Oral Water Research Articles

Water as a Contrast Medium: A Re-evaluation Using the Multidetector-row Computed Tomography

Water as an intraluminal negative contrast medium produces improved image quality with reduced artefact. However, rapid absorption of oral water in the bowel relative to speed and timing of image capturing has limited its clinical application. These findings predate advances in multidetector-row computed tomography (CT). To re-evaluate differences in image quality, we studied image clarity and luminal distention between the same group of patients who received both a pancreas protocol CT (PPCT) that uses oral water and a conventional positive oral contrast scan. We reviewed 66 patients who had previously undergone both a PPCT and an oral contrast abdominal CT. CT images were independently reviewed by two board-certified radiologists who scored degree of hollow viscus distention and visualization of mural detail using a Likert 5-point scale. Results were evaluated by using the Wilcoxon-signed rank test. Student's t test was applied to evaluate the differences in radiation dosage and Spearman's correlational test was used to evaluate interrater correlation between the radiologists. In comparing the mean radiation dosage, there was no statistical difference between the two protocols, and there was good interrater association with ratios of 0.595 and 0.51 achieved for the PPCT and conventional oral scan, respectively. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed statistical differences in the stomach (P < 0.001) for both clarity (P < 0.001) and distention (P < 0.001), the duodenum for both clarity (P < 0.001) and distention (P = 0.02), and the ileum for distention (P = 0.02) with the PPCT having a better median score for organ clarity in the stomach and duodenum and better luminal distention in the stomach, equal distention in the duodenum, and slightly worse distention in the ileum. For the remainder of the bowel and organs evaluated, there was no statistically significant difference in the ratings between the two protocols. Using present CT scan technology, water can be an effective contrast medium causing better or equal distention in the bowel and better or equal clarity than routine barium contrast. This calls for a need to reconsider the use of water as a contrast medium in clinical practice.

Renal Blood Oxygenation Level–Dependent Imaging

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of oral water and intravenous furosemide challenges on blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging measurements in the kidney and to examine the contribution of R2 (=1/T2) to changes in R2* (=1/T2*). This Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant study had institutional review board approval, and written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Nine healthy volunteers were imaged at 3 T on 2 visits. During each visit, a baseline fasting magnetic resonance acquisition was followed by a diuretic challenge: oral water load for the first visit and furosemide for the second. R2* and R2 values in the renal cortex and medulla were measured using multiple gradient echo and multiple spin echo sequences, respectively, and R2' values were computed as R2' = R2* - R2. Timed urinary output was also measured. Averaged across all subjects, the R2* response to furosemide was greater than to water and greater in the medulla than the cortex. The mean R2 responses exhibited the same trends but were uniformly smaller than the mean R2* responses. The peak changes in R2* and R2 appeared, on average, 10 to 14 minutes before peak urinary output. The median percentage contribution of R2 to R2* changes was 16% in the medulla after both challenges. In the cortex, the median contribution was 48% after water load and 58% after furosemide challenge. The contributions of R2 to R2* changes after water load and furosemide challenge are not negligible, especially in the renal cortex. In routine clinical practice, R2* could be used alone as a rough surrogate for R2' in the medulla. However, in the cortex, both R2 and R2* should be measured to obtain accurate values of R2'.

Randomized controlled trial of topical EMLA and breastfeeding for reducing pain during wDPT vaccination

The primary objective was to evaluate the analgesic effect of a eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) during whole cell DPT vaccination. The secondary objective was to evaluate if the analgesic effect of EMLA was synergistic to breastfeeding. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial was done to include infants of up to 3 months of age who came for their first DPT vaccination. The outcome variables were duration of cry, latency of onset of cry, and Modified Facial Coding Score. Thirty babies were enrolled in each of three groups. The groups did not differ significantly in baseline characteristics. Median (interquartile range) of duration of cry was least [34.6 (24.1-72.2) s] in babies receiving EMLA cream with breastfeeding (EB group), followed by 94.2 (46.1-180) s in babies receiving EMLA cream with oral distilled water (EW group), as compared to 180.0 (180-180) s in babies receiving placebo cream with oral distilled water (PCW group) (p < 0.05). Mean (SD) of latency of cry was significantly greater in EB group [2.4 (1.14) s] and EW group [1.9 (0.62) s] as compared to babies in PCW group [1.5 (0.47) s] (p < 0.05), but the difference between EB and EW groups was not significant. Modified Facial Coding Score was significantly lower in EB group as compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). Topical EMLA is effective in reducing pain and has a synergistic effect in analgesia when combined with breastfeeding during vaccination in infants.

