Orange Peel Extract Research Articles

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI SEDIAAN OBAT KUMUR KOMBINASI EKSTRAK ETANOL BUNGA CENGKEH (Syzygium aromaticum) DAN KULIT JERUK LEMON (Citrus limon) TERHADAP BAKTERI Streptococcus mutans DAN Streptococcus viridans PENYEBAB KARIES GIGI DAN BAU MULUT

Dental caries is an infectious disease and is a process of progressive demineralization of the hard tissue surface of the crown and tooth roots caused by bacterial activity. microorganisms in the mouth. Plaque inhibition can be done with anti-microbial agents to suppress the activity of bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans. Streptococcus mutans is a cariogenic bacterium that causes cavities and is the most dominant in dental plaque. These bacteria can convert sucrose into lactic acid so that it can cause tooth demineralization (Haniyah, 2019). Lemon peel (Citrus limon) is known as an antibacterial ingredient. To facilitate the use of lemon orange peel extract, namely by making it into mouthwash preparations. Mouthwash is a solution that contains antibacterial substances to reduce the number of microorganisms in the mouth, is used as an oral rinse, and is easy to use (Ririn et al., 2019). Research using clove flower extract and lemon peel as antibacterial against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus viridans made in mouthwash preparations is still limited, therefore researchers are interested in conducting further research with the title test of antibacterial activity in mouthwash preparations combination of clove flower ethanol extract (Syzygium aromaticum) and lemon peel (Citrus limon) in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococus viridans bacteria that cause bad breath can be formulated into mouthwash preparations and meet the evaluation test requirements for mouthwash preparations and the average diameter of the largest inhibition zone is 12, 31 mm for Streptococcus mutans at a concentration of 2%:0.5% and for Streptococcus viridans at a concentration of 2%:0.5%, namely 11.31.

Effect of La co-doping in Zr-doped CeO2 (LaxZr0.05Ce1-(x+0.05)O2) catalyst synthesized via orange peel extract for soot oxidation

Effect of La co-doping in Zr-doped CeO2 (LaxZr0.05Ce1-(x+0.05)O2) catalyst synthesized via orange peel extract for soot oxidation

The Effect of Aerobic Exercise and Bitter Orange Peel Extract on Oxidative Biomarkers and the Nrf2-Keap1 Signaling Pathway in the Quadriceps Tissue of Male Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet

Background: There appears to be a relationship between high-fat diet (HFD), inactivity, obesity, and many diseases. The effects of aerobic exercise (AE) on the improvement of oxidative stress have been confirmed, and the antioxidant effects of bitter orange peel (BOP) have been identified. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the synergistic effects of 4 weeks of AE and BOP extract consumption on oxidative biomarkers and the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway in the quadriceps tissue of male rats fed an HFD. Methods: In this experimental trial, 30 male rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: (1) control-normal diet (CO-ND), (2) CO-HFD, (3) AE, (4) BOP, and (5) interaction of AE and BOP (AE-BOP). The BOP group received 60 mg (per kg of body weight) of BOP extract daily during the intervention period. The AE program with moderate intensity was implemented for 4 weeks, 5 days a week. Results: The nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NRF2) gene expression was significantly increased in the AE and AE-BOP groups, but this increase was not significant in the BOP group. The decrease in the KEAP1 gene expression in the studied groups was not significant. A significant decrease in MDA and a significant increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes and the glutathione peroxidase (GPX) gene expression were observed in the studied groups. Conclusions: Aerobic exercise and BOP reduced the oxidative stress caused by HFD by regulating the NRF2-KEAP1 signaling pathway. Therefore, these two interventions are recommended in the conditions of HFD.

