Oral Microflora Research Articles

Time Dependent Oral Microflora Changes in Removable Partial Denture Wearers

Background: Denture prostheses are significant interventions in oral environment for restoring lost formand function due to tooth loss. Little is known about change in microflora in removable partial denturewearers with age and time since denture delivery. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluateand compare the oral microbial flora pre and post insertion of removable partial denture at different timeintervals and age groups.Materials and Method: A sample of 60 patients wearing removable partial denture was included inthe study, 30 of age group 40-50 years (Group 1) and 30 of age group 50-60 years (Group 2).Sample ofunstimulated saliva was collected from the patient’s mouth from the distal most edentulous area using threesterile cotton swabs by one investigator. Colony count and identification of microorganisms was done.Results: The difference among mean colony counts between group 1 and 2 were not statistically significantat any of the three timeintervals. A statistically significant difference in colony counts was seen betweenbaseline, 1 month and 3 months in whole sample as well as both the age groups. Among various aerobicmicroorganisms, Streptococcus mitis, Diphtheroids and Candida Albicanswere the most prevailing aerobicmicro organism after 3 months of denture use, while among anaerobic organisms, Prophyromonasgingivaliswas the most prevalent microorganism after three months.Conclusion: A significant difference in colony count as well as colonizing microorganisms has been foundin the present study. This difference according to time is an important component in the affect of removablepartial denture on oral health of denture wearers. Age group was not a significant factor affecting microbialhealth in RPD wearers.

Study of antimicrobial activity of Unani poly herbal toothpaste “Sunoon Zard”

ObjectiveThe present study was envisioned to develop Sunoon Zard a traditional Unani toothpowder into toothpaste form along with its physicochemical standardization and evaluation of anti microbial activity against oral pathogens by in vitro study. Materials and methodsHerbal extracts based powder was redesigned to toothpaste as per the Pharmacopoeial guidelines and its pharmaceutical evaluation was conceded as per the Indian Government Tooth Paste Specifications. In vitro study was done to evaluate the antibacterial activity by using agar well diffusion method against dental pathogens. Zone of Inhibition was taken as the end parameter against the test pathogens after appropriate incubation period. It was compared with Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) used as solvent (0.01%) as Negative control whereas Ciprofloxacin 5μg/disk (standard antibiotic for gram positive) and Gentamicin 10μg/disk (standard antibiotic for gram negative) were used as Positive control. All the experiment was done as per the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) Guidelines in triplicates. ResultsSunoon Zard was developed into toothpaste form and its physicochemical values were found to in consonance with the optimum values as mentioned in Bureau of Indian Standard. In vitro study of the Sunoon Zard toothpaste was found to be effective against various dental pathogens with specific sensitivity with good zone of inhibition towards gram negative bacterial strains viz. P.aeruginosa and K.pneuomoniae while among gram positive a significant inhibition was found against C.xerosis and S.viridans. ConclusionThe developed toothpaste from classical Unani herbal tooth powder will provide the better patient compliance. Moreover its scientific screening which exhibited potential antibacterial activity in controlling pathogenic oral microflora compared to the standard drugs also revalidated the claim of Unani Physicians that the Sunoon Zard is quite effective in various oro-dental disorders.