The investigation of MCM-48-type and MCM-41-type mesoporous silica as oral solid dispersion carriers for water insoluble cilostazol

Objective: To explore the suitable application of MCM-41 (Mobil Composition of Matter number forty-one)-type and MCM-48-type mesoporous silica in the oral water insoluble drug delivery system.Methods: Cilostazol (CLT) as a model drug was loaded into synthesized MCM-48 (Mobil Composition of Matter number forty-eight) and commercial MCM-41 by three common methods. The obtained MCM-41, MCM-48 and CLT-loaded samples were characterized by means of nitrogen adsorption, thermogravimetric analysis, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffractometer.Results: It was found that solvent evaporation method was preferred according to the drug loading efficiency and the maximum percent cumulative drug dissolution. MCM-48 with 3D cubic pore structure and MCM-41 with 2D long tubular structure are nearly spherical particles in 300–500 nm. Nevertheless, the silica carriers with similar large specific surface areas and concentrating pore size distributions (978.66 m2/g, 3.8 nm for MCM-41 and 1108.04 m2/g, 3.6 nm for MCM-48) exhibited different adsorption behaviors for CLT. The maximum percent cumulative drug release of the two CLT/silica solid dispersion (CLT-MCM-48 and CLT-MCM-41) was 63.41% and 85.78% within 60 min, respectively; while in the subsequent 12 h release experiment, almost 100% cumulative drug release were both obtained. In the pharmacokinetics aspect, the maximum plasma concentrations of CLT-MCM-48 reached 3.63 mg/L by 0.92 h. The AUC0–∞ values of the CLT-MCM-41 and CLT-MCM-48 were 1.14-fold and 1.73-fold, respectively, compared with the commercial preparation.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that MCM-41-type and MCM-48-type mesoporous silica have great promise as solid dispersion carriers for sustained and immediate release separately.

Angiogenesis inhibitor, Sunitinib significantly reduces adipose tissue mass in high fat diet‐induced postmenopausal obese mice

We previously reported that postmenopausal obesity is associated with increased angiogenesis in adipose tissue. The Present study determines whether Sunitinib is effective in treating postmenopausal obesity. Ovariectomy (OVX) was performed in 16 eighty week‐old C57BL/6 mice, followed by a high‐fat (60%, HF) diet. After 4 weeks of HF diet, one group received Sunitinib (20 mg/kg/d, IP, n=4) or DMSO (IP, control, n=4), and another group received oral Sunitinib (65±5 mg/kg/d, n=4) or water (control, n=4), the mice continued on HF diet for two weeks. The lean mass (LM) or fat mass (FM) composition was monitored by EchoMRI weekly. Both IP and oral Sunitinib significantly reduced body weight (54.1±2.9 to 39.2±2.3 g and 49.5±2.1 to 32.5±2.5 g, respectively; P&lt;0.01), due to reduced FM (21.6±1.5 to 7.9±0.5 g and 24.9±2.5 to 12.2±0.9 g, respectively; P&lt;0.01), with no changes in LM. Sunitinib caused two‐fold reduction in visceral fat compared to the control group. Oral Sunitinib also reduced food intake compared to the control group. CD31 immunohistochemistry showed a decreased ratio of capillaries to adipocytes. These results support the hypothesis that anti‐angiogenesis therapy could be a good strategy to treat obesity. (NIH/AA013821 and NIH/HL051971)

Efeito da idade, do sexo, da altura e do índice de massa corporal no tempo de sucção oral de líquido

