliva glucose monitoring. The AuNPs were synthesized using an Au precursor and orange peel extract (OPE), yielding stable colloidal AuNPs with a mean diameter of about 37 nm, thus eliminating the need for additional capping agents. Under optimal conditions, amperometric tests revealed that the sensor responded linearly to glucose concentrations ranging from 2 μM to 397 μM with a sensitivity of 236.70 μA mM-1 cm-2. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrated excellent reproducibility, stability and high selectivity for glucose in the presence of different biomolecules. We validated the sensor's efficacy by measuring glucose in human saliva, showing its potential for noninvasive glucose monitoring. This research advances the development of point-of-care devices, positioning the sensor as a promising tool for noninvasive glucose monitoring and improved diabetes management.

Biogenic silver nanoparticles' antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity on human hepatocarcinoma cells (Huh-7).

Exploring diverse synthetic pathways for nanomaterial synthesis has emerged as a promising direction. For example, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are synthesized using different approaches yielding nanomaterials with distinct morphological, physical and biological properties. Hence, the present study reports the biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the aqueous secretome of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (AgNP@Fo) and orange peel extract (AgNP@OR). The physical and morphological properties of synthesized nanoparticles were similar, with AgNP@Fo measuring 56.43 ± 19.18 nm and AgNP@OR measuring 39.97 ± 19.72 nm in size. The zeta potentials for the nanoparticles were low, -26.8 ± 7.55 and -26.2 ± 2.87 mV for AgNP@Fo and AgNP@OR, respectively, demonstrating a similar negative charge. The spherical morphologies of both nanoparticles were evidenced by Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). However, despite their similar physical and morphological properties, AgNPs demonstrated different bioactivities. We evaluated and compared the antimicrobial efficacy of these nanoparticles against a range of bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. The AgNP@Fo showed Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.84 to 1.68 μg mL-1 and were around ten times more potent compared to AgNP@OR. The anticancer activities of both nanoparticles were investigated using human hepatocarcinoma cells (Huh-7), where AgNP@Fo exhibited around 20 times higher cytotoxicity than AgNP@OR with an IC50 value of 0.545 μmol L-1. Anticancer effects were demonstrated by the MTT, confirmed by the calcein-AM assay and fluorescence imaging. This study establishes solid groundwork for future exploration of molecular interactions of nanoparticles synthesized through distinct biosynthetic routes, particularly within bacterial and cancerous cell environments.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Orange and Lemon Peel Extract and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial Properties

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Orange and Lemon Peel Extract and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial Properties

Protective Effect of Jamun (Syzygium cumini) Seed and Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peel Extracts Against Lead-Induced Alteration in Liver Biomarkers of Rats

Protective Effect of Jamun (Syzygium cumini) Seed and Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peel Extracts Against Lead-Induced Alteration in Liver Biomarkers of Rats

Chemical Content and Pharmacology of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Fruit Peel: A Review

The sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit peel is one of the often overlooked part of the sweet orange plant. However, recent research indicates that sweet orange peel possesses various bioactive properties and intriguing health benefits. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the chemical compounds, pharmacological activities, and potential development of sweet orange peel, serving as an introduction to further research. Sweet orange peel contains a variety of chemical compounds, including essential oils, flavonoids, carotenoids, steroids, terpenoids, alkane groups, and ethyl esters. These chemical compositions confer antioxidant properties to sweet orange peel, which can protect the body from oxidative damage caused by free radicals. In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that sweet orange peel extracts exhibit strong antioxidant activity and may aid in preventing degenerative diseases such as cancer. Additionally, sweet orange peel shows potential antimicrobial activity. Certain compounds in sweet orange peel have proven effective against various types of bacteria and pathogenic fungi.

