Orange Peel Extract Research Articles

Degradable Bioplastic Developed from Pine-Wood Nanocellulose as a Filler Combined with Orange Peel Extract

This research presents the degradable bioplastics developed from pinewood nanocellulose as a filler in PVA matrices. The steps involve the isolation and characterization of cellulose and nanocellulose. Meanwhile, the manufacturing of degradable bioplastic involves the combination of PVA, nanocellulose, and with or without orange peel extract. The effect of bioplastics without the addition of citric acid and orange peel extract is also reported as a comparison. It is found that orange peel extract improves the tensile strength (1708.54 kPa), elastic modulus (42.71 kPa), elongation (40%), and degradability (78.44% in 2 weeks) compared to bioplastic without the orange peel extract. These results indicate that orange peel extract acts as a reinforcing agent in PVA-nanocellulose bioplastic.

Sustainable Isolation and Application of Plant Extract-Based Natural Dye for Bio-Dyeing of Silk Fabric

Green products such as plant pigments are gaining fame globally due to their excellent ayurvedic and biological characteristics. In this study, microwave (M.W.) has been employed to isolate colourant from black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), and bio-mordants have been included to obtain colourfast shades. Central Composite design (CCD) was formulated under response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize dyeing variables statistically. The results obtained after a series of experiments show that using 35 mL of irradiated acidic extract (RE = 6 min) of (pH4) in the presence of 1 g/100 mL of table salt as an exhausting agent at 65 °C for 55 min has demonstrated excellent colour depth (K/S) onto microwave-treated silk fabric (RS = 6 min). By applying bio-mordants, it has been found that walnut extract (1.5%), pinenut hull extract (1%), and orange peel extract (1.5%) are there before dyeing. In contrast, walnut extract (1.5%), pinenut hull extract (1.5%), and orange peel extracts (1.5%) after dyeing have shown colourfast shades of high strength. Comparatively, salts of Al+3 (1.5%), salts of Fe+2 (1.5%), and T.A. (tannic acid = 1.5%) before dyeing, while salts of Al+3 (0.5%) and salts of Fe+2 (2%) and T.A. (Tannic acid = 1%) after dyeing, have given good results. It has been observed that the use of M.W. radiation has not only improved the yield of dyes extracted from leaves when applied to silk fabric but also the inclusion of the optimum amount of bio and chemical mordants have resulted in moderate to good and excellent colour fastness ratings.

Viable production of hydrogen and methane from polluted water using eco-friendly plasmonic Pd-TiO2 nanocomposites.

Solar-to-fuel conversion is a novel clean energy approach that has gained the interest of many researchers. Solar-driven photocatalysts have become essential to providing valuable fuel gases such as methane and hydrogen. Solar energy has emerged as a renewable, abundant energy source that can efficiently drive photochemical reactions through plasmonic photocatalysis. As a capping agent, orange peel extract was used in this study in a microwave-assisted green method to incorporate titanium dioxide with distinct amounts (3, 5, and 7 wt%) from Pd-plasmonic nanoparticles (2-5 nm). The leading role for plasmonic nanoparticles made from Pd-metal is enhancing the photocatalyst's ability to capture visible light, improving its performance. X-Ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and UV-vis DRS analyses have investigated the obtained plasmonic photocatalysts' crystallographic, morphological, and optical characteristics. The UV-vis absorption spectra demonstrated the visible light absorption capacity attributed to the localized surface plasmonic resonance (LSPR) behavior of the newly formed nanoplasmonic photocatalysts. The generated Pd-TiO2 nanomaterials' photocatalytic activity has been examined and evaluated for combustible gas production, including the formation of CH4 and H2 from the photocatalytic degradation of Reactive Yellow 15 (RY) during a deoxygenated photoreaction in a homemade solar photobiogas reactor.

Ameliorative Effects of Jamun Seed and Orange Peel Extracts on Serum Calcium and Phosphate Levels of Cadmium Challenged Male Wistar Rats

Ameliorative Effects of Jamun Seed and Orange Peel Extracts on Serum Calcium and Phosphate Levels of Cadmium Challenged Male Wistar Rats

Ameliorative Effects of Jamun Seed (Syzygium cumini) and Orange Peel (Citrus sinensis) Extracts on Cadmium Induced Alterations in Blood Urea, Uric Acid and Creatinine of Rat

Ameliorative Effects of Jamun Seed (Syzygium cumini) and Orange Peel (Citrus sinensis) Extracts on Cadmium Induced Alterations in Blood Urea, Uric Acid and Creatinine of Rat

