Orange Fruit Research Articles

Osmotic Dehydration of Orange Fruits in Sucrose and Prickly Pear Molasses Solutions: Mass Transfer and Quality of Dehydrated Products

Osmotic Dehydration of Orange Fruits in Sucrose and Prickly Pear Molasses Solutions: Mass Transfer and Quality of Dehydrated Products

A comparison of pericarp anatomy and antioxidant responses after mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) fruits sunburned

A comparison of pericarp anatomy and antioxidant responses after mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) fruits sunburned

Multi-omics analysis provides insights into the mechanism underlying fruit color formation in Capsicum

Fruit color is a crucial attribute of fruit quality in peppers (Capsicum spp.). However, few studies have focused on the mechanism of color formation in immature pepper fruits. In this study, the light-yellow color observed in immature CSJ009 fruits compared to CSJ010 could be attributed to decreased chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments. Through integrated analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome of CSJ009 and CSJ010, we identified 23,930 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 345 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). Furthermore, integrated analysis revealed a strong correlation between the HCT-like gene and metabolite MWS0178 (chlorogenic acid). Paraffin section assay revealed that the epidermal cells of immature CSJ010 fruits exhibited a more compact arrangement with significantly greater length than those of CSJ009. Quantitative determination of carotenoids showed that lutein emerged as the predominant carotenoid in immature pepper fruits. Additionally, missense mutation of LCYB2 is likely to lead to a decrease in β-carotene content in immature CSJ009 fruits, whereas CCS may directly catalyze the conversion of lycopene to β-carotene in mature fruits. The null mutation in CCS promoted the biosynthesis of β,ϵ-branch carotenoids leading to lutein being the most abundant carotenoid found in orange CSJ010 fruits. These findings provide important insights into the mechanism underlying color formation in pepper fruits and establish a foundation for the further exploration of color-related genes.

Identification of powdery mildew resistance quantitative trait loci in melon and development of resistant near-isogenic lines through marker-assisted backcrossing

BackgroundMelon (Cucumis melo L.), an important cucurbit crop, faces production limitations due to powdery mildew (PM). Developing resistant varieties offers a sustainable, genetics-based alternative to chemical treatments. Therefore, identifying PM resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) and creating trait-associated markers are essential for efficient melon PM resistance improvement through marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC).ResultsThree F2 populations, A6, B2, and C4, were generated for QTL mapping of PM resistance. Major QTL were identified on chromosome 2 in A6, chromosome 5 in B2, and chromosomes 5 and 12 in C4. A series of TaqMan® assays targeting regions on chromosomes 2, 5, and 12 were developed and validated for foreground and recombinant selection, complemented by the double digest restriction-site associated DNA genotyping system to evaluate the recurrent parent genome recovery. Three MABC programs using resistant donor parents from A6 and C4 crossed with elite susceptible recurrent parents with green and orange fruit flesh were implemented. After two to three cycles of MABC, individual QTL was successfully introgressed into elite genetic backgrounds, giving six PM resistance lines in each green- and orange-fleshed background. PM inoculation on the twelve near-isogenic lines confirmed their resistance to PM.ConclusionsWe have identified major PM resistance QTL for melon on chromosomes 2, 5, and 12 and have introgressed individual QTL to elite genetic backgrounds using MABC in three and a half years. This study demonstrates the power of combining high-throughput genotyping with breeding efforts and showcases the efficiency of molecular breeding.

Structural, optical, luminescent and magnetic properties of Gd2O3 nanoparticles: A comparative study on the effect of different green fuels in the sol–gel synthesis tactics