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da idade, do sexo, da altura e do índice de massa corporal (IMC) no tempo de sucção oral de água em pessoas normais. MÉTODO: O método constou de, em duplicata, cronometrar o tempo de sucção contínua de 40 ml de água à temperatura ambiente, utilizando um canudo com 6 mm de diâmetro e outro com 3 mm de diâmetro. Cada voluntário foi avaliado sentado, com a cabeça formando um ângulo de 90º entre a mandíbula e o pescoço. Foi permitida a deglutição. Em um grupo de 15 indivíduos, foi avaliada a reprodutibilidade do teste em quatro dias diferentes. O trabalho incluiu 180 indivíduos, o grupo jovem (20 a 30 anos, 45 homens e 45 mulheres) e o grupo idoso (65 a 89 anos, 45 homens e 45 mulheres). RESULTADOS: Observou-se diferença significativa no tempo de sucção entre jovens e idosos, sendo maior para os idosos do que para os jovens. Com o canudo de menor diâmetro, as mulheres idosas tiveram maior tempo de sucção do que os homens idosos. Em mulheres jovens, foi encontrada correlação positiva entre o IMC e o tempo de sucção. Não se observou influência da altura. A repetição do estudo em quatro dias mostrou o mesmo resultado. CONCLUSÃO: Concluímos que o envelhecimento compromete a sucção de líquido, e que este comprometimento é maior nas mulheres do que nos homens. Em mulheres jovens, maior IMC está associado ao maior tempo de sucção.

The effect of hyperhomocysteinemia on aortic distensibility in healthy individuals

ObjectiveElevated plasma homocysteine (HCY) levels have been associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Aortic distensibility and aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) are indices of aortic elasticity. The potential effect of acute hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCY) on the elastic properties of the aorta in healthy individuals is not known. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of acute methionine-induced HHCY on aortic distensibility and PWV in healthy individualsand the effect of acute HHCY on myocardial performance of the left ventricle (Tei index). MethodsThirty healthy volunteers were included in this crossover study. An oral methionine (100 mg/kg) or water load was given in random order on separate days at weekly intervals. Aortic distensibility and Tei index were determined non-invasively by ultrasonography at baseline and 3 h after methionine or water consumption, while PWV was measured by applanation tonometry at baseline and every 1 h for the same time interval. ResultsOral methionine induced an increase in total plasma HCY concentrations (P < 0.001), whereas HCY concentrations did not change after water consumption. Aortic distensibility decreased 3 h after methionine load (P < 0.001) and Tei index increased (P < 0.001), suggesting worsening compared with baseline values. Water consumption had no effect on aortic distensibility or Tei index values. PWV values did not change after either methionine or water consumption. ConclusionsAcute methionine-induced HHCY reduces aortic distensibility and worsens myocardial performance in healthy individuals. Further research is warranted to examine in the long term the direct effects of HHCY on cardiovascular function and the indirect effects on structural remodeling.

Curcumin alters motor coordination but not total number of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of adolescent male Wistar rats

The present study aimed at investigating the effects of curcumin on the motor coordination and the estimate of the total number of cerebellar Purkinje cells of adolescent Wistar rats exposed to ethanol. The total of 21 male Wistar rats aged 37 d old were divided into three groups, namely ethanol, ethanol-curcumin, and control groups. The ethanol group received 1.5 g/kg ethanol injected intraperitoneally and water given per oral; the ethanol-curcumin group received 1.5 g/kg ethanol injected intraperitoneally and curcumin extract given per oral; the control group received saline injection and oral water. The treatment was carried out daily for one month, after which the motor coordination performance of the rats was examined using revolving drum apparatus at test days 1, 8, and 15. The rats were finally sacrificed and the cerebellum of the rats was further processed for stereological analysis. The estimate of the total number of Purkinje cells was calculated using physical fractionator method. The ethanol-curcumin group performed better than both ethanol and control groups in the motor coordination ability at day 8 of testing (P< 0.01). No Purkinje cell loss was observed as a result of one month intraperitoneal injection of ethanol. Curcumin may exert beneficial effects on the motor coordination of adolescent rats exposed to ethanol via undetermined hormetic mechanisms.