Relationship between Fixed Dental Crowns and Volatile Sulphur Compounds.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the level of halitosis in patients with/without fixed crowns and in addition the influence of various crown parameters on halitosis was also explored. Methods: In total, 96 subjects (fixed crowns = 52; no crowns = 44) participated in the study. The levels volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) of hydrogen sulphide (H2S), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), and dimethyl sulphide (CH3SCH3) were evaluated with breath samples using gas chromatography and used for classification as presence or absence of halitosis. The periodontal clinical parameters for all the participants as well as the crown parameters for participants with fixed crowns were also evaluated. Cross tabulation, Chi-square test, and one-way analysis of variance tests were used for the statistical analysis and comparisons. Results: Breath samples revealed, 50 (52.1%) participants were suffering from halitosis. Out of VSCs, the level of CH3SCH3 (62.5%) was found to be the most prevalent. Significant correlations were observed between the presence of fixed crowns and oral halitosis (p < 0.001). Statistically significant difference in the concentration of H2S and CH3SH (p < 0.001) and no significance for CH3SCH3 (p = 0.075) between patients with/without fixed crowns was found. The presence of halitosis was more prevalent in the subjects with crown parameters (subgingival margin, over-contoured margin, open-crown margin, over-contoured and under-contoured crowns) considered clinically defective/unacceptable (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Presence of fixed dental crowns significantly contributes to the oral halitosis. Dental crowns with defects significantly impair the hygienic conditions and oral microflora resulting in high prevalence of halitosis.

The biotechnological studies when developing lozenges with probiotics

Aim. To develop lozenges with probiotic components for the treatment and prevention of ENT diseases and analyze their effectiveness.Materials and methods. The study objects were lozenges based on xylitol and sorbitol of two compositions – based on live probiotic cultures and their metabolites. The following methods of control of the sample efficiency werechosen: determination of the number of viable lactobacilli in the study of their combined use with the drug components and the number of viable bacteria in finished oral probiotics by the Koch method (direct seeding on cups), as well as the method of diffusion into agar with the growth inhibition zone determination.Results and discussion. The studies of the properties of probiotic strains of L. fermentum 90-TC and L plantarum 8P-A3 have shown the prospects for their use in oral probiotics. It has been also proposed to use metabolitesof these strains as active components, which have a rather high antimicrobial potential to opportunistic pathogens that cause infectious ENT diseases. The oral probiotics in the form of lozenges of two compositions – based on live lactobacilli and their metabolites – have shown high efficiency, bacterial survival and antimicrobial properties, respectively.Conclusions. During the complex of the theoretical, technological and biotechnological studies, lozenges with a probiotic of two compositions (based on viable probiotic cultures and their metabolites) have been developed. After further research they can be recommended as a biologically active additive to support the oral microflora, stimulate the own immunity and as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent in infectious diseases of the oral cavity for use in both adults and children.

Influence of Removable Denture Cleaning Agents on Adhesion of Oral Pathogenic Microflora In Vitro: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Introduction: Removable dentures are used by 20% of the population. These may be accompanied by denture stomatitis in 15-70% of patients. The choice of the optimal cleansing agent for removable dental prostheses is of high significance. Aim: The aim of our research was to study the influence of removable denture cleansing products on the adhesion of microorganisms and yeast. Materials and Methods: We manufactured 144 specimens of standardized round shape with a diameter of 10 mm from 4 types of modern polymeric materials used by prosthetic dentistry to produce removable dentures, 12 specimens of each material were placed into suspensions of bacterial cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, then into “ClearaSept” (Test group 1), “Рrotefix active cleanser” (Test group 2), saline solution (Control group), followed by nutrient media. The adhesion index was calculated and analyzed. Results: There was no reliable lowering of adhesion index of Staphylococcus Aureus to all materials detected in Test group 1 (U=6, p&gt;0.05 for Bio XS; U=8, p&gt;0.05 for Dental D, Denotokeep Peek, Vertex Rapid Simplified). In Test group 2, the adhesion index of Staphylococcus Aureus reliably decreased to all materials compared to the Control group (U=0, p≤0.01). The adhesion index of Candida albicans and Escherichia coli to all materials in Test group 1 had a minor to moderate reliable reduction compared to the Control group (U=0, p≤0.01). Test group 2 showed a significant reliable decrease in Candida albicans and Escherichia coli adhesion index to all materials in comparison with the Control group (U=0, p≤0.01). Conclusion: The research showed an unreliable or minor and moderate reliable decrease in microorganisms adhesion index depending on the microorganism species after treatment of denture material specimens by antibacterial soap “ClearaSept” and a reliable significant decrease in microbial and yeast adhesion after application of Protefix active cleaner solution, which demonstrates a more significant antimicrobial effect in comparison to “ClearaSept” against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans.