Photocatalytic degradation of amoxicillin using TM doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized from orange peel extract

The present work investigates the degradation of Amoxicillin using ZnO and Fe, Ni, Co doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using orange peel extract. The synthesized catalysts were characterised with the help of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UV–Visible and photoluminescence spectroscopy for structural and optical properties and the study of charge transport behaviour of the catalysts. The observed results indicate that the Ni doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibit superior degradation efficiencies of 80.71% and 86.21% under UV light and UV + visible light irradiation. Moreover, the slightly basic environment was found to be favourable for optimizing the degradation efficiency of the catalyst, as confirmed by the pH variation experiment. The scavenging experiments were utilized to reveal the most prominent role of hydroxyl radicals in the degradation of Amoxicillin. Additionally, a mere 10.97% reduction in degradation efficiency was observed after fours cycles of degradation experiment. The plausible pathway of amoxicillin degradation has been included into this study as well. Hence, the transition metal (TM) doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized through waste orange peels suggest their utilization as efficient photo catalyst in Amoxicillin degradation.

Phytochemical constituents and potential applications of Thomson Navel orange (Citrus × aurantium var. sinensis L.) peel extracts: Antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative properties

Citrus peel extracts represent a valuable source of bioactive compounds with multifaceted applications. Further studies are needed to explore their full potential and optimize extraction methods for broader commercial utilization. In this study, the detailed phytochemical composition of the polar and non-polar extracts from Tunisian Thomson Navel orange peels (Citrus × aurantium var. sinensis L.) peels was investigated. Moreover, the antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects were assessed in vitro. Results indicate that polar components were particularly abundant in this raw material. Chemical profiling of the non-polar extract using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed the presence of volatile terpenic compounds (limonene, valencene, nootkatones, etc.), long-chain alkanes (tricosane, nonacosane, and triacontane), triterpenes (squalene, 2,3-oxidosqualene and α-amyrine), phytosterols (γ-, β- sitosterols, fucosterol, cycolartenol, and 24-methylene cycloartanol), fatty acids (linoleic and palmitic acids), and polylmethoxylated flavones (nobiletin, 3-methoxynobiletin, tangeretin and tetramethyl-O-scutellarin). The Spectrophotometric determination showed that the methanol extract contained 30.7 mg GAE/g extract and 9.5 mg QE/extract of total phenol content and total flavonoid content, respectively. Complementary HPLC-DAD analysis indicated that the flavanone glycosides (hesperidin and narirutin) and the flavonol quercetin were the basic components. The hesperidin-rich polar extract had better ABTS+*-radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 2.06 mg/mL), while the non-polar extract had the highest ability to reduce ferric ions (IC50 = 126.4 mg/mL). Both extracts showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity with the hesperidin-rich polar extract being more effective against the gram-positive bacteria (MIC values: 1.2–1.8 mg/mL), while the non-polar extract was found to be more effective in inhibiting gram-negative bacteria (MIC values: 0.5–1.8 mg/mL). A potent cytotoxic activity against Hep-2 carcinoma cell line has been observed for both extracts (IC50 values of 7 mg/mL and 13 mg/mL for the non-polar and polar extracts, respectively) and hesperidin (IC50 = 32 mg/mL). Consequently, both polar and non-polar extracts of Thomson navel orange peels are prospective for the development of cheap and effective natural antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic agents.

EVALUATION OF NANOPARTICLES BASED GELS FROM EXTRACTION OF DIFFERENT FRUIT PEELS

Nanoparticles are particles ranging in size from 1 nm to 100 nm. Triangles, spheres, irregular shapes, etc. They come in different sizes such as. In recent years, the synthesis of nanoparticles has received widespread attention due to their unique properties and potential applications. The powder sample (100gm) was extracted with 800ml ethanol using Soxhlet extraction method for 6 hours. The resulting extract is used in the preparation of nanoparticles. The main objective of the present work was to prepare green apple and orange peel extract based nano particles by chemical complexation method. Ethanol extracts of green apple and orange peel were prepared using Soxhlet extractor and analyzed for their phytochemical composition. qualitative analysis of green apple peel showed positive results for alkaloids, anthraquinones, saponins and terpenoids, while orange peel showed positive. Good results for alkaloids, tannins and saponins. The moisture percentage of two fruits (green apple and orange) is 72% and 96.12% respectively. Green apples and oranges have a pH of 3.6 and 3.8 respectively. The zeta potential of green apple extract nanoparticles is -24.6 mV to -34.5 mV (P20 and P50), and the zeta potential of orange extract is -21.4 mV to 32.0 mV (O20 and O50). For nanoparticles these values are higher, indicating less potential for aggregation. The size of the apple extract varies from 118.6 nm to 231.7 nm (P20 and P30), while the size of the orange extract varies from 178.8 nm to 191.6 nm (O20 and O50). This line confirms that the obtained particles are in the nanometer range, i.e. <500 nm in size. SEM results show the formation of nanoparticles and their shape is spherical. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis confirmed the presence of silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles were prepared using green and orange juice peels. Computability studies FT-IR showed that there was no change in the functional group of the shell in the prepared nanoparticles. Zeta potential indicates higher efficiency and therefore less particle aggregation. The prepared nanoparticles are spherical in shape and have a particle size of approximately 200 ± 20nm. Further the study will be extended for anti- microbial and wound healing activities. KEYWORDS: Orange peel extract, Qualitative analysis, Nano particles, Zeta potential, Particle Size