In this study, five samples of Gd2O3 NPs (size range: 4–33 nm) were synthesized by five different green facile and diverse natural products acting as reducing & stabilizing agents such as: fresh juices of sugarcane, lemon, tomato & orange fruits and citric acid via self combustion sol–gel tactics. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman analysis affirmed cubic-C type crystal structure of Gd2O3 NPs prepared using citric acid, lemon juice and sugarcane juice. Mixed cubic and monoclinic phases were observed in Gd2O3 NPs prepared using tomato and orange juices. Notably, NPs of Gd2O3 in quantum dot regime (size: 6 ± 2 nm) were produced in the fresh sugarcane juice mediated synthesis protocol. Fresh lemon juice and sugarcane juice were appeared to be the most efficient green fuel for producing quality samples of Gd2O3 NPs. Optical absorption studies showed that bandgap in these Gd2O3 NPs is strongly dependent on the preparation protocol and type of green fuel. Interestingly, highest and lowest band gap of 4.91 eV and 4.43 eV were obtained for Gd2O3 NPs fabricated with orange and lemon juices, respectively. Photoluminescence (PL) and electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis affirmed formation of Schottky and Frenkel surface defects along with self trapped excitons and oxygen vacancies in these Gd2O3 NPs. Paramagnetic character of these Gd2O3 NPs at 300 K is validated by dc-magnetization and ESR studies. Present study demonstrated that microstructural, optical absorption and photoluminescence properties of Gd2O3 NPs can be easily customized by choice of natural products in the synthesis tactics.

Synthesis of Functionalized Pyridine Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles for Utilization in Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction of Tebuconazole and Propiconazole Followed by Quantification via High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet Detection.

In the current study, a new magnetic sorbent (Fe3O4@2,6-diamino-4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile) was prepared as a new and efficient sorbent to be used in the magnetic solid-phase extraction method to extract tebuconazole and propiconazole as model compounds. In this regard, effective parameters such as pH of the sample solution, desorption volume, ionic strength, extraction time, desorption time, and amount of the magnetic sorbent were optimized using experimental design. In the optimal condition, the linear dynamic ranges for tebuconazole and propiconazole were between 0.5 and 200.0µg/L. Also, the limits of detection, limits of quantification, and relative standard deviations were 0.21-0.14µg/L, 0.49-0.45µg/L, and 1.3%-4.6%, respectively. The estimated enrichment factors for tebuconazole and propiconazole were 22 and 28, respectively. The absolute recovery (AR%) values for tebuconazole and propiconazole were also 67% and 84%, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was used for determination of tebuconazole and propiconazole in cucumber, tomato, orange, and lemon fruits. The obtained result confirmed that the presented method is capable for the analysis of the selected analytes in complicated matrices. In addition, the ARs% were in the range of 67%-84%. The result proved that the presented method can be an alternative to the extraction process of various pesticides.

Investigating the Effect of Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Ethylene Gases on Khasi Mandarin’ Orange Fruit during Storage

Investigating the Effect of Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Ethylene Gases on Khasi Mandarin’ Orange Fruit during Storage

Osmolytes and CsAQP expression jointly influence water physiology in the peel and pulp of orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) fruit during postharvest water loss.

Water loss is a serious issue affecting the quality of postharvest horticultural products. Aquaporins (AQPs) regulate the transport of water across biological membranes, along the gradient of water potential, and may play a role in water loss. In this study, matured orange fruits (Citrus sinensis) stored at ambinent temperature (RH 85-95%) for 105 d showed that the weight loss persistently increased, and its rate peaked at 45-60 d and 90-105 d. Both water content and potential were higher in the pulp than in the peel. Water content rose before 60 d, and peel water potential fell with an increased gradient after 60 d. Comparing with peel, osmolytes such as soluble sugar, sucrose, glucose, fructose, and organic acids showed higher accumulation, and their levels were the lowest around 60 d. In contrast, soluble protein and inorganic minerals showed low levels of accumulation in the pulp. In total, 31 CsAQP genes were expressed in the fruit, and most of them were down-regulated in the peel but up-regulated in the pulp during storage. These genes were subsequently classified into four clusters based on their expression patterns. Genes in Cluster I - including CsNIP1;1/2;1/2;2/2;3/3;1/4;1/6;1, CsTIP1;3/2;2/2;3/5;1/6;1, CsXIP1;1/1;2, CsSIP1;2, and CsPIP1;2 - were persistently up-regulated in the pulp for the 105 d of storage, especially at day 60, when some genes showed 103-fold higher expression. Pearson's correlation and principal component analysis further revealed a significant positive correlation among weight loss rate, water content, and water potential gradient (R2 = 0.85). Indexes positively correlated with osmolyte content and Cluster I gene expression in pulp samples suggest that increased CsAQP gene expression in pulp is linked to faster water loss in oranges, particularly at 60 days postharvest.