Evaluation of the Effect of Fixed and Removable Appliances on Salivary Parameters (Salivary Flow Rate pH and Buffering Capacity) in Children Aged 5-12 Years: An In Vivo Study.

AimTo evaluate and compare the effect of fixed and removable space maintainers or appliances on salivary factors (“salivary flow rate,” pH, and buffering capacity of saliva) in children aged 5–12 years over a period of 3 months.Materials and methodsSixty children were selected for the study and equally alienated into two groups as group I for fixed appliances and group II for removable appliances). Unstimulated saliva was collected from children wearing fixed and removable space maintainers or appliances at baseline, 1, 2, and 3 months.ResultsAt the end of 3 months, there was a slight decrease in the buffering capacity and pH of saliva, which was not statistically significant in both the groups. An increase in unstimulated salivary flow rate was also seen in both the groups at the end of 3 months.ConclusionFixed and removable space maintainers or appliances act as opportunistic plaque retentive sites in children, necessitating appropriate oral hygiene maintenance and its reinforcement. Failure to adhere to a strict oral hygiene regimen can cause considerable enamel decalcification and plaque retention leading to alteration in oral microflora which has detrimental effects.Clinical significanceThis study paves way for provision of incorporating practice guideline information for both dentists and children undergoing long-term space maintainer or appliance therapy in children.How to cite this articleKukreja P, Hugar SM, Hallikerimath S, et al. Evaluation of the Effect of Fixed and Removable Appliances on Salivary Parameters (Salivary Flow Rate pH and Buffering Capacity) in Children Aged 5–12: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(6):774–778.

Oral microflora: Varied habitats, niche and their disparity in systemic health

The discovery of microbes dates back to the 1700s when Dutchman Antony Van Leeuwenhoek observed his own dental plaque and reported 'little living animalcules prettily moving' further named them as microbes “Dierken”, meaning small lively objects. Since then, the understanding of oral microflora has become profound. Oral microflora is the aggregation of microorganism inhabiting the oral cavity which include bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa. The term “microbiome” is defined as the collective genome of microorganisms that reside in the oral cavity. The mouth is an exceedingly complex habitat with its variable niches where microbes settle down and colonize. At present, the connection that has taken a limelight is the link between the oral microbial community and their interactions with the host in the maintenance of homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of many diseases. In today's urbanized society, change in lifestyle, diet along with other environmental factors and distinct health habits, there is precise switching in the composition of the oral microbiota with a remarkable increase in the frequency of systemic diseases. Recently there are few advancements made in the field of 16S RNA sequencing and other technologies. Here in this review, we emphasize on the varied habitats and niches that microorganisms colonize along with their disparity in systemic health and the use of currently available methods to determine the oral microflora.

Fungal flora changes in head-and-neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy

Background: Oral mucositis is one of the primary toxicities of radiation in head-and-neck radiotherapy (RT). Oral fungal microflora changes have been studied to aggravate the inflammatory process leading to mucositis. The study evaluated the changes in oral fungal microflora during RT in head-and-neck cancer (HNC) using a single-institutional, prospective research and its correlation with oral mucositis. Subjects and Methods: A prospective single-institutional study was conducted on 68 biopsy-proven HNC patients on RT with or without chemotherapy treated in the Department of Radiation Oncology at Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, between 2015 and 2017. Three samples of saliva were collected before RT, the end of the 3rd week of RT, and 4 weeks after the completion of RT and assessed for developing fungal flora changes by Sabouraud's dextrose agar growth media and CHROMagar in the number of patients. Mucositis grades are correlated with fungal pathogens. Statistical analysis was on fungal changes and mucositis using mean, percentage, standard deviation, and Chi-square test. Results: An increase in fungal microflora was found in patients receiving radiation or chemoradiation in head-and-neck malignancy. Among them, a significant increase was there in Candida albicans (1.5% of patients before RT to 44.1% of patients during RT) and Candida krusei (1.5% of patients before RT to 10.5% of patients during RT) during RT (P