Antimicrobial & Free Radical Scavenging Activities of Green Synthesised Copper Nanoparticles from <i>Musa acuminata</i> and <i>Citrus sinensis</i> Peel Extracts

The biosynthesis of nanoparticles is a kind of bottom-up approach where the main reaction occurring is reduction/oxidation. Re-cently, green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts has gained more attention, since they are simple, cost-effective, non-toxic, environment friendly and easily scaled up for large-scale synthesis. There is a great demand for synthesizing Copper nano-particles (CuNPs) by simple and less expensive methods. The peels of a variety of fruits have gained attention as a natural source of antioxidants. Green synthesis of CuNPs was successfully obtained from bio-reduction of copper sulfate pentahydrate solutions using <i>Musa acuminata</i> and <i>Citrus sinensis</i>. CuNPs have been appropriately characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy and SEM analysis. It was observed that CuNPs synthesized from dried orange peel extract had better anti-microbial and antioxidant activi-ty than the fresh orange peel and showed great activity than all the other three samples. Since copper is well-known for its anti-microbial properties, we assumed that fabricating CuNP from banana and orange peel extract can increase its efficiency. The antimicrobial activity of the nanoparticles was analyzed using gram-positive (<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>), gram-negative (<i>Escherichia coli</i>), and fungal (<i>Aspergillus niger</i>) species. Due to their benign and stable nature and antimicrobial property, these CuNPs may be well utilized for industrial and medicinal purposes.

Synthesis of Bioplastics on Rice Straw Cellulose Using Orange Peel Extract, Chitosan, and Sorbitol

With the use of several plasticizers (orange peel extract, chitosan, and sorbitol), rice straw cellulose has been used to synthesize and characterize bioplastics. This study aims to synthesize and characterize bioplastics from rice straw cellulose with various additions of plasticizers, namely orange-peel extract, chitosan, and sorbitol, each with a certain concentration so that quality improvement can occur. The methods used in this study include testing the tensile strength value, testing the percentage elongation, and testing the percentage of biodegradation. In addition, functional group characterization tests were also carried out using FTIR. The results obtained in this study were the best values for tensile strength and percentage elongation in treatment A, namely 10.2611 MPa and 13.88%. The percentage of biodegradation for 7 days reached 50.58%. Functional group absorptions were found in various plasticizers, namely C-H, O-H, C-O, C-N, and C=C. Based on existing data, bioplastics synthesized using rice straw cellulose in various plasticizers meet JIS (Japan Industrial Standards).

Characterization of Orange Peel Extract and Its Potential Protective Effect against Aluminum Chloride-Induced Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder without a cure. Hence, developing an effective treatment or protective agent is crucial for public health. The present study aims to characterize orange peel extract (OPE) through in vitro and in silico studies. Furthermore, it examines the protective effect of OPE against experimentally-induced Alzheimer's disease in rats. The total phenolic and flavonoid content of OPE was 255.86 ± 1.77 and 52.06 ± 1.74 (mg/100 g), respectively. Gallic acid, the common polyphenol in OPE detected by HPLC was 3388.60 μg/100 g. OPE antioxidant IC50 was 67.90 ± 1.05, 60.48 ± 0.91, and 63.70 ± 0.30 by DPPH, ABTS and Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity methods, respectively. In vitro anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) IC50 was 0.87 ± 0.025 mg/mL for OPE and 2.45 ± 0.001 mg/mL for gallic acid. Molecular docking analysis for human AChE (4EY7) with donepezil, gallic acid, and acetylcholine showed binding energy ΔG values of -9.47, -3.72, and -5.69 Kcal/mol, respectively. Aluminum chloride injection (70 mg/Kg/day for 6 weeks) induced Alzheimer's-like disease in male rats. OPE (100 and 200 mg/kg/d) and gallic acid (50 mg/kg/d) were administered orally to experimental animals for 6 weeks in addition to aluminum chloride injection (as protective). OPE was found to protect against aluminum chloride-induced neuronal damage by decreasing both gene expression and activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and a decrease in amyloid beta (Aβ42) protein level, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), and nitric oxide (NO), and increased reduced glutathione (GSH) level and activity of the antioxidant enzymes in the brain tissues. Additionally, gene expressions for amyloid precursor protein (APP) and beta secretase enzyme (BACE1) were downregulated, whereas those for presinilin-2 (PSEN2) and beta cell lymphoma-2 (BCL2) were upregulated. Furthermore, the reverse of mitochondrial alternation and restored brain ultrastructure might underlie neuronal dysfunction in AD. In conclusion, our exploration of the neuroprotective effect of OPE in vivo reveals that OPE may be helpful in ameliorating brain oxidative stress, hence protecting from Alzheimer's disease progression.