Extending the Storability and Quality Conservation of Orange Fruits via Natural Coating of Aloe Vera and Yeast

Extending the Storability and Quality Conservation of Orange Fruits via Natural Coating of Aloe Vera and Yeast

New Trichoderma Strains Suppress Blue Mold in Oranges by Damaging the Cell Membrane of Penicillium italicum and Enhancing Both Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Defense Mechanisms in Orange Fruits

Blue mold disease, caused by Penicillium italicum (P. italicum), presents a significant challenge to orange fruits (Citrus sinensis L.) and other citrus crops globally. Biological control, particularly Trichoderma species, offers a promising alternative to synthetic fungicides. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate, identify, and evaluate the antagonistic activities of two Trichoderma isolates against P. italicum. These isolates were molecularly identified and assigned accession numbers PP002254 and PP002272, respectively. Both isolates demonstrated significant antifungal activity in dual culture assays. Moreover, the culture filtrates (CFs) of Trichoderma longibrachiatum PP002254 and Trichoderma harzianum PP002272 suppressed the mycelial growth of P. italicum by 77.22% and 71.66%, respectively. Additionally, CFs reduced the severity of blue mold on orange fruits by 26.85% and 53.81%, compared to 100% in the control group. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that treated P. italicum hyphae were shrunken and disfigured. Enzyme activities (catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) in treated oranges increased, along with total soluble phenolics and flavonoids. Conversely, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels decreased in treated fruits. These findings suggest that T. longibrachiatum PP002254 and T. harzianum PP002272 could be effective biocontrol agents for managing blue mold and other citrus postharvest diseases.

Determination of Organic Acids in Orange Fruit by HPLC

Determination of Organic Acids in Orange Fruit by HPLC

Hyperspectral transmittance imaging detection of early decayed oranges caused by Penicillium digitatum using NFINDR-JMSAM algorithm with spectral feature separating

Decay caused by Penicillium spp. is the main cause of postharvest citrus quality loss, moreover, the fungus can quickly infect entire batches of citrus fruit resulting in significant economic losses. However, effective detection of early decay remains a challenge due to the lack of distinct visual features. In this study, a Vis-NIR hyperspectral imaging system was developed to acquire full-transmittance images and an NFINDR-JMSAM algorithm was proposed to segment different image pixels. By extracting pure pixels and separating spectral features, the overall classification accuracy of 99.3 % was obtained for all tested samples. The proposed method can also effectively identify scars on the flavedo, citrus stem-end and navel, thereby eliminating their interference with the detection of decayed orange fruit. This study provided a new idea for accurately detecting the early decayed citrus fruit and visualizing the detection results for different tissues by combining hyperspectral transmittance imaging and NFINDR-JMSAM algorithm.

Herbal Self-medication Practice for Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Sudan: A Public Survey, 2021

Background: the COVID19 emerged in China in late 2019 with high rate of spread and transmission. As there was no recognized therapy many people worldwide used herbs in attempt to help their body overcome the disease. This study aimed to document Sudanese patients experience in using herbs to treat the disease and decrease its severity. Methods: A cross-sectional population-based online survey was done targeting those who experienced COVID-19 among Sudanese through an online internet-based questionnaire distributed on social media platforms (mainly Facebook and WhatsApp). Descriptive statistics used to summarize data and present it as frequency tables and graphs. Multivariate logistic regression was used to quantify the association between independent variables (comorbidities and use of herbs) and the outcome variable reflecting the severity of the disease (hospitalization). Results: a total of 204 responses received from COVID-19 former and active cases. Typical symptoms of the disease were identified; fever (68.1%), cough (52.7%), shortness of breathing (59.3%), sore throat (76.5%), and loss of smelling and/or taste (67.2%). All the respondents reported using traditional herbs or plants for cure with strong statement of their usefulness. Citrus plants like lemon, orange and grape fruits, were the commonest, used by 94%, followed by the local herbs, Acacia (65%), Ginger (56%), Baobab (46%), Hibiscus (45%), Black Seed (45%) and Cinnamon (17%). Other used plants included onion (29%) and garlic (24%). An adjusted analysis found that obesity was associated with higher hospital admission, while using herbs had no effect on hospital admission. Conclusions: all participants reported the use of herbs for cure beside other treatment. The most commonly used herbs were citrus fruits followed by Acacia and Ginger and other herbs. All participants stated that herbs were useful for their recovery, however our analysis revealed no significant effect on rate of hospitalization. We recommend further deeper, well-designed study to better assess the effect of herbs.