Pneumo-CT assessing response to neoadjuvant therapy in esophageal cancer: Imaging-pathological correlation

Pneumo-computed tomography (PnCT) is a technique primarily developed and used to study stenotic lesions of the esophagus, gastroesophageal junction and stomach for pre-surgical planning. It helps to define both upper and lower borders of neoplasms located in the aforementioned areas. It achieves maximum lumen distension with CO2 highlighting thickened areas of the esophageal wall, thus allowing an accurate quantification of their extents. Although there are other alternatives for distension (oral contrast agents, water and effervescent granules), they may be suboptimal. Patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer have a dismal prognosis despite surgical resection. Therefore, neoadjuvant treatment strategies using radiation therapy and chemotherapy were developed to improve survival. Neoadjuvant therapy improves esophageal tumor prognosis in a substantial proportion of patients, and the use of imaging techniques is mandatory to detect their response. PnCT combined with virtual endoscopy and multiplanar reconstruction enhances morphologic details in esophageal cancer, and thus would allow an improved assessment of response to neoadjuvant treatment. Therefore, more information could be provided to assess the efficacy of pre-surgical treatment. We describe the potential use of PnCT to assess the response to neoadjuvant therapy in esophageal cancer with an imaging pathologic correlation.

T Lymphocyte-mediated suppression of murine granulopoiesis by oral allergen pretreatment of sensitized/challenged mice

T Lymphocyte-mediated suppression of murine granulopoiesis by oral allergen pretreatment of sensitized/challenged mice

Acute effect of oral water intake during exercise on post-exercise hypotension

Post-exercise hypotension (PEH) is a sustained reduction in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) after prolonged exercise. As water drinking is known to elicit a large acute pressor response, we aimed to explore the effect of drinking water during exercise on PEH. Ten normotensive male volunteers performed the control protocol: 30 min supine rest, 60 min cycling exercise in moderate intensity, and 60 min supine rest recovery. In the water drinking protocol, the same procedure was followed but with water intake during exercise to compensate for exercise-induced body weight lost. Heart rate, MAP, cardiac output and blood flow in the brachial artery were measured pre- and post-exercise. The total vascular conductance (TVC) and the vascular conductance (VC) in the brachial artery were calculated pre- and post-exercise, and the relative change in plasma volume (ΔPV) was also measured. Body weight loss during exercise was 0.65 ± 0.24 kg in the control. ΔPV was not different during recovery in either protocol. MAP in the control was significantly reduced during the latter half of the recovery compared with baseline. In contrast, MAP in the water drinking showed no reduction during recovery, and was significantly higher than in the control. TVC and VC in the brachial artery were lower in the water drinking, in which vasoconstriction was relatively exaggerated. Prevention of dehydration after exercise by oral water intake, or oral water intake per se has a role in maintaining post-exercise MAP and it may be related to reduction in TVC.

Comparison of oral and intravenous hydration strategies for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography or angioplasty: a randomized clinical trial

Objective The effi cacy of oral hydration in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing elective coronary intervention is unclear.Methods A total of 120 patients were randomly assigned to three groups. Group A (n = 40) received intravenous hydration before and after coronary angiography or angioplasty. Group B (n = 40) received oral tap water before and after the procedures, whereas group C (n = 40) received only postprocedural drinking water. Levels of serum creatinine and urea nitrogen were measured before, 12 hours after, 2 and 3 days after the coronary angiography or angioplasty.Results There was no statistically signifi cant diff erence in the age, sex, baseline renal function and the volume of contrast medium used during the coronary procedures among the three groups (P > 0.05). There was no statistically signifi cant diff erence in the mean serum creatinine or urea nitrogen among the three groups 12 hours, 2 and 3 days after the coronary procedures (P > 0.05). The incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy in group A, B andC was 5.0% (2/40), 7.5% (3/40) and 5.0% (2/40), respectively (P = 0.86). Renal function in the seven patients who experienced contrast-induced nephropathy recovered within a week following rehydration treatment.Conclusions Pre- and post-procedural oral hydration was as eff ective as intravenous rehydration in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography or angioplasty.