Enhancing the quality and shelf life of chevon using orange peel extract

The experiment was conducted to find out the effect of different levels of orange peel extract as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent on fresh and preserved chevon. For this purpose, fresh chevon samples were divided into four treatment groups. These were treated as T0 (control group 0% orange peel extract), T1 (0.2% orange peel extract), T2 (0.3% orange peel extract) and T3 (0.4% orange peel extract) respectively. Sensory tests (color, flavor, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability), proximate components (DM, CP, EE and Ash), physicochemical quality (Raw meat pH, cooking loss), biochemical properties (POV, FFA and TBARS) and microbial assessment (TVC, TCC and TYMC) examination were determined in order to evaluate the effect of orange peel extract as natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent for maintaining chevon qualities and the shelf-life of chevon for 0, 5, 10 and 15 days of storage period under refrigeration temperature. Among the four treatments T3 (0.4% orange peel extract) was the best in terms of nutrient quality, physicochemical properties, biochemical analysis and microbial assessment. Therefore, it is concluded that 0.4% orange peel extract may be used up to 15 days for chevon preservation.

EFFECT OF LIQUID SMOKE FROM PYROLYSIS OF DURIAN SKIN AND ETANOL EXTRACT OF ORANGE PEEL AS BIO HAND SANITIZER

Liquid smoke resulting from pyrolysis of durian skin has antibacterial potential which is used as a basic ingredient for making bio hand sanitizer. Durian skin is difficult to degrade because it contains high levels of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose compounds, so with the use of durian skin, it is expert that it will be able to reduce durian skin waste. Bio hand sanitizer is formulated with essential oils to reduce the pungent aroma of smoke. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity and characteristics of the durian skin liquid smoke bio hand sanitizer. This study used the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method, with a comparison between durian peel liquid smoke and orange peel extract and the addition of 10 mL NaOH (1:3, 1:1,57, 1:1, and 3:1). The results of research based on characteristic tests obtained pH values of 4.81-7.36, viscosity 1392-3664 cps. Formula E (3:1) emerged as the best sample through organoleptic tests on each bio hand sanitizer preparation formula. It exhibited a yellow color, a runny texture, and a smoky aroma with the mixture. The antibacterial test demonstrated that the bio hand sanitizer preparation possessed antibacterial activity, and the resistance diameter for the test bacteria S. Aureus and E. Coli ranged from 21.51 to 31.14 mm

Biological Activity and Pectin Content in Orange, Lemon, Tangerine, Grapefruit and Kumquat Peels in Vietnam

Extracts of orange, lemon, tangerine, pomelos and kumquat peels were extracted by two methods viz. solvent extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction. Extracts from peel were evaluated for their moisture, biological activity and antibacterial capacity. Raw material powder after preliminary processing tends to turn golden brown with moisture content below 10%. The antioxidant capacity of the extract from low to high (orange > tangerine > pomelos > lemon > kumquat) was found. The vitamin C equivalent of tangerine is the highest recorded at the value of 1.30 mg g−1 . In addition, the total polyphenol and flavonoid content of pomelos and tangerine was found to be higher than that of other extracts. The antibacterial ability was also evaluated based on four intestinal-specific strains including E. coli, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. The orange peel extract isolated from solvent extraction method has the highest resistant to bacterial strains, whereas, the other extracts have moderate antibacterial activity. The results on the pectin composition in the peels have also been specifically evaluated. All the types of pectin powders have a degree of esterification (DE) coefficient < 50% corresponding to pectin LM (low-methoxyl), especially pectin from lemon peel gives a DE coefficient > 50% corresponding to pectin HM (high-methoxyl).