Bio-based coatings containing mycosporine-like amino acids (MAA) to control sunscald abiotic stress in orange fruit (Citrus sinensis L)

Oranges are susceptible to many abiotic stresses, and the fruit is particularly susceptible to sunscald, a physiological disorder caused by excessive solar radiation. Sunscald is commonly controlled by spraying the fruits with calcium hydroxide and/or kaolin, but this procedure is not always effective due to rain and the application of phytosanitary treatments. Since mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), produced by many marine organisms, protect them against ultraviolet radiation UV-A and UV-B, these compounds could be incorporated into bio-based emulsions to control sunscald in oranges. Therefore, increasing concentrations of the commercial product Helioguard™ 365 (0 %, 1 %, 2 %, and 4 % - v/v), a source of MAAs, were incorporated into lipid-based emulsions. The emulsions were applied during the final stage of development of ‘Hamlin’, ‘Pera-rio’, and ‘Valencia’ oranges at 21-day intervals. Spraying with 5 % (w/v) calcium hydroxide served as the positive control treatment, while untreated fruits served as the negative control. Incorporating MAA into the emulsion did not demonstrate effective control of sunburn compared to the positive control treatment with calcium hydroxide, as all fruits exhibited varying degrees of sunscald, ranging from low to high severity. Regarding physicochemical parameters, as well as oxidative metabolism, except for color parameters, soluble solids content, ascorbic acid, and overall biochemical parameters, there was no difference among treatments for any of the evaluated orange cultivars. The activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) did not show consistent with efficient antioxidant potential capable of significantly reducing the malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Despite using MAA at the evaluated concentrations and experiencing severe climatic interference in 2020, efficient control of sunscald in oranges was not achieved. Further research is needed to identify more effective alternatives and gain a better understanding of how climate affects oxidative aspects.

Positive impact of indicaxanthin from Opuntia ficus-indica fruit on high-fat diet-induced neuronal damage and gut microbiota dysbiosis.

Indicaxanthin is a betalain that is abundant in Opuntia ficus-indica orange fruit and has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Nevertheless, very little is known about the neuroprotective potential of indicaxanthin. This study investigated the impact of indicaxanthin on neuronal damage and gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by a high-fat diet in mice. The mice were divided into three groups according to different diets: the negative control group was fed a standard diet; the high-fat diet group was fed a high-fat diet; and the high-fat diet + indicaxanthin group was fed a high-fat diet and received indicaxanthin orally (0.86 mg/kg per day) for 4 weeks. Brain apoptosis, redox status, inflammation, and the gut microbiota composition were compared among the different animal groups. The results demonstrated that indicaxanthin treatment reduced neuronal apoptosis by downregulating the expression of proapoptotic genes and increasing the expression of antiapoptotic genes. Indicaxanthin also markedly decreased the expression of neuroinflammatory proteins and genes and inhibited high-fat diet-induced neuronal oxidative stress by reducing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide levels. In addition, indicaxanthin treatment improved the microflora composition by increasing the abundance of healthy bacterial genera, known as producers of short-chain fatty acids (Lachnospiraceae, Alloprovetella, and Lactobacillus), and by reducing bacteria related to unhealthy profiles (Blautia, Faecalibaculum, Romboutsia and Bilophila). In conclusion, indicaxanthin has a positive effect on high-fat diet-induced neuronal damage and on the gut microbiota composition in obese mice.