Restriction of oral intake of water for aspiration lung disease in children

Primary aspiration of food and fluid is commonly seen in children with feeding and swallowing difficulties associated with a range of diseases and complex medical conditions. Respiratory sequelae and pneumonia are known to be associated with primary aspiration of ingested material, however causality between primary aspiration of specific food and fluid types and pulmonary effects in children is yet to be established in controlled trials. The relative pulmonary morbidity of aspiration of ingested food and fluid materials versus other causes of respiratory disease such as viral and bacterial causes, secondary aspiration of gastrointestinal contents and predisposing lung conditions such as chronic neonatal lung disease in a developing immune system is also unclear. Current management decisions for children who aspirate have to optimise oral nutrition and hydration, while reducing the risk of aspiration to preserve pulmonary integrity. This generally includes restricting aspirated food or fluids and providing texture-modified diets and thickened fluids. Young children frequently refuse thickened fluids providing a management dilemma for both families and health professionals. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of restriction of oral water ingestion on the pulmonary status of children with thin fluid aspiration demonstrated on a modified barium swallow study. The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), the Cochrane Airways Collaborative Review Group Specialised Register, MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL databases were searched by the Cochrane Airways Group. The latest search was performed in May 2102. All randomised controlled trials comparing restriction of oral intake of water with unlimited oral water ingestion were eligible to be included. Results of searches were reviewed against a pre-determined criteria for inclusion. No eligible trials were identified for a paediatric population and thus no data were available for analysis. One trial in an adult population was identified and reported. No randomised controlled trials examining the efficacy of restriction of oral intake of water in the management of children with thin fluid aspiration were found. In a single study in an adult population with stroke, no significant differences were seen between a control group of oral water restriction and the experimental group of unlimited oral water ingestion on outcomes such as pneumonia, total oral fluid intake and dehydration. There are no trials that have adequately evaluated the pulmonary effects of allowing or restricting oral water ingestion in children known to have primary aspiration of thin fluids. Thus, there is currently an absence of evidence to support a strict approach of full restriction of oral intake of water or support a more liberal approach of allowing oral water ingestion in children with primary aspiration of thin fluids.

The study of oxidized electric potential water for disinfection of water storage tank system in department of stomatology

Objective To explore the methods of reducing bacterial microbial contamination of the water storage tank system in department of stomatology,and reduce the occurrence of iatrogenic infection in department of stomatology.Methods The water storage tank and distilled water were replaced with conventional methods every 24 hours in control group,while the storage tank water system in observation group were carried on the flushing disinfection with oxidized electric potential water per person.The number of bacterial microbial contamination of the water storage tank system in two groups was studied and compared. Results The qualified rate of water samples from 60 oral water system in control group was 66.67％,and that in observation group was 100％,byx2 - inspection P ＜ 0.01. Conclusions The bacterial microbial contamination of water storage tank system in department of stomatology is serious,We should pay more attention to it and strengthen the management.Using oxidized electric potential water for disinfection of water storage tank system,which can obviously reduce the microbial quantity,is an effective method of controlling bacterial microbial contamination in department of stomatology. Key words: Oxidized electric potential water; Department of stomatology; Water storage tank system; Disinfection

Anti-diabetic Effect of Ginsenoside Rb3 in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Mice

As one of the main active component of protopanaxdiol type ginsenosides, ginsenoside Rb(3) is rarely reported in the treatment of diabetes. The anti-diabetic activity of ginsenoside Rb(3) was investigated in a model of alloxan-induced diabetic mice in the present study. The physiological parameter such as fasting blood glucose level, oral glucose tolerance, body weight, food intake and water intake were measured. Glucose consumption in C2C12 myotubes was also determined in order to investigate the molecular mechanism of ginsenoside Rb(3) in anti-diabetes. The alloxan-induced diabetic mice were treated with ginsenoside Rb(3) for 2 weeks at doses of 5 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg. After 2 weeks treatment of ginsenoside Rb(3), the fasting blood glucose levels of DG 15 and DG 25 were respectively reduced by 36.70% and 37.50% compared to control group. At a dose of 25 mg/kg, oral glucose tolerance was significantly improved compared to control group (P < 0.05). The AUC decreased by 34.47% (from 2442 ± 291 mmol·min/L to 1600 ± 109 mmol·min/L). Both food intake and water intake were remarkably lowered. The injury of pancreas tissues was repaired, which was observed by using HE staining and optic microscope. In vitro, at concentrations of 100 and 200 µM, ginsenoside Rb(3) increased glucose consumption in C2C12 myotubes by 76.83% and 97.20%, respectively, as compared to the control group. However, the body weight of diabetic mice was not significantly altered. In conclusion, our results showed that ginsenoside Rb(3) reduced fasting blood glucose level, food intake, water intake, improved oral glucose tolerance, and repaired injured pancreas tissues of alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Therefore, it was suggested that ginsenoside possesses the potential of the clinical use in preventing and treating diabetes.