Formulation of Nano-fertilizer and Phytochemical Screening of orange peel were utilized to enhance the growth of Vigna radiata

Nanotechnology has developed into one of the most valued fields of sciences in the current century owing to the introduction of revolutionary changes in several disciplines of sciences. A key product of nanotechnology, i.e., nanoparticles (NPs) are abundantly used in modern research due to their novel applications. Orange peel contains vital nutrients that can be recycled into valuable material used for different purposes. In this study, we synthesized nano fertilizer from orange peel and tested its potential for promoting the growth of Vigna radiata and reducing the population of root rot pathogens. Nano-fertilizer extract was subjected to physical and chemical analyses for characterization. Transmission electron microscopy indicated spherical nanoparticles with sizes ranging between 18.22nm and 61.05nm. While the X-Ray diffraction analysis the peaks were observed at 2ɵ value of 19.830, 20.550, 21.240, 24.440, 27.330 and 29.770 which represented the similarity with urea slandered peak. The Synthesized nano-fertilizers contained phenols, steroids, triterpenes and xanthoproteins. In a screen house experiment, the nano fertilizer extract was administered to the seeds of Vigna radiata. The research demonstrated that increasing the dose of orange peel extract enhanced germination percentage by positively influencing plant growth characteristics. Meanwhile, a high concentration of orange peel amendment successfully reduced the colonization and infection percentage of root rotting pathogens when compared to the positive and negative controls.

Uji Aktivitas Antifungi Kombinasi Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Pisang Kepok (Musa paradisiaca L.) dan Kulit Jeruk Manis (Citrus sinensis) terhadap Candida albicans Penyebab Keputihan Patologis Secara In Vitro

Pathological vaginal discharge (Candidiasis) is a reproductive health problem experienced by more than 50% of women throughout the world. Candida albicans is the main cause of pathological vaginal discharge. This disease is characterized by yellow to greenish discharge, odor, and itching to the point of bleeding which can cause death. Antifungal drugs used to treat pathological vaginal discharge can have several side effects. Therefore, the urgency of this research is to find natural alternatives for pathological vaginal discharge drugs, such as sweet orange peel and kepok banana peel which contain bioactive compounds that can inhibit the growth of Candida albicans. The aim of this study was to test the antifungal activity of a combination of ethanol extracts of sweet orange peel and kepok banana peel against Candida albicans in vitro. This research uses laboratory experimental methods. The results showed that all combinations of ethanol extracts of sweet orange peel and kepok banana peel could inhibit the growth of Candida albicans. The inhibitory power of each extract combination is categorized as moderate to very strong. According to the one-way ANOVA statistical test, all combinations were significantly different (p < 0.05). The ethanol extract of sweet orange peel contains flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics and steroids, while the kepok banana peel extract contains phytochemical compounds such as flavonoids, phenolics, triterpenoids and alkaloids.

Effect of sunkist orange peel extract nanoparticle granules on the lipid profile levels in diabetic wistar rat

The research was conducted to determine the effect of Sunkist orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) peel extract nanoparticles in granular form on lipid profile levels in alloxan-induced Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). The study employed an experimental method with a posttest-only control group design. The population for this research was Wistar rats. The study used five treatment groups, resulting in a total of 25 rats, with five rats in each treatment group, as determined using the Federer formula. After the administration of sunkist orange peel extract nanoparticles at different doses for 14 days, the results showed a decrease in total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and HDL levels. The research findings demonstrated the influence of reducing lipid profile levels in diabetic rats. The effective dose for reducing the lipid profile in this study was found to be 100 mg for total cholesterol, 70 mg for triglyceride, and 70 mg for both HDL and LDL when using the ethanol extract of sunkist orange peel.

Eco-friendly orange peel extract as corrosion resistant for carbon steel's deterioration in petroleum formation water

The goal of the ongoing study is to determine how orange peel extract (OPE), an environmentally benign additive, affects the corrosion resistance of carbon steel in formation water (FW). The study utilized diverse techniques to investigate the effects of different peel extract concentrations, ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 percent (v/v), and concentrations of 100 to 500 ppm at room temperature (25 °C). Subsequently, the optimal concentration of 2.5 percent (v/v) was identified, and the temperature range was expanded to 25–55 °C for further examination. These techniques include dielectric spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarisation, open circuit potential, and weight loss quantification. The inhibitory efficiency was assessed using the aforementioned techniques, and the results were further verified through the utilization of energy-dispersive radiation (EDS) and FTIR analyses. The outcomes of electrochemical testing demonstrated that orange peel extract (OPE) displayed significant effectiveness in preventing corrosion, with an inhibition rate of 90.13% when used at a concentration of 2.5% and a temperature of 25 °C. The findings suggested that orange peel extract (OPE) acts as a corrosion inhibitor with both inhibitory mechanisms. Its performance improves as the concentration of the inhibitor increases, conforming to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model, and it adsorbed to the steel surface through physical adsorption. The findings revealed that orange peel extract (OPE) effectively served as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel by adsorbing its active components onto the surface of the steel. This adsorption process was primarily physical and followed the Langmuir isotherm.