Short Communication: Taxonomic Profiling of Bacteria in The Bio-Enzyme That Produced From Orange Fruit Waste

AbstractFruit wastes are reported as among the main contributors to food waste production. They have an impact on the environment so they need to be treated. To reduce the negative effects, fruit wastes must be treated before they are released into the environment. Meanwhile, the fruit wastes have been reported about their functional properties and nutritional as bio-enzyme. This preliminary study aimed to provide information about metagenome bacteria of bio-enzymes from orange fruit wastes treated with different concentrations of probiotics in anaerobic fermentation. Bio-enzyme was a fermented solution made from a mixture of 15 g brown sugar: 5 kg orange fruit waste: and 12 L water. The fermentation process was carried out for 1 month and then the bioenzyme sample was taken 1 L for metagenome analysis. The metagenomic analysis was carried out using the next-generation sequencing (NGS) method for the 16S rRNA gene of bacteria by amplicon full-length sequencing with nanopore sequencing. In this research, phylum Pseudomonadota (Proteobacteria), class Betaproteobacteria, order Burkholderiales, and family Comamonadaceae were the predominant bacterial group of the bio-enzyme that produced from orange fruit waste. Identification of bacterial species in the next research becomes important to understand the role of bacterial species in the biochemical metabolism of bio-enzyme products from orange fruit waste.AbstrakLimbah buah-buahan dilaporkan sebagai salah satu penyumbang utama produksi limbah makanan. Limbah buah mempunyai dampak terhadap lingkungan sehingga perlu ditangani. Limbah buah harus diolah terlebih dahulu untuk mengurangi dampak negatifnya sebelum dibuang ke lingkungan. Sementara itu, limbah buah telah dilaporkan mengenai sifat fungsional dan nutrisinya sebagai bio-enzim. Penelitian awal ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi mengenai diversitas metagenom bakteri yang terdapat di produk bioenzim yang diproduksi dari limbah buah jeruk yang diberi perlakuan konsentrasi probiotik berbeda dalam fermentasi anaerobik. Bio-enzim merupakan larutan fermentasi yang terbuat dari campuran 15 g gula merah : 5 kg limbah buah jeruk : 12 L air. Proses fermentasi dilakukan selama 1 bulan dan kemudian sampel bioenzim diambil sebanyak 1 L untuk dianalisis metagenom. Analisis metagenomik bakteri dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode next-generation sequencing (NGS) untuk analisis 16S rRNA gene melalui sekuensing amplikon dengan nanopore sequencing. Pada penelitian ini, keberadaan bakteri pada bio-enzim yang diproduksi dari limbah buah jeruk. Filum Pseudomonadota (Proteobacteria), kelas Betaproteobacteria, ordo Burkholderiales, dan famili Comamonadaceae merupakan kelompok bakteri yang dominan di bio-enzim yang diproduksi dari limbah buah jeruk. Identifikasi spesies bakteri pada penelitian selanjutnya menjadi penting untuk mengetahui peranan spesies-spesies bakteri di metabolisme biokimiawi dari produk bio-enzim dari limbah buah jeruk.

Multivariate Analysis and Optimization Scheme of the Relationship between Leaf Nutrients and Fruit Quality in ‘Bingtang’ Sweet Orange Orchards

Citrus trees require a balanced and adequate supply of macronutrient and micronutrient elements for high yield and fruit quality. Foliar nutrient analysis has been widely used in fruit-tree nutrient diagnosis and fertilization calculation. However, there is no information on ways to produce optimal fruit quality in sweet oranges. In the present study, fruit and leaf samples were collected from 120 ‘Bingtang’ sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] orchards during four consecutive years (2019–2022). Parameters of leaf nutrition and fruit quality were analyzed based on these samples. Diagnostic results based on leaf classification standards indicated that the most deficient elements were Ca, Mg, and B, followed by N and Zn. Fruit quality, determined by single fruit weight (SFW), fruit shape index (FSI), total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C (Vc), and maturation index (MI = TSS/TA) during fruit maturation, exhibited inconsistent responses to leaf mineral nutrition concentrations. The leaf-nutrient optimum values for high quality of the ‘Bingtang’ sweet orange fruit were ranges of 2.41–4.92% N, 0.10–0.28% P, 1.30–2.11% K, 2.99% Ca, 0.26–0.41% Mg, 340–640 mg/kg S, 89.65–127.46 mg/kg Fe, 13.48–51.93 mg/kg Mn, 2.60–13.84 mg/kg Cu, 15.59–51.48 mg/kg Zn, and 53.95 mg/kg for B. These results suggest the leaf-nutrient optimum values for diagnosis can be used not only to identify the nutrient constraints but also to provide guidance for the establishment of fertilization regimes in citrus cultivation.