Purification of Turbid Water Using Orange Peel Extract and Luffa Mucilage

The increase in aluminum ion concentration resulting from chemical coagulants in water treatment causes human health problems, including damage to brain cells and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, numerous countries sought to find alternative coagulants extracted from natural, environmentally friendly organic sources for use in water treatment. The research included preparing an aqueous extract from orange peel, extracting luffa mucilage, as well as, calculating the yield, estimating the size of mucilage particles, and using them as plant coagulants to purify turbid water. Moreover, the optimum conditions were set for it, represented by the concentration of coagulants and the pH to give the highest efficiency in purifying turbid water. As well as using them as coagulation aids with alum to reduce the concentration of alum used in water purification. The results indicated that the optimum concentrations of natural coagulants ranged 40-50 ppm, where the orange peel coagulant exceeded the luffa coagulant with a significant difference in the turbidity removal, as it was 87 and 71% respectively, at pH values of 5 and 10. Likewise, there were significant differences in the reduction of heavy elements by using coagulants in water treatment. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the percentages of turbidity removal between the mixing ratio 1:0.5 and 1:0.25 (coagulant aid: Alum). Conversely, the use of the optimum concentration of orange peel coagulant with half the alum concentration gave turbidity removal percentages close to the use of alum alone in purifying water. It can be concluded from the study the possibility of using the extracted plant coagulants to reduce the concentration of alum used in purifying turbid water. The results reveled the highest significant decrease in the concentration of all heavy elements using luffa fruit coagulant and orange peel coagulant, compared to their concentration in turbid water before purification, which was 0.4 ppm.

Phytomediated synthesis of bimetallic Ag/Au nanoparticles using orange peel extract and assessment of their antibacterial and anitcancer potential

The current research interest in nanoscience centers around the synthesis of nanoparticle with noble metals due to their distinctive characteristics that has expanded their prospective utilization in various fields of science and technology. The study reports the green fabrication of bimetallic composite nanoparticles (CNPs) with silver (Ag) and gold(Au) via an eco-friendly mode with a biomaterial, orange peel (OP) extract as a reductant. The reaction of aqueous solutions of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) with the OP extract resulted in rapid production of stable CNPs having spectacular spherical shapes and other morphologies. The characterization of the synthesized CNPs included the following analyses; UV–vis spectrophotometer, (DLS) dynamic light scattering technique for the particles average size was found to be 138 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.249. To identify the functional groups in biomolecules that emphasizes the reducing and capping agent for NPs, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has been used. The characterization of as prepared NPs has been complemented with (TEM) transmission Electron Microscopy, and (SEM) scanning Electron Microscopy along with the (EDS) energy dispersive spectrometry for the elemental screening of the sample. Furthermore, antibacterial effect and the cytotoxicity activity against the human MDA cell line of the bimetallic CNPs were investigated. The key findings showed that the CNPs suspension possesses potent cytotoxic activity (and was highly effective against bacterial strains. Thus, the finding support the prospective therapeutic potential of the nanoparticles in nano medicine.

FORMULATION OF LOTION OF GERGA ORANGE PEEL ETHANOL EXTRACT WITH VARIATION OF EXTRACT CONCENTRATION

Gerga Orange (Citrus nobilis L. Var. RGL) are the main commodity in Lebong Regency, Bengkulu Province. These oranges have been processed by the community into syrup preparations and from this activity produce waste in the form of fruit peels. Based on previous research, the peel of this citrus fruit is known to have antioxidant and antibacterial activity, so it can be used as a raw material in the manufacture of lotion preparations. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of the three lotion formulations from the ethanolic extract of the gerga orange peel (Citrus nobilis L. Var. RGL) with various concentrations of 8% (F1), 10% (F2), 12% (F3). The method used is the experimental method. The results showed that the three formulations of lotion met the standard of good lotion. In the organoleptic test, there were differences in the color of the preparation, where the color became more concentrated as the concentration of the extract increased. In the homogeneity test, the three formulas showed good homogeneity until the 14th day of testing. The pH of the three formulas was also in accordance with the SNI 16-4399-1996 standard, namely 4.5-8. The three formulas also did not cause allergic reactions to 10 respondents. Based on the results of the research that has been done, it can be concluded that all formulas of the ethanol extract of the gerga orange peel (Citrus nobilis L. Var. RGL) with varying concentrations can be formulated as lotion preparations that are physically and organoleptically stable, as well as the standard of SNI 16-4399-1996 in terms of pH of the preparation and irritation test. Of the three formulas, formula 1 has an advantage over the other formulas because it has a less intense color, which makes it superior in appearance.
 