Analgesic and Antipyretic Activity of Sweet Orange Peel Methanol Extract

An analgesic-antipyretic drug widely used is paracetamol, which has various health benefits and several adverse effects. Therefore, various natural products have been extensively studied as alternative analgesic-antipyretics, one of which is sweet orange peel. This study aimed to investigate sweet orange peel's analgesic and antipyretic activity by in vivo methods. This experimental study evaluated the analgesic and antipyretic effects of sweet orange peel extract extracted by the maceration method. The analgesic effect was evaluated by tail immersion (Maximum Possible Analgesia) and acetic acid-induced writhing method (total abdominal writhing). Meanwhile, the antipyretic effect was evaluated by the brewer yeast-induced hyperpyrexia (body temperature) method. This study showed that sweet orange peel methanol extract significantly increased the maximum possible analgesia value (132.79%) and reduced the number of abdominal writhing (44.05%) at the highest dose of 750 mg/kg BW. It indicated analgesic activity from sweet orange peels. Meanwhile, the antipyretic effect of sweet orange peel methanol extract was observed from 1-4 hours after administration, and the highest percentage inhibition of body temperature 4 hours after administration was found in a moderate dose, that was 5.98% (P value: 0.042). Therefore, it can be concluded that sweet orange peel methanol extract has analgesic and antipyretic effects with an optimal dose range of 500-750 mg/kg BW.

Plant extracts as biocontrol agents against Aspergillus carbonarius growth and ochratoxin A production in grapes

Aspergillus carbonarius (Bainier) Thom. is an important pathogen and ochratoxin A (OTA) producer in grapes that can be controlled by adopting sustainable approaches. Here we evaluate the application of natural plant extracts as an alternative to synthetic fungicides to reduce OTA contamination and to prevent infection of grapes by two isolates of A. carbonarius. In a preliminary screening, natural extracts of chestnut flower, cistus, eucalyptus, fennel, and orange peel were evaluated for their antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic efficiency in a grape-based medium at concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/mL. Cistus and orange peel extracts demonstrated the best antifungal activity at both concentrations. Although the eucalyptus extract demonstrated no significant effect on Aspergillus vegetative growth, it significantly reduced OTA by up to 85.75 % at 10 mg/mL compared to the control. Chestnut flower, cistus, eucalyptus, and orange peel extracts were then tested at the lowest concentration (10 mg/mL) for their antifungal activity in artificially inoculated grape berries. The cistus and orange peel extracts demonstrated the greatest antifungal activity and significantly reduced mold symptoms in grapes. Moreover, all tested natural extracts were able to reduce OTA content in grape berries (17.7 ± 8.3 % - 82.3 ± 3.85 % inhibition), although not always significantly. Eucalyptus extract was particularly efficient, inhibiting OTA production by both strains of A. carbonarius by up to >80 % with no effects on fungal growth. The use of natural eucalyptus extract represents a feasible strategy to reduce OTA formation without disrupting fungal growth, apparently maintaining the natural microbial balance, while cistus and orange peel extracts appear promising as inhibitors of A. carbonarius mycelial growth. Our findings suggest that plant extracts may be useful sources of bioactive chemicals for preventing A. carbonarius contamination and OTA production. Nonetheless, it will be necessary to evaluate their effect on the organoleptic properties of the grapes.

