Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the level of halitosis in patients with/without fixed crowns and in addition the influence of various crown parameters on halitosis was also explored. Methods: In total, 96 subjects (fixed crowns = 52; no crowns = 44) participated in the study. The levels volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) of hydrogen sulphide (H2S), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), and dimethyl sulphide (CH3SCH3) were evaluated with breath samples using gas chromatography and used for classification as presence or absence of halitosis. The periodontal clinical parameters for all the participants as well as the crown parameters for participants with fixed crowns were also evaluated. Cross tabulation, Chi-square test, and one-way analysis of variance tests were used for the statistical analysis and comparisons. Results: Breath samples revealed, 50 (52.1%) participants were suffering from halitosis. Out of VSCs, the level of CH3SCH3 (62.5%) was found to be the most prevalent. Significant correlations were observed between the presence of fixed crowns and oral halitosis (p < 0.001). Statistically significant difference in the concentration of H2S and CH3SH (p < 0.001) and no significance for CH3SCH3 (p = 0.075) between patients with/without fixed crowns was found. The presence of halitosis was more prevalent in the subjects with crown parameters (subgingival margin, over-contoured margin, open-crown margin, over-contoured and under-contoured crowns) considered clinically defective/unacceptable (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Presence of fixed dental crowns significantly contributes to the oral halitosis. Dental crowns with defects significantly impair the hygienic conditions and oral microflora resulting in high prevalence of halitosis.
Highlights
The word malodor, or halitosis can be defined as any disagreeable odor in expired air, regardless of whether the odorous substances originate from oral or nonoral sources [1,2].Oral halitosis has been a condition by which more than 50% of the population suffers from [3]
The risk of halitosis is slightly more than three times higher in people over 20 years of age compared with those aged 20 years or under [6]
This study was approved by ethical committee at College of Dentistry research center (CDRC), King Saud University (IR 0028)
Summary
The word malodor, or halitosis can be defined as any disagreeable odor in expired air, regardless of whether the odorous substances originate from oral or nonoral sources [1,2]. Oral halitosis has been a condition by which more than 50% of the population suffers from [3]. The origin of oral halitosis has been divided into nonoral and oral sources. The nonoral sources have been subdivided into pathological and nonpathological oral malodors [7]. Pathological oral malodors may appear as results of some systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, gastrointestinal conditions, irregular bowel movement, uremia, hepatic and renal failure [8,9,10].
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