Fabrication and evaluation of herbal beads to slow cell ageing.

Several therapies and cosmetics are available commercially to prevent or delay cell ageing, which manifests as premature cell death and skin dullness. Use of herbal products such as Aloe vera, curcumin, vitamin C-enriched natural antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory biomolecules are potential ways to prevent or delay ageing. Eggshell membrane (ESM) is also a rich source of collagen; glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) also play an essential role in healing and preventing ageing. It is important to use an extended therapeutic process to prolong the effectiveness of these products, despite the fact that they all have significant anti-ageing properties and the ability to regenerate healthy cells. Encapsulated herbal components are therefore designed to overcome the challenge of ensuring continued treatment over time to prolong the effects of a bioactive component after in situ administration. To study their synergistic effects on a cellular level, alginate, Aloe vera, and orange peel extract were encapsulated in bio-polymeric foaming beads and modified with eggshell membrane protein (ESMP) at various concentrations (1gm, 2gm, and 5gm): (A-Av-OP, A-Av-OP-ESMP1, ESMP2, and ESMP3). Analysis of the structural and functional properties of foaming beads showed interconnected 3D porous structure, a surface-functionalized group for entrapment of ESMP, and a significant reduction in pore size (51-35m) and porosity (80%-60%). By performing DPPH assays, HRBC stabilization assays, and antibacterial tests, the beads were assessed as a natural anti-ageing product with sustained release of molecules effective against inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and microbial contamination. MTT assays were conducted using in vitro cell cultures to demonstrate cytocompatibility (in mouse 3T3 fibroblast cells) and cytotoxicity (in human carcinoma HeLa cells). Our study demonstrates that bio-polymeric ESMP beads up to 2g (A-Av-OP-ESMP2) are practical and feasible natural remedies for suspending defective cell pathways, preventing cell ageing, and promoting healthy cell growth, resulting in a viable and practical natural remedy or therapeutic system.

The protective effect of aqueous orange peel extract against severe heat stress on reproductive efficiency, milk yield, and antioxidant status of female rabbits

Heat stress in rabbits negatively affects their reproductive ability and milk yield. Aqueous orange peel extract (AOPE) is high in potential natural antioxidants that help avoid free radical damage and is a good source of phytochemicals. Based on these benefits, it was hypothesized that oral administration of AOPE could overcome the negative impacts of severe heat stress on reproductive and lactation performance, physiological parameters, and antioxidant status. To determine the protective effect of AOPE, 36 female rabbits (six-months-old, average body weight of 2.67 ± 0.03 kg) were given 1.50 mL water (control), and 2.50 or 5.00 mL AOPE every two days for four months. Oral AOPE administration significantly reduced the respiration rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT) during pregnancy and lactation. The reproductive performance (litter size) and productive performance (litter weight and litter weight gain) were significantly increased by AOPE treatment, compared with the control. The highest milk yield was recorded in 5.00 mL AOPE treatment (5.00 mL). AOPE treatments significantly increased serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and AOPE treatment (5.00 mL) lowered serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) of heat-stressed rabbits. Serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was not affected by AOPE treatment. The addition of AOPE improved reproductive performance, physiological parameters, and antioxidant status, but did not have a beneficial effect on conception rate of female rabbits under severe heat stress.