Incorporation of orange peel polyphenols in buttermilk, maltodextrin and gum acacia suspension improve its stability

Orange peel extract is frequently used as a food coloring ingredient and comprises bioactive substances like antioxidants. The objective of this study was to extract phenolic compounds from orange peel and encapsulate them in buttermilk to evaluate the physical properties and shelf life of buttermilk. Three different solvents (80% ethanol, 80% methanol, and water) were used to optimize the polyphenol extraction. The aqueous orange peel polyphenols (OPP) were encapsulated in buttermilk. The ratios between OPP and gum acacia were 1:10, 2:10, and 3:10 (w/v). 10% (w/v) maltodextrin (DE 18) was added to suspension and homogenized. Encapsulation efficiency (%EE) was assessed for capsules while physicochemical and microbial parameters of buttermilk were assessed during refrigeration storage at 4 ± 1 oC (fresh, 5, 10, and 15 days). The ethanolic extract had the highest extraction yield (25.57%), total phenolic content (130.6 mg GAE/100 g), total flavonoid content (85.26 mg RE/100 g), and DPPH levels (79.32%). Increasing the amount of OPP and gum acacia ratio greatly enhanced the buttermilk's phenolic contents and antioxidant activity. A higher EE (95.20%) was observed when using OPP: wall materials at the proportion of 3:10. Increasing the proportion of OPP in the polyphenol-enriched buttermilk decreased the pH, total viable count, total coliform count and increased titratable acidity and total soluble solids. Color analysis suggested that increasing the OPP decreased the color parameters of the encapsulated buttermilk. However, the addition of OPP had no appreciable influence on the sensory qualities of buttermilk. This study evinced that OPP can be used to enrich polyphenols and increase the shelf life of buttermilk.

Determining the Effect of Orange Peel Extract in Water on Total Cholesterol Fluctuations in HFD-Induced Mice

Hypercholesterolemia, characterized by elevated levels of total cholesterol, is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, necessitating the exploration of natural interventions to mitigate dyslipidemia and its associated health risks. This study aimed to investigate the potential influence of orange peel extract in water on total cholesterol fluctuations in HFD-induced mice. This study used a true experimental design to investigate the effects of dietary interventions on total cholesterol levels in a female mice model. A total of 18 adult mice were utilized for this research, and they were divided into three distinct groups. The allocation of mice into these groups was as follows: Control Group (n=6): The first group served as the control and received only Aquades (sterile water). High-Fat Diet (HFD) Group (n=6) as named HFD only: The second group consisted of mice that were exclusively fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for a total of 17 days. Orange Peel Extract Group (n=6): The third group, also exposed to the HFD for an initial 10-day period, was subsequently administered orange peel extract for seven days. The total cholesterol levels of the mice that were given orange peel extract decreased from 109 ± 7.43 mg/dL to 96.5 ± 10.07 mg/dL after the intervention. This decrease was statistically significant (p < 0.05). the risk of high total cholesterol levels in mice that were given orange peel extract was 33.3%, compared to 83.3% in mice that were given aquades and 50% in mice that were still on a high-fat diet (HFD). , the results of this study suggest that orange peel extract may offer a natural and accessible approach to address dyslipidemia and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. While further research is needed to confirm these findings and explore their applicability to human health.

Ferroelectric, Magnetic and Dielectric Properties of SrCo0.2Zn0.2Fe11.6O18.8 Hexaferrite Obtained by “One-Pot” Green Sol-Gel Synthesis Utilizing Citrus reticulata Peel Extract