A case of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) associated with lupus erythematosus in the central nervous system.

We report on a case of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) associated with lupus erythematosus in the central nervous system (CNS). A 73-year-old woman with essential hypertension suddenly demonstrated consciousness disturbance. Upon her admission, laboratory data showed significant hyponatremia (114mEq/L) and a lack of body fluid loss. Diminished free water excretion (urine osmolality 684mOsm/kg) and normal urine Na excretion (FENa 1.70%) were consistent with the diagnosis of SIADH, which was confirmed by an inappropriately high concentration of plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (15.3pg/mL at 256mOsm/kg of plasma osmolality). The hyponatremia was corrected by a combination of oral water intake restriction and saline infusion with furosemide administration until the 20th hospital day. Simultaneously, the presence of exudative pleural effusion in both chest cavities, suggesting the existence of pleuritis, and high titer of anti-nuclear antibody (ANA, 5120×) and anti-double-strand DNA antibody (6500IU/mL), indicated the subclinical development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), although the diagnostic criteria were not satisfied at that time. On the 34th hospital day, the sudden onset of unknown consciousness disturbance confirmed the diagnosis of SLE as CNS lupus. In previous case reports on SLE and/or SIADH, a few cases in which SLE and SIADH developed concomitantly regularly showed high immunological activities, as in our case. Some common pathophysiological bases might be involved in the concomitant appearance of those disorders.

Abstract 280: Protection of Oral Hydrogen Water as an Antioxidant on Pulmonary Hypertension

Rationale: This study was to explore protection of hydrogen as an antioxidant on monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH). Instead of hydrogen-rich saline, we made new modification by using oral hydrogen water (HW), which is more convenient, less costly and longer time to be released. Methods: Thirty-six SD rats were equally randomized to three groups: SHAM group, MCT group and MCT+HW group. The PH model was established by intraperitoneal injection of MCT (80 mg/kg body weight). The mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) was measured two weeks after establishment of the model, ensuring that mPAP in the modeled rats was higher than that in SHAM group. Animals in MCT group were administered with ordinary drinking water, and those in MCT+HW group were administered with HW. Two weeks later, the animals were sacrificed, and the heart and lung tissue were removed for measurement of the ventricular weight, left ventricular+septum weight, and right ventricle weight (RV). The right ventricular hypertrophy index (RVHI) was calculated. Changes in the degree of damage to the lung tissue was observed and scored by HE staining. Changes of 3-nitrityrosine (3-nt) and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the lung tissue were observed by immunohistochemistry. Results: By the end of the experiment at day 28, mPAP, RV and RVHI in MCT group were 44.6±7.2 mmHg, 0.438±0.051 g and 0.59±0.065 respectively, which were significant higher than those in SHAM group ( P &lt; 0.05). mPAP, RV and RVHI in MCT+HW group were 31.4±6.5 mmHg, 0.346±0.041 g and 0.45±0.048 respectively, which were significantly lower than those in MCT group ( P &lt; 0.05). In addition, pulmonary inflammatory response, 3-nt and ICAM-1 were increased significantly in MCT group and decreased significantly in MCT+HW group as compared with SHAM group (both P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Oral hydrogen water has a significant protective effect on MCT-induced PH, which is more convenient to use than hydrogen-rich saline. And this effect is associated with the antioxidative ability of hydrogen and its action of reducing pulmonary inflammatory response.