Sintesis Nanopartikel Titanium Dioksida (TiO2) dengan Menggunakan Ekstrak Kulit Jeruk Gunung Omeh dan Karakteristiknya

In this study, TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized without adding extract (0% v/v) (control) and with the addition of Gunung Omeh orange peel extract with various concentration, namely 4% v/v, 10% v/v, and 20% v /v. This study aims to study the use of Gunung Omeh orange peel extract on the formation of TiO2 nanoparticles and determine its characteristics. The characteristics of the resulting nanoparticles were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy, Ultraviolet-Visible (DRS UV-Vis), Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and Thermo Gravimetric and Differential Thermal Analyzer (TG-DTA). XRD results showed that the TiO2 phase formed was anatase. The optical property of TiO2 nanoparticles showed that the obtained TiO2 nanoparticles absorb in the UV region (200-400 nm). The results of SEM-EDX show that the resulting TiO2 nanoparticles are spherical. Meanwhile, the TOKJ20 sample has increased agglomeration so that the particle shape is rod-like. The EDX spectrum showes the presence of Ti and O peaks indicated the formation of TiO2. The results of BET measurement showed that the control TiO2 had a larger surface area of 66.11 m2/g compared to TiO2 using the addition of other orange peel extracts. From the results obtained, it was concluded that, in general, the addition of orange peel extract did not significantly affect the formation of TiO2 nanoparticles.

Waste Citrus reticulata Assisted Preparation of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles for Supercapacitors.

The green, sustainable, and inexpensive creation of novel materials, primarily nanoparticles, with effective energy-storing properties, is key to addressing both the rising demand for energy storage and the mounting environmental concerns throughout the world. Here, an orange peel extract is used to make cobalt oxide nanoparticles from cobalt nitrate hexahydrate. The orange peel extract has Citrus reticulata, which is a key biological component that acts as a ligand and a reducing agent during the formation of nanoparticles. Additionally, the same nanoparticles were also obtained from various precursors for phase and electrochemical behavior comparisons. The prepared Co-nanoparticles were also sulfurized and phosphorized to enhance the electrochemical properties. The synthesized samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopic and X-ray diffraction techniques. The cobalt oxide nanoparticle showed a specific capacitance of 90 F/g at 1 A/g, whereas the cobalt sulfide and phosphide samples delivered an improved specific capacitance of 98 F/g and 185 F/g at 1 A/g. The phosphide-based nanoparticles offer more than 85% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles. This study offers a green strategy to prepare nanostructured materials for energy applications.

Utilization of Kalamasi Orange Peel Extract as a Formulation Edible Film Mouth Freshening

An accumulation of bacteria leads to an unbalanced level of oral acids, which results in non-fresh breath. It is anticipated that these issues will be solved by the flavonoids in Kalamansi orange peel acting as an antibacterial in edible films. This study was carried out to ascertain the composition of Kalamansi orange peel extract as an inventive mouth freshener edible film and to ascertain edible film formulation that satisfied the characteristics evaluation test and organoleptic test as a mouth freshener. Kalamansi orange peel was extracted by maceration with 70% ethanol which was then analyzed for its content. The edible film formulation was made into 5 formulation (0-4%). Each of which was tested for characteristics and organoleptic evaluation. The results showed that the content of Kalamansi orange peel extract met the requirements to be formulated in edible films, ethanol content test, yield, moisture content and qualitative tests of flavonoid compounds. The characteristic evaluation test, in each formulation of F0-F4 has reached the corresponding requirements. As for the evaluation test of thickness characteristics of 0.22-0.32 mm, pH of 6.72-7.25, disintegration time of 11-35 seconds and uniformity weight of 100-105 mg. In organoleptic tests, the panelists preferred formulation of edible film was 0% (without Kalamansi orange peel extract). In addition, there are significant differences between edible film (0-4%) and control (K+) in the parameters of color, aroma, texture, taste and refreshing activity.

Utilization of Kalamasi Orange Peel Extract as a Formulation Edible Film Mouth Freshening

Utilization of Kalamasi Orange Peel Extract as a Formulation Edible Film Mouth Freshening

Effect of different amounts of fruit peel-based activator combined with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on enhancing phytoextraction of Cd from farmland soil by ryegrass

To improve the uptake of heavy metals by plants and increase the effectiveness of phytoextraction, chelating agents are employed to change the speciation of heavy metals in soil and increase their bioavailability. However, the effect of a single activator is limited. In recent years, compound activators have been applied widely to improve phytoextraction efficiency. In this study, a fruit peel-based activator (OG) was prepared, containing a mixture of orange peel extracts and tetrasodium glutamate diacetate (GLDA) (1.6% v/v) in a ratio of 1:1 (v/v). The pot experiment was used to investigate the effects of different amounts of OG combined with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (Acinetobacter pitti, AP) on the extraction of Cd from farmland soil by ryegrass (Lolium perenne L). The results indicated that the addition of OG and AP increased the pH and EC of the soil and improved the content of nutrient elements in the soil. The optimal combination of the application rates of OG and AP improved the growth of ryegrass and enhanced the phytoextraction of Cd. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that total soil nitrogen had the greatest influence on phytoextraction, with a contribution rate of 85.3%, followed by pH, with a contribution rate of 7.7%. Total nitrogen, pH, available phosphorus, alkaline nitrogen, and total organic matter were correlated positively with plant Cd, soil Cd decrease ratio, and the bioaccumulation factor but negatively with total Cd and available Cd. Based on the findings of this study, it is feasible to apply the fruit peel-based activator (amended with GLDA) and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria to enhance phytoextraction of Cd, which will provide a valuable reference for the treatment of heavy metal-contaminated soils and the reutilization of fruit peel waste. When applying the compound activator, it is recommended to consider the influence of the additional amount of compound activator on the extraction efficiency.