Oxygen vacancies and tailored redox activity encountered with NiCo2O4 nanostructures for promising applications in supercapacitor and water oxidation

It is well known that transition metal oxides play a significant role in the development of efficient electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems. However, their application is limited by low electrical conductivity, a limited number of electroactive sites, and limited stability. In this study, nickel‑cobalt bimetallic oxide (NiCo2O4) nanostructures were prepared using orange peel extract and its fruit juice during hydrothermal method. The use of green chemical components from orange peel extract and its fruit juice was to demonstrate their ability to manipulate NiCo2O4's structural and functional properties. For this reason, the optimized 1 mL of orange peel extract and its fruit juice was found highly active for improving the electrochemical properties of NiCo2O4 nanostructures. The electrochemical supercapacitor performance of optimized NiCo2O4 nanostructures showed a specific capacitance of 997.50 Fg−1 with a cycling stability of more than thirty thousand cycles, resulting in a capacitance retention rate of almost 100 % at 1.5 Ag−1. In addition, during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the overpotential was 120 mV at 20 mA/cm2 and the Tafel slope was 110 mVdec−1, with a prolonged stability exceeding 45 h were observed for optimized NiCo2O4 nanostructures. With an electrode material comprising NiCo2O4 nanostructures and an orange peel extract, outstanding electrochemical performance was obtained. This could be explained by several factors, including high electroactive site exposure, rapid charge transfer kinetics, high hydroxide adsorption, oxygen vacancies on the surface, and abundance of Co(III). The approach described here can be used for the facile synthesis of a wide range of nanostructured functional materials that exhibit impressive electrochemical properties, particularly for energy storage and conversion applications.

Effect of sunkist orange peel nanoparticle granules on cardiac and aorta histopathology in diabetic rats

Sunkist oranges (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) is rich in anthocyanins (95% of which are represented by cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-6"-malonyl-glucoside), flavanones (hesperidin and narirutin), hydroxycinnamic acid, carotenoids, sugars, minerals, and fiber, which offer health benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of sunkist orange peel nanoparticle granules on the histopathological appearance of the cardiac and aorta in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. This study used a post-test experimental design, with a control group. Twenty-five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: negative control (alloxan+distilled water), positive control (alloxan+metformin), treatment 1 (alloxan+granular nanoparticles 50 mg/kg BW), treatment 2 (alloxan+granular nanoparticles 70 mg/kg BW), and treatment 3 (alloxan+granular nanoparticles 100 mg/kg BW). The heart and aorta were prepared for observation using 10x ocular magnification and 40x objective lens magnification. Kruskal-Wallis statistical test results revealed a significant difference in the average cardiac histopathological score between the treatment groups (p = 0.011). The amount of aortic endothelial cell damage can be seen from the presence of foam cells in the K(-) treatment group, while the K(+), P1, P2, and P3 groups did not have foam cells in the aortic endothelium. The findings of this study indicate that sunkist orange peel extract nanoparticles in granular form improve cardiac and aortic histopathology, with a dose of 100 mg/kg BB being the best dose for improving cardiac and aortic histopathology.