The Effect of Visual Pedagogy and Probiotics in Improving Oral Hygiene of Hearing Impaired Children in the Age Group 6-14 Years

Introduction: Maintaining oral hygiene remains a priority in differently abled children. In recent times, probiotics usage has shown reduced disease causing oral microflora and promoting good oral hygiene. Aim: To assess the effect of visual pedagogy and probiotic mouth rinse on oral health of hearing impaired children. Methods: A prospective interventional study was done on hearing impaired children. The children were divided into three groups. Oral hygiene instructions were given using visual pedagogy, probiotic rinse and combination of both respectively. OHI and pH scores at each clinical visit (pre and post) were recorded. Statistical analysis of the observed data was done. Results: The difference in OHI and pH scores was statistically significant. Conclusion: Combination of both oral hygiene instructions using visual pedagogy and mouth rinse containing probiotics was found to produce desirable effects on oral health of hearing impaired children.

Effect of antimicrobial agents on the oral microflora in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy-An ex vivo comparative analysis.

Aim:To evaluate and compare the efficacy of Ozonated Olive Oil Gel, Chlorhexidine gel, and Amflor (Fluoridated) mouthwash on reducing the count of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy evaluated at different time intervals.Methods:Sixty patients undergoing orthodontic treatment were randomly divided into three groups (n = 20) based on antimicrobial agents used (Group 1: Ozonated olive oil gel; Group 2: Chlorhexidine gel; Group 3: Fluoridated mouthwash). Elastomeric modules from brackets were collected at T0 (Fresh samples) and T1 (2nd week) and T2 (4th week) for assessment of the microbial growth. These collected modules were cultured and evaluated for the presence of Streptococcus Mutans and Lactobacilli and numbers of colonies were counted at each interval. Data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software (Version 20.0). Level of significance was kept at 5%. Intra-group and inter-group comparison between pretreatment, 2nd week and 4th week was done for each group using Wilcoxon signed rank test and Mann–Whitney U test.Results:There was presence of Streptococcus Mutans and Lactobacilli during orthodontic treatment which progressively increased from To to T1 and then declined from T1 to T2. The colony counts were maximum for Fluoridated mouthwash and least for Chlorhexidine and the results were statistically significant (P < 0.05).Conclusion:All three antimicrobial agents used were effective against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. Chlorhexidine proved to be more efficacious whereas Fluoridated mouthwash proved to be least effective against both Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus bacteria.

The effect of saliva substitute on the color stability of three different nanocomposite restorative materials after 1 month: An in vitro study.

Context (Background):The color stability of an esthetic material like composite resin may be hampered, due to the constant presence of oral microflora, saliva, and the frequent intake of food. However, as the oral cavity has a dynamic environment, the color stability of these restorative materials has been a challenge to dentistry.Aim:The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a saliva substitute (SS) on the color stability of three different nanocomposite restorative materials.Materials and Methods:A total of 66 disc-shaped samples of test materials were prepared using a polycarbonate mold measuring 15 mm diameter and 2 mm height and were randomly assigned to three groups of 22 samples each based on the test material used: Group I – Estelite Sigma Quick, Group II – Solare sculpt, and Group III – Beautifil II LS. They were further divided into two subgroups A and B with 11 samples each based on the immersion solutions, namely distilled water (DW) and saliva substitute (SS), respectively. The samples were immersed for 30 days. Baseline and post immersion color analysis were done with a spectrophotometer. The CIE L*a*b* values were measured and CIE ΔE values obtained were tabulated. Data were analyzed using the two-way-ANOVA test and Tukey's multiple post hoc test.Results:The mean color difference (ΔE) among the three different nanocomposite restorative materials ranged from 4.0 ± 0.26 to 10.62 ± 1.92. Group I showed the lowest color change (7.80 ± 0.55 and 4.00 ± 0.26), followed by Group III (8.59 ± 0.29 and 6.24 ± 0.66) and Group II (10.62 ± 1.92 and 6.85 ± 0.46) when immersed in SS and DW, respectively.Conclusion:All the specimens when immersed in SS showed greater discoloration than compared to the specimens immersed in DW. Group I showed greater resistance to color change compared to other groups.