Microwave-assisted biosynthesis of ZnO-GO particles using orange peel extract for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

In this study, ZnO-GO particles for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye were successfully biosynthesized. Microwave-assisted biosynthesis was carried out using the extract of orange peel powder, ethylene glycol, and water as solvents. In addition to the formation of spherical ZnO particles, the phytochemicals present in the extract promoted the impregnation of organic compounds that were transformed into graphene oxide due to the annealing process. The effect of the amount of zinc source and the annealing temperature on the variation of the obtained powder structural, optical, morphological, superficial, and photocatalytic properties was studied by XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, XPS, BET, Raman, and UV–vis spectroscopy. Reducing the amount of zinc source and increasing the annealing temperature promoted the reduction of deformation and structural defects (measured as Urbach energy) and increased the superficial area available which improved the photocatalytic performance. On the other hand, it was observed that graphene oxide increased the adsorption of the dye thus improving its removal efficiency. The effect of the catalyst dosage and the pH of the dye solution were also tested, finding the best performance with 75 mg and a pH of 12, with an efficiency of 100% during 90 min of illumination under UV light (55 W). The kinetic study showed to follow a pseudo-first-order for all cases. Also, the stability of the catalyst was tested for 8 cycles, achieving at least 80% removal. Trapping experiments showed that hydroxyl radicals and holes are the more important chemical reactive species in the degradation mechanism of MB. Finally, our synthesized catalyst showed similar photocatalytic performance compared to high-purity commercial TiO2 and ZnO.

Fruit peels that unlock curative potential: Determination of biomedical application and bioactive compounds

• DMSO fruit peel extract of Citrus aurantium possess excellent antimicrobial activity. • This is the first study to report the MIC,MBC/MFC antimicrobial activities of Citrus aurantium . • Flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds were present only in DMSO fruit peel extract of Citrus aurantium . • Eleven main peaks in HPLC and twelve compounds in GC–MS were detected. Control of multi drug resistant bacteria and their infection rate is a threat for biomedical and clinical research. Citrus fruits have proven effective against incurable bacterial infections suggesting alternate therapeutics to replace antibiotics in the near future. The antimicrobial potential of bitter orange ( Citrus aurantium ), citron ( Citrus medica ), and wood apple ( Limonia acidissima ) fruit peel extracts against pathogenic microorganisms was focused in this study. The antimicrobial activities and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) values were determined using the agar well diffusion and micro dilution method respectively against Gram-positive bacteria ( Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis), Gram-negative bacteria ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae ), as well fungi ( Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger ). HPLC, GC-MS, and FT-IR analyses were used to identify phytochemicals and functional groups in addition to cytotoxicity investigations using MTT assay. DMSO peel extract of C. aurantium has shown superior antimicrobial activity against the studied pathogens, particularly S. aureus (33 mm), followed by C. medica (DMSO extract – inhibition zone of 26 mm) against S. aureus . While the methanolic extract of C. aurantium had the lowest inhibitory zone against S. epidermis (12 mm). The MIC varied from 0.39 µg/mL to 6.24 µg/mL, while the MBC/MFC ranged from 0.78 µg/mL to 12.5 µg/mL.In all samples of studied fruit peel extracts, the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, phenolics, and cardiac glycoside. Only the DMSO extract of C. aurantium contained flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. The DMSO peel extract of C. aurantium exhibited eleven main peaks in HPLC and GC-MS analysis, revealing twelve chemicals in total. The FT-IR spectrum was used to determine the chemical composition of the peel extract. The DMSO peel extract of C. aurantium outperformed other extracts and even conventional medications in terms of antimicrobial activity. The results prove that this plant may be evaluated further to uncover active biomolecules in the development of antimicrobial therapeutics.