SrCo0.2Zn0.2Fe11.6O18.8 hexaferrite was obtained by a “one-pot” green sol-gel synthesis method utilizing aqueous mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata) peel extract as an eco-friendly reactant. The research objective was to analyze the influence of cobalt and zinc co-doping and the synthesis process on the structure, morphology, magnetic, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of strontium hexaferrite in view of future applications. Structural and morphological characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX) confirmed the formation of a Co and Zn ion incorporated M-type magnetoplumbite with c/a lattice parameter ratio of 3.919 as crystallite nanoplatelets of 32 and 53 nm in thickness and width, respectively. The magnetic hysteresis loop of the synthesized powder recorded by a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) at room temperature confirmed its ferromagnetic nature with a coercive field (Hc) of 2539 Oe and a saturation magnetization (Ms) and remanent magnetization (Mr) of 44.6 emu/g and 21.4 emu/g, respectively. Room temperature ferroelectric loops measured at 100 Hz showed a maximal (Pmax) and a remanent (Pr) polarization of 195.4 and 31.0 nC/cm2, respectively. Both increased when the magnitude of the applied electrical field increased in the 1–24 kV/cm range. The dielectric constant decreased with the frequency increase, in accordance with the Maxwell–Wagner model, while the conductivity changed according to the Jonscher power law. The complex impedance was modeled with an equivalent circuit, enabling identification of the dominant contribution of grain boundary resistance (272.3 MΩ) and capacitance (7.16 pF).

In vivo study of orange peel fermentation and improvement of androgen overproduction causing acne

Acne is a chronic disease caused by inflammation of the sebaceous glands of the hair follicles, which can leave scars on the face or body surface and cause great physical and psychological problems. This study aimed to optimize the orange peel fermentation process and also to evaluate the effect of fermentation on the effect of orange peel ethanol extracts on the improvement of acne. The results showed that under the fermentation of Aspergillus oryzae var.effuses AS3.2825, the highest flavonoid and total phenolic contents were found in the ethanolic extract of orange peel, reaching a peak of 7.52 mg/g at 96 h. The HPLC results showed that the flavonoids in the ethanol extracts of orange peel before and after fermentation were mainly hesperidin, narirutin, nobiletin, and sinensetin, with hesperidin content being the highest before and after fermentation at 0.239 mg/g and 1.115 mg/g respectively. Finally, compared with the model group, each group could significantly adjust the serum sex hormone level, and significantly reduce the inflammatory factor and TG level, among which the effect of HAG was the most obvious. Therefore, the HAG had the best effect on acne improvement.

Sustainable Exploitation of Waste Orange Peels: Enrichment of Commercial Seed Oils and the Effect on Their Oxidative Stability

The current project aimed at examining the effect of the enrichment of commercial seed oils with waste orange peel (WOP) extracts on their polyphenolic profiles and resistance against oxidation. Polyphenol-containing WOP extracts were produced using a novel combination of ethanol and triacetin, and they were incorporated into seed oils (sunflower, soybean, corn oil), at a level of 36.87 mg per kg of oil. The oils were then stored at 60 °C, for 58 days. By performing a Rancimat test, it was shown that enrichment of sunflower, soybean, and corn oils with WOP extracts did not provoke any prooxidant effects, but, to the contrary, exerted an antioxidant action, with protection factors varying from 1.01 to 1.61. Furthermore, in all cases examined, it was demonstrated that, during the storage period, the stabilizing effect of WOP extract against oxidation was comparable to that observed in oil samples containing 200 mg BHT per kg oil. This outcome was ascertained by measuring the onset of peroxide value, thiobarbituric-acid-reactive substances, and the TOTOX value. Furthermore, it was revealed that the Trolox-equivalent antiradical activity of the enriched oils exhibited a decline at the end of the examination period, a fact most probably attributed to the depletion of the antioxidants occurring in the oils. It was concluded that the method proposed might be a means of stabilizing commercial seed oils against oxidation, and of enhancing their nutritional value by enriching them with natural polyphenols.

Organic pesticide from non-conventional natural resources

The new varieties of organic pesticides and their application as a substitute for chemical pesticides are the main topics of this paper. Due to the residue left on the vegetables, fruits, etc. which we consume on a daily basis, many of the contemporary, chemical pesticides being utilised today are reducing the soil fertility and negatively damaging human health. Study has shown that natural oils also work as pesticides but the emulsion of oil and water is big task so for that We need chemical based emulsifier so to avoid chemicals we are studying on various fruits and vegetable extracts which can be used as emulsifiers. According to the data of year 2020-21 Maharashtra leads with the 13243 MT of usage of pesticides. Orange peel extract contain chemicals such as saponins and flavonoids, which have the property of emulsifier for the emulsion of oil and water. After studying various papers, we found that orange peel extract can definitely work as emulsifier for oil and water emulsion. In this paper we got to know the presence of saponins with the help of froth test (test for saponins), test for flavonoids and the UV-Vis absorbance spectrum of the orange peel. In this we got the yield of orange peel extract using two different solvents. Paper tells us about the different analysis performed with the help of the parameters obtained for finding the presence of emulsifying properties present in orange peel.