Clinical and microbiological evaluation of hyaluronic acid and chlorhexidine mouthwash in the treatment of peri-implant mucositis

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of hyaluronic acid and chlorhexidine mouthwash in the treatment of peri-implant mucositis. Clinical and microbiological studies were conducted before and 14 days, 1, 3 and 6 months after the periodontal treatment in 46 patients (144 implants with fixed dentures) with peri-implant mucositis. The patients were divided into 3 groups: test, comparison and control. Basic periodontal therapy in all groups included professional cleaning and individual oral hygiene training. Test group (15 patients) received basic periodontal therapy plus 0.20% chlorhexidine with hyaluronic acid mouthwash, the comparison group (15 patients) - basic periodontal therapy +0.05% chlorhexidine mouthwash. In control group (16 patients), treatment was limited to basic periodontal therapy only. At the initial stages of observations, there was a statistically significant improvement in the clinical indices in all treatment groups (p<0.001). The use of 0.20% chlorhexidine with hyaluronic acid mouthwash revealed a higher quality of treatment. After 6 months of observation, the clinical features in patients of the control group was almost similar to the state before treatment. The patients of the test group had a more pronounced elimination of facultative and periodontal pathogens in comparison with other groups. The use of 0.20% chlorhexidine with hyaluronic acid containing mouthwash allows the clinician to achieve a better results in the treatment of peri-implant mucositis. The evaluation the oral microflora in patients with peri-implant mucositis can be used as a prognostic criterion for the outcomes of rehabilitation.

Dental plaque - A microbial perspective and recent concepts as a host and guest relation

Dental plaque is defined clinically as a structured, resilient yellow grayish substance that adheres tenaciously to the intra-oral hard surfaces i.e teeth including removable and fixed restorations. It is primarily composed of micro-organisms. One gram of plaque contains approximately 1011 bacteria. Any individual may harbor 150 or more different species. Non bacterial microorganisms that are found in plaque include archaea, yeasts, protozoa and viruses. Nowadays application of novel imaging and molecular techniques has created great understanding about dental plaque. This article is an insight of host and guest relation of dental plaque in terms of micro-organisms as guest and humans as host. Keywords: Dental plaque, Biofilm, Oral Microflora

Impaired host response and the presence of Acinetobacter baumannii in the serum microbiome of type-II diabetic patients.

SummaryType II diabetes (T2D) affects over 10% of the US population and is a growing disease worldwide that manifests with numerous comorbidities and defects in inflammation. This dysbiotic host response allows for infection of the host by numerous microorganisms. In the course of T2D disease, individuals can develop chronic infections including foot ulcers and periodontitis, which lead to further complications and opportunistic infections in multiple body sites. In this study, we investigated the serum of healthy subjects and patients with T2D with (T2DP) or without periodontitis for both microbiome signatures in addition to cytokine profiles. Surprisingly, we detected the presence of Acinetobacter baumanii in the serum of 23% individuals with T2D/T2DP tested. In T2DP, IL-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-8, and IFN-γ were significantly elevated in ABC-positive subjects. As an emerging pathogen, A. baumanii infection represents a risk for impaired inflammation and the development of comorbidities in subjects with T2D.

Improved High-Throughput Sequencing of the Human Oral Microbiome: From Illumina to PacBio.