Pharyngeal Microflora Disruption by Antibiotics Promotes Airway Hyperresponsiveness after Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

BackgroundRegulatory T cells (Treg cells), which are essential for regulation of immune response to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, are promoted by pharyngeal commensal pneumococcus. The effects of pharyngeal microflora disruption by antibiotics on airway responsiveness and relative immune responses after RSV infection have not been clarified.MethodsFemale BALB/c mice (aged 3 weeks) were infected with RSV and then treated with either oral antibiotics or oral double distilled water (ddH2O) from 1 d post infection (pi). Changes in pharyngeal microflora were analyzed after antibiotic treatment for 7 d and 14 d. At 8 d pi and 15 d pi, the inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were investigated in combination with tests of pulmonary histopathology, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), pulmonary and splenic Treg cells responses. Pulmonary Foxp3 mRNA expression, IL-10 and TGF-β1 in BALF and lung homogenate were investigated at 15 d pi. Ovalbumin (OVA) challenge was used to induce AHR after RSV infection.ResultsThe predominant pharyngeal commensal, Streptococcus, was cleared by antibiotic treatment for 7 d. Same change also existed after antibiotic treatment for 14 d. After RSV infection, AHR was promoted by antibiotic treatment at 15 d pi. Synchronous decreases of pulmonary Treg cells, Foxp3 mRNA and TGF-β1 were detected. Similar results were observed under OVA challenge.ConclusionsAfter RSV infection, antibiotic treatment cleared pharyngeal commensal bacteria such as Streptococcus, which consequently, might induce AHR and decrease pulmonary Treg cells.

Oral nutrition or water loading before hip replacement surgery; a randomized clinical trial

BackgroundSurgery induces insulin resistance that might be alleviated by a nutritional drink given preoperatively. The authors hypothesized that some of the beneficial effects of the drink could be attributed to the volume component (approximately 1 L) rather than to the nutrients.MethodsSixty patients scheduled for elective total hip replacement under spinal anesthesia were recruited to a clinical trial, and randomly allocated to preoperative fasting, to oral ingestion of tap water, or to oral ingestion of a carbohydrate drink. An intravenous glucose tolerance test calculated glucose clearance and insulin sensitivity on the day before surgery, in the postoperative ward, and on the day after surgery. Other parameters were stress (cortisol in plasma and urine), muscle catabolism (urinary 3-methylhistidine), and wellbeing.ResultsFifty-seven patients completed the study. In the postoperative ward, the glucose clearance and the insulin response had decreased from the previous day by 23% and 36%, respectively. Insulin sensitivity did not decrease until the next morning (−48%) and was due to an increased insulin response (+51%). Cortisol excretion was highest on the day of surgery, while 3-methylhistidine increased 1 day later. Follow-up on the third postoperative day showed an average of 1.5 complications per patient. Wellbeing was better 2 weeks after than before the surgery. None of the measured parameters differed significantly between the study groups.ConclusionsPreoperative ingestion of tap water or a nutritional drink had no statistically significant effect on glucose clearance, insulin sensitivity, postoperative complications, or wellbeing in patients undergoing elective hip surgery.Trial registrationRegistration number: NCT 01211184 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)

Effect of Morin on pharmacokinetics of Piracetam in rats, in vitro enzyme kinetics and metabolic stability assay using rapid UPLC method

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Morin on the pharmacokinetics of Piracetam in rats, in vitro enzyme kinetics and metabolic stability (high throughput) studies using human liver microsomes in UPLC. For pharmacokinetics studies, male Wistar rats were pretreated with Morin (10 mg/kg) for one week and on the last day, a single dose of Piracetam (50 mg/kg) was given orally. In another group, both Morin and Piracetam were co-administered to evaluate the acute effect of Morin on Piracetam. The control group received oral distilled water for one week and administered with Piracetam on the last day. As Morin is an inhibitor of P- Glycoprotein (P-gp) and CYP 3A, it was anticipated to improve the bioavailability of Piracetam. Amazingly, relative to control, the areas under the concentration time curve and peak plasma concentration of Piracetam were 1.50- and 1.45-fold, respectively, greater in the Morin-pretreated group. However, co-administration of Morin had no significant effect on these parameters. Apart from the aforementioned merits, the results of this study are further confirmed by clinical trials; Piracetam dosages should be adjusted to avoid potential drug interaction when Piracetam is used clinically in combination with Morin and Morin-containing dietary supplements. The in vitro enzyme kinetics were performed to determined km, Vmax & CLins . The in vitro metabolic stability executed for the estimation of metabolic rate constant and half-life of Piracetam. These studies also extrapolate to in vivo intrinsic hepatic clearance (Clint, in vivo ) from in vitro intrinsic hepatic clearance (CLint, in vitro ).