Fruit Position on Tree Canopy Affects Fruit Quality Traits in ‘Sanguinelli’ Blood Oranges

In modern orchard systems, the tree canopy is designed to ensure homogeneity in fruit quality. However, even in those crops there are some variables that affect the fruit maturation process and fruit quality properties. The aim of this work was to determine if canopy layer (upper vs. lower), fruit shoot position (grouped vs. individual) and orientation (west vs. east) affect fruit quality attributes of ‘Sanguinelli’ blood oranges. Thus, different quality traits, such as weight, internal colour (IC), external colour (EC), total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) and maturity index (MI) were determined for this purpose. Results showed that fruit weight, internal colour, TA and MI were influenced by the number of fruits per shoot. In this sense, the highest values of weight, IC and MI were found in the grouped fruits, while the highest values in TA were in the individual fruits. Regarding the EC and TSS, they were strongly related to the canopy layer, since the highest values were found in fruit located at the upper parts of the canopy. On the contrary, the orientation did not have a significant effect on fruit quality properties. Therefore, consistent differences in quality traits of ‘Sanguinelli’ blood oranges fruits were observed depending on canopy layer and number of fruits per shoot.

Characterization of fresh biowastes for biogas production and environmental health in Niger Delta, Nigeria

BackgroundEnvironmental pollution is a public health problem in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to: identify the major fresh biowastes in Bayelsa State, Niger Delta; quantify the biogas yields from mono-digestion and co-digestion of identified biowastes; determine the first day of biogas production during hydraulic retention time; assess pH variations during anaerobic digestion; and evaluate biogas flame colours.MethodsFifteen communities in Bayelsa State were randomly selected, and on-the-spot assessment and quantification of the biowastes found in each community were carried out daily per week. Mono-digestion of 20 kg of each biowaste and co-digestion of 10 kg of animal waste with 10 kg of plant waste were carried out respectively under anaerobic conditions. Cumulative biogas yield and pH were measured using a pH meter and weighing scale respectively. Biogas flame colours during combustion were visually assessed.ResultsExactly 120.61 metric ton of fresh biowastes was found to be generated per week in Bayelsa State, Niger Delta. Industrial biowastes were the highest [47.6 tonnes, (39.46%)], followed by abattoir biowastes [33 tonnes (27%)], market and roadside sellers biowastes [25.5 tonnes (21.14%)], and farm biowastes [14.51 (12.03%)]. Biogas yields (kg) were: 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 14, 2, 18, 16, 17, 15 and 1 kg for palm oil mill effluent (POME), orange fruit waste (OFW), pineapple peels (PP), plantain peels, cassava mill effluent (CME), rumen digesta (RD), cow dung, sewage, PP-RD, plantain peels-cow dung, POME-rumen digesta, OFW-cow dung, and CME-sewage respectively. The first day of biogas production for RD, cow dung, sewage, PP-RD, plantain peels-cow dung, POME-RD, OFW-cow dung, and CME-sewage was on the 6th, 32nd. 56th, 1st, 26th, 18th, 25th, and 60th day of hydraulic retention time respectively. A dominant blue flame colour mixed reddish yellow or orange flames were found during biogas combustion. A slight increase in pH was found in all the biodigester media.ConclusionsIn the present study, a variety of biowastes yielding various quantities and qualities of biogas were identified in Bayelsa State, Niger Delta. The study’s findings have provided evidence-based data that might be explored as a road map and catalyst for policy creation against inadequate biowaste management and as sustainable alternatives to the expensive liquefied petroleum gas. The potential of current research study to be scaled up for commercial use is implicated in the present study.

Biosynthesize of ZnO nanoparticle from orange fruit peel biomass and its PVA-based composite packaging material: a greener material for suitable packaging

Biosynthesize of ZnO nanoparticle from orange fruit peel biomass and its PVA-based composite packaging material: a greener material for suitable packaging