Background A comprehensive understanding of the commensal microflora and its relation to health is essential for preventing and combating diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the structure of the oral microbiome by using different sequencing technologies. Material and Methods. Five preschool children with no symptoms of oral and systemic diseases were recruited. Samples of saliva were collected. A 468 bp insert size library was constructed on the MiSeq platform and then subjected to 300 bp paired-end sequencing. Libraries with longer insert sizes, including a full-length 16S rDNA gene, were sequenced on the PacBio RS II platform. Results A total of 122.6 Mb of raw data, including 244,967 high-quality sequences, were generated by the MiSeq platform, while 134.6 Mb of raw data, including 70,030 high-quality reads, were generated by the PacBio RS II platform. Clustering of the unique sequences into OTUs at 3% dissimilarity resulted in an average of 225 OTUs on the MiSeq platform; however, the number of OTUs generated on the PacBio RS II platform was 449, far greater than the number of OTUs generated on the MiSeq platform. A total of 437 species belonging to 10 phyla and 60 genera were detected by the PacBio RS II platform, while 163 species belonging to 12 phyla and 72 genera were detected by the MiSeq platform. Conclusions The oral microflora of healthy Chinese children were analyzed. Compared with traditional 16S rRNA sequencing technology, the PacBio system, despite providing a lower amount of clean data, surpassed the resolution of the MiSeq platform by improving the read length and annotating the nucleotide sequences at the species or strain level. This trial is registered with NCT02341352.

Does the eruption status of the ipsilateral wisdom tooth make complications with mandibular angle fractures more likely? A retrospective study at a major trauma centre

Introduction: It can be postulated that erupted wisdom teeth in the line of a mandibular angle fractures could lead to greater post-operative complications due to direct communication of the fracture with oral microflora. There is however a paucity of data on this subject. We therefore present our findings looking specially at wisdom tooth eruption status and post-operative mandibular angle fracture complications at University Hospital Birmingham.

Antimicrobial efficacy of Colgate Plax Cool Mint® mouthwash – in vivo studies

Abstract Hygienic procedures in oral cavity, both teeth brushing and using mouthwashes, have an influence on the composition and quantity of oral microflora. The aim of the work was to evaluate the impact of regular use of selected mouthwash on the titer of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus bacteria and Candida yeast-like fungi in the saliva. The evaluation of the influence of Colgate Plax Cool Mint® mouthwash on the number of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus bacteria and Candida yeast-like fungi in the saliva was done. The research included 39 persons at the age of 17±3 months, out of whom 30 people constituted a study group using mouthwash and 9 people – a control group not using mouthwash. The persons from the study group used the mouthwash twice a day for 2–3 minutes for the period of 5 months. The material for the microbiological tests constituted 2 ml of saliva collected three times from the participants: at the beginning of the research – before the use of a mouthwash and respectively, after 2.5 and 5 months from the first test. Colgate Plax Cool Mint®, the most frequently used by the youth in their daily oral hygiene and used in the present study mouthwash, showed effectiveness in reduction of Lactobacillus spp. and S. mutans bacteria, as well as C. albicans yeasts in the saliva of the studied persons, what is undoubtedly connected with inhibition of formation and prevention of oral plaque development.