Pyto-Architechture of Ag, Au and Ag–Au bi-metallic nanoparticles using waste orange peel extract for enable carcinogenic Congo red dye degradation

Ecologically inspired to develop silver, gold and silver/gold bimetallic nanoparticles from discarded orange peel extract. The plant-derived compounds included in discarded orange peel extract have been accountable for the development of Ag, Au and Ag–Au bimetallic nanoparticles, that might be used in the biosynthetic process. The qualitative assessment of developed silver, gold and silver/gold bimetallic nanoparticles has been performed by UV–visible, XRD pattern, FT IR analysis, TEM/HRTEM, EDX and BET isotherm analysis. In this investigation, the photocatalytic effect of developed silver, gold and silver/gold bimetallic nanoparticles on Congo red dye breakdown efficiency was achieved at 96%, 94%, and 99.2%, respectively. Due to prolonged electron-hole recombination process was investigated using UV irradiation and reused for up to 5 consecutive runs without significant loss of photocatalytic activity. Moreover, silver, gold, and silver/gold bimetallic nanoparticles manufactured in an environmentally benign manner could potentially contribute to the ecological cleanup.

The potency of Berastagi sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel extract for obesity treatment: An experimental study in male rats

Abstract. Batubara WRP, Susilawati TN, Indarto D. 2023. The potency of Berastagi sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel extract for obesity treatment: A study in the rats. Nusantara Bioscience 15: 251-257. Obesity is an abnormal accumulation of body fat and is a trigger factor for various degenerative diseases. Obese continues to grow every year in the world. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Orange Peel Extract (OPE) on Body Weight (BW), obesity index (Lee Index), Body Fat Percentage (BFP) and visceral fat in obese-model rats. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: controls (negative/NC given aquadest and positive/PC given orlistat 12.3 mg/kgBW/day) and interventions (OPE 1-3) given OPE 250, 500 and 750 mg/kgBW/day, respectively. All rats were fed a high-fat, high-fructose (HFHFr) diet for 28 days. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and Friedman test with p<0.05. The average BW in all groups increased significantly after 14 and 28 days of the intervention (p=0.005). A significant decrease in the obesity index average was found in the OPE 2 and 3 groups (p=0.028 and p=0.034) compared to the NC group. The OPE 1-3 and PC group significantly decreased in average BFP compared with the NC group on the 28th day of intervention (p<0.05). In conclusion, OPE can reduce obesity induced by HFHFr. Future research could be directed to evaluate the OPE side effects for obesity treatment.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI SEDIAAN OBAT KUMUR KOMBINASI EKSTRAK ETANOL BUNGA CENGKEH (Syzygium aromaticum) DAN KULIT JERUK LEMON (Citrus limon) TERHADAP BAKTERI Streptococcus mutans DAN Streptococcus viridans PENYEBAB KARIES GIGI DAN BAU MULUT

Dental caries is an infectious disease and is a process of progressive demineralization of the hard tissue surface of the crown and tooth roots caused by bacterial activity. microorganisms in the mouth. Plaque inhibition can be done with anti-microbial agents to suppress the activity of bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans. Streptococcus mutans is a cariogenic bacterium that causes cavities and is the most dominant in dental plaque. These bacteria can convert sucrose into lactic acid so that it can cause tooth demineralization (Haniyah, 2019). Lemon peel (Citrus limon) is known as an antibacterial ingredient. To facilitate the use of lemon orange peel extract, namely by making it into mouthwash preparations. Mouthwash is a solution that contains antibacterial substances to reduce the number of microorganisms in the mouth, is used as an oral rinse, and is easy to use (Ririn et al., 2019). Research using clove flower extract and lemon peel as antibacterial against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus viridans made in mouthwash preparations is still limited, therefore researchers are interested in conducting further research with the title test of antibacterial activity in mouthwash preparations combination of clove flower ethanol extract (Syzygium aromaticum) and lemon peel (Citrus limon) in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococus viridans bacteria that cause bad breath can be formulated into mouthwash preparations and meet the evaluation test requirements for mouthwash preparations and the average diameter of the largest inhibition zone is 12, 31 mm for Streptococcus mutans at a concentration of 2%:0.5% and for Streptococcus viridans at a concentration of 2%:0.5%, namely 11.31.