Vacuum-Packed Pork Sausages with Modified Casing Added with Orange Peel Extracts: Evaluating In Vitro Antioxidant Activity via Hyperspectral Imaging Coupled with Chemometrics

The antioxidant activities (in vitro) of vacuum-packaged dry-cured sausages stored for 1 year, which were treated with varying concentrations of extracts from orange peel (EFOP) in a modification solution, were evaluated using a central composite design. The individual variables: soy lecithin concentration, soy oil concentration, treated time, lactic acid addition, EFOP addition, and dependent variable [i.e., in vitro antioxidant activity] were analyzed by response surface methodology. Among the 32 treatment combinations, treatment 26 (central point) exhibited a higher 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity compared to the control group (natural hog casing without modification). Spectral pre-treatments were applied to enhance the robustness of the model, and a partial least squares regression model (PLSRM) was fitted. The results of the response surface methodology indicated that the interactive effects of a high [soy lecithin concentration] × a high [EFOP addition] yielded a DPPH assay result of over 35%. The determination coefficients (R2 value) of the second-order polynomial model for the simultaneous effects on in vitro antioxidant activity reached 65.28%. The PLSRM developed using average reflectance data after the first derivation pre-treatment demonstrated a higher R2 value in the calibration group compared to the untreated data. The first principal component accounted for 77.39% of the overall attributes and effectively differentiated the sausages’ antioxidant activity from 31.88%.

Immobilization of Rhodococcus by encapsulation and entrapment: a green solution to bitter citrus by-products.

Debittering of citrus by-products is required to obtain value-added compounds for application in the food industry (e.g., dietary fiber, bioactive compounds). In this work, the immobilization of Rhodococcus fascians cells by encapsulation in Ca-alginate hollow beads and entrapment in poly(vinyl alcohol)/polyethylene glycol (PVA/PEG) cryogels was studied as an alternative to chemical treatments for degrading the bitter compound limonin. Previously, the Rhodococcus strain was adapted using orange peel extract to increase its tolerance to limonoids. The optimal conditions for the encapsulation of microbial cells were 2% Na-alginate, 4% CaCl2, 4% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and a microbial load of 0.6 OD600 (optical density at 600nm). For immobilization by entrapment, the optimal conditions were 8% PVA, 8% PEG, and 0.6 OD600 microbial load. Immobilization by entrapment protected microbial cells better than encapsulation against the citrus medium stress conditions (acid pH and composition). Thus, under optimal immobilization conditions, limonin degradation was 32 and 28% for immobilization in PVA/PEG gels and in hollow beads, respectively, in synthetic juice (pH 3) after 72h at 25°C. Finally, the microbial cells entrapped in the cryogels showed a higher operational stability in orange juice than the encapsulated cells, with four consecutive cycles of reuse (runs of 24h at 25°C). KEY POINTS: • Increased tolerance to limonoids by adapting R. fascians with citrus by-products. • Entrapment provided cells with favorable microenvironment for debittering at acid pH. • Cryogel-immobilized cells showed the highest limonin degradation in citrus products.

Comparative morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of maize (Zea maize L.) grown under chromium (VI) stress and its control by using plant extracts

In the present research work, the impact of plant extracts (orange and banana peels extract) on the growth of maize plant grown under the stress of Cr (VI) was studied in pot experiment. Different growth parameters such as plant height root and shoot length and biomass were studied after 45 days of seed germination. Moreover, various physiological attributes such as total chlorophyll content (CHL) and reducing sugar (SUG) were studied. While, biochemical traits i.e., total protein content (TPC), catalase (CAT) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity were also studied after 45th days. The results revealed that the soil amendments with orange peels extract at different concentration (2, 4, 6 and 8%) significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased the growth of the maize plant as compared to the respective positive control (300 and 500 mg kg-1). While, application of banana peels extract exhibited negative impact on the growth of maize plant over negative (no treatment) and positive control (300 and 500 mg kg1). Furthermore, physiological attributes was significantly enhanced by adding orange peels extract in Cr(VI) rich soil as compared to positive control. Whereas, biochemical activities were increased by hexavalent chromium stress, it was reduced significantly with the application of orange peels extract. Thus, orange peels extract could be used as soil amendments to control Cr(VI) stress in cultivating areas of maize. However, further studies were required in field to study the impact of orange peels extract on the growth and physiology of maize plant grown in Cr(VI) rich soil.