MICROBIOLOGICAL TESTS AS INDICATORS OF CARIES RISK

Fixed orthodontic appliances are widely used in the correction of dentoalveolar anomalies. Examinations prior the beginning of orthodontic treatment revealed numerous cases of dental caries of moderate intensity; moreover, caries prevalence increases with age that is the number of carious teeth goes up, while the number of filled teeth and the level of oral hygiene become lower. A voluminous body of reports indicates that children and adolescents wearing orthodontic appliances have a significantly higher incidence of caries than patients who do not wear them. Plaque microflora is one of the main risk factors for the development of caries. According to the researchers, caries is initiated by streptococci, lactobacilli, actinomycetes, and Candida fungi. To assess the content of cariogenic microorganisms (Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus), there are special microbiological tests available. Kits for rapid tests are manufactured in different countries around the world. In 2013, the researchers of the Department of Therapeutic Dentistry and the Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy investigated the microbiocenosis in the oral cavity in young people aged 19-25 years with different intensity of the carious process. The percentage and quantitative content of microflora was studied. The results of the study showed that an increase in the intensity of dental caries is accompanied by changes in the balance in the composition of the oral microflora. This study elaborated the indicators for identifying lactobacilli, streptococci (including haemolytic streptococci, which include S. mutans), fungi of the genus Candida and actinomycetes. But the results obtained did not match the application range of the above mentioned tests. It means the tests reflecting the number of representatives of the studied microbiocenosis in order to determine their activity, are not sufficiently objective. However, rapid tests assessing the indices of cariogenic microflora are in demand in dental practice that allows us to recommend their application in orthodontics. Further study of microbiocenoses should be carried out to determine their functional properties.

Impaired salivary SIgA antibodies elicit oral dysbiosis and subsequent induction of alveolar bone loss.

Secreted IgA (SIgA) plays a central role in preventing bacterial and viral infections on mucosal surfaces by neutralizing toxins and viruses and inhibiting bacterial attachment to epithelial cells. However, the role of salivary SIgA antibodies (Abs) in regulating oral flora is still unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the association among oral bacteria, their metabolites and periodontitis in IgA-deficient (IgA KO) and wild-type (WT) control mice. Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) analysis was used to assess alveolar bone resorption as a development of periodontitis. The bacterial profiles of saliva were determined using the next-generation sequencing assays. Furthermore, the metabolites in saliva were measured and compared using CE-TOFMS. Salivary microbiota of IgA KO mice revealed a remarkably decreased frequency of Streptococcus, and increased percentages of Aggregatibacer, Actinobacillus, and Prevotella at the genus level when compared with those of WT. Compared to WT control mice of the same age, the level of alveolar bone loss was significantly increased in IgA KO mice, and infiltration of osteoclasts was found on the surface of the alveolar bone. The metabolome profile indicated that the metabolites of IgA KO mice had greater variability in carbon metabolic, urea cycle, and lipid pathways than WT mice. These results suggest that salivary SIgA plays an important role in regulating and maintaining normal oral microflora to prevent the development of periodontal disease.

Microflora de la cavidad bucal en recién nacidos post parto natural inmediato.

La microflora oral es un ecosistema muy variado, sin embargo, antes de darse el parto natural nuestra cavidad bucal se encuentra completamente estéril, pero es en el momento del nacimiento donde comienza la colonización de diferentes microorganismos ya que cuando el feto entra en contacto por el canal del parto, son estos microorganismos capaces de adherirse a las mucosas y comenzar dicha colonización en el recién nacido. Objetivos El presente trabajo de investigación se orienta a lo que pueda suceder microbiológicamente en los primeros minutos de vida extrauterina, es decir a la presencia de microorganismos en la cavidad bucal del recién nacido post parto natural inmediato y así como la relación que existe entre la microflora y el parto natural. Materiales y Métodos Para dicho estudio se consideró 25 pacientes recién nacidos por parto eutócico de los cuales se recogió 50 muestras de su cavidad bucal del Hospital Goyeneche, Arequipa-2017. Resultados Se realizaron los análisis de las muestras recolectadas teniendo como resultados presencia de Escherichia Coli y Staphilococos Epidermidis en su cavidad bucal. Conclusiones Existe relación entre la presencia de microorganismos y el parto natural; por lo tanto la hipótesis planteada se acepta, además se obtuvieron como conclusión que: A mayor tiempo: de parto, de coronado y que transcurre desde la rotura de membrana hasta el parto; existe una mayor probabilidad de presencia de microorganismos en la cavidad bucal de los recién nacidos.