Antioxidant Activity Of Kintamani Siamese Orange Peel Extract (<em>Citrus Nobilis</em>) With Different Polar Solvent: An In Vitro Experimental Study

Siamese oranges (Citrus nobilis) are one of Bali's most widely developed citrus fruits, especially in the Kintamani area. Siamese oranges (Citrus nobilis) contain many secondary metabolite compounds as a source of natural antioxidants. In this study, secondary metabolite compounds in plants were obtained through the extraction method. In addition to the extraction method, selecting the type of solvent is one of the main factors affecting the extraction results. Polar solvents tend to produce higher antioxidant activity, which aimed to determine the best polar solvent in producing Kintamani Siamese orange extract peel (Citrus nobilis) with the highest antioxidant activity. The research method used was experiment, where the orange peel was extracted through maceration using three polar solvents: methanol; ethanol; and water. Furthermore, antioxidant activity testing was carried out using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hidrate) method. Data from the analysis of antioxidants in IC50 was compared and classified according to BIOS Classification. The results showed that methanol solvent produced yield and antioxidant activity with the highest IC50. Methanol solvent as a polar solvent could produce Kintamani Siamese orange peel extract (Citrus nobilis) with moderate antioxidant activity according to BIOS classification. Further research is needed to explore other potentials benefit of Kintamani Siamese orange peel waste (Citrus nobilis) as an application of zero waste system.

A Novel Functional Refined Olive Oil, Enhanced with Orange Peel Extract, Modulates Postprandial LDL-Cholesterol Responses in Individuals at Cardiometabolic Risk: A Pilot Randomized, Controlled, Cross-Over Nutritional Intervention

Olive oil, as the main source of polyphenols in the Mediterranean diet pattern, is mentioned to show remarkable postprandial bioactivity, contributing to the reduction of cardiometabolic risk factors. In recent years, the consumption of refined olive oil, instead of other olive oil classes, led to a reduced intake of polyphenols from the usual diet. This controlled, human nutritional intervention investigated whether the enhancement of refined olive oil with orange peel extract may modulate postprandial lipemia, glycemia, and oxidative stress in individuals at cardiometabolic risk. In a cross-over framework, 21 participants aged 30–65 years, who met the eligibility criteria, received a fat and carbohydrate meal of mashed potatoes, homogenized with refined olive oil (50 mL) or the functional olive oil, enhanced with 10% orange peel extract, intervening a washout week. Blood draws were performed in fasting, 30 min, 1.5 h, and 3 h after the meal intake. Plasma lipids, glucose, uric acid, and total plasma antioxidant capacity, according to the FRAP method, were measured at each timepoint. A significant reduction of LDL-cholesterol was observed, 1.5 h and 3 h after the functional meal intake, compared to non-significant changes after the control meal (p < 0.05). No other statistically significant interactions were detected to the remaining biomarkers (p > 0.05). Further investigation is needed for safer conclusions about the postprandial modulation of cardiometabolic risk factors by the functional olive oil enhanced with orange peel extract.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Handwash Tablet

Abstract: The herbal handwash tablet is formulated using extract of orange peel and is effective against germ killing. It is travel friendly, easy to carry, and has an orange fragrance. It also has antimicrobial properties and prevents skin related problems such as fungal infection, ringworm, eczema, contact dermatitis, actinic keratosis, etc. It has good antimicrobial activity. Herbal extracts have antimicrobial and antifungal properties, which are explored for human use. A formulation of herbal handwash tablet is based on the plant extract and synthetic chemicals, with the core ingredient extracted from the orange peel. It is suitable for human skin and can be a therapeutic alternative to skin problems.