Oral Hygiene Products Research Articles

Effect of herbal and nonherbal dentifrice on gingival health - A clinical study.

The main causative factor for periodontal diseases is dental plaque. The most effective way to remove plaque is tooth brushing using dentifrice. Recently, due to the side effects of commercially available chemical dentifrices, herbal toothpaste is gaining popularity. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of herbal and nonherbal toothpaste on gingival health. The current study involved 100 outpatients reported to Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. Each patient received oral prophylaxis and for 3 days, they were told not to use any other oral hygiene products. The subjects were assigned randomly into the test group (Colgate Herbal) and control group (Colgate). Thirty days later, the plaque and gingival indices were recorded and compared with the baseline using an unpaired t-test (SPSS software, version 23). The mean plaque index at baseline was 1.4 ± 0.6 (herbal) and 1.3 ± 0.7 (nonherbal), and after 30 days, the scores were 1.0 ± 0.5 and 0.9 ± 0.3, respectively. The mean gingival index score for herbal and nonherbal dentifrice at baseline was 1.19 ± 0.5 and 0.9 ± 0.2, and at 30th day, it was 1.1 ± 0.4 and 1.0 ± 0.4, respectively. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. Herbal dentifrices are just as effective as nonherbal dentifrices at reducing plaque and improving gingival health.

Propolis, Aloe Vera, Green Tea, Cranberry, Calendula, Myrrha and Salvia Properties against Periodontal Microorganisms.

The oral cavity harbors hundreds of microorganisms that may be uncontrolled and provoke several diseases. In this sense, periodontitis is a complex multifactorial disease with an essential microbial component in its etiology. Periodontal treatment involves mechanical control of the supra- and subgingival biofilm, but not all patients respond predictably to treatment. In this way, the biofilm chemical control helps in the reduction of periodontal pathogens during treatment or in the delay of bacterial re-colonization after scaling and root planning. Several products have been studied as adjunctive therapy and have shown promising results. Therefore, the present article reviews the biological effects of propolis, aloe vera, green tea, cranberry, calendula, myrrha and salvia that may support their use in the control of subgingival biofilm in patients with periodontitis. All the natural products cited above showed exciting results against microorganisms related to oral diseases, mainly periodontitis. These substances also have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The natural agents propolis, aloe vera, green tea, cranberry, calendula, myrrha and salvia demonstrated potential to be used as oral hygiene products, based on their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory actions.

Clinical and laboratory assessment of the effect of hygiene products on the condition of periodontal tissues and hard tooth tissues in the treatment of caries by indirect method

Relevance. According to statistics, the widespread use in modern dental practice of indirect restoration methods in the treatment of caries of the frontal group of teeth leads to an increase in the incidence of marginal periodontal disease. According to modern data, the most important etiological factor in the development of complications from the hard tissues of the tooth and periodontal is the microflora of plaque.The main link in carrying out preventive measures and the guarantee of the quality of the rehabilitation period is an adequate choice of personal oral hygiene products. It is for this reason that, when choosing a preventive program and personal hygiene products, especially in patients with extensive restorations (including indirect ones), more and more attention is currently being paid to toothpastes based on medicinal herbs, aluminum lactate, which have an anti-inflammatory, astringent effect, reducing bleeding gums and hyperesthesia of hard tooth tissues.Aim. Comparison of the clinical effectiveness of the standard prevention program and the prevention program using individual oral hygiene products based on aluminum lactate in the treatment of caries by the indirect method, as well as improving the effectiveness of indirect methods of caries treatment by preventing its recurrence and inflammatory complications from periodontal tissues by developing practical recommendations.Materials and methods. The work was carried out in the design of an open comparative three-stage prospective nonrandomized study. The necessary material was collected using clinical, laboratory and statistical methods. The material for the study was 98 patients with indirect restorations of the frontal group of teeth, of which 46 people had restoration from metal-free ceramics E-max and 52 people from pre-polymerized composite and divided into groups according to the hygienic means used and the type of restoration. A micronuclear test in the gingival epithelium with the establishment of the frequency of occurrence and spectrum of nuclear aberrations in the cells of the gingival epithelium was carried out in vitro. Statistical data processing was carried out using standard packages Statistika 8.1 and SPSS-11.Results. Based on the results of 2236 clinical and 550 laboratory studies stating the condition of the hard tissues of the tooth, the tooth-restoration boundary, the tissues of the marginal periodontal and the evaluation of the effectiveness of the hygiene product used, the results of statistical processing and the use of high technologies to solve the tasks, it can be said that traditional means of individual oral hygiene have sufficient effectiveness when used in preventive program of recurrence of carious process and periodontal diseases, but significantly higher with a statistically significant difference in effectiveness, especially in terms of anti-inflammatory action, are products containing aluminum lactate, which has a direct and direct impact on the quality of restoration and dental rehabilitation of the patient even 24 months after treatment.Conclusions. Personal oral hygiene products containing aluminum lactate, which has pronounced astringent and antiinflammatory properties. These remedies should be the subject of choice in the most difficult clinical situations, such as diagnosed periodontal diseases with the preservation of complaints (pain, bleeding gums, unpleasant odor, etc.), low level of oral hygiene, rehabilitation period after periodontal treatment, prevention of periodontal diseases in patients with extensive restorations. The use of personal oral hygiene products containing aluminum lactate will significantly improve the effectiveness of treatment and prevention of caries including indirect methods, reduce the risk of repeated invasions and ensure full-fledged dental rehabilitation of the patient directly affecting his quality of life.

Christmas Tree Bio-Waste as a Power Source of Bioactive Materials with Anti-Proliferative Activities for Oral Care.

According to the American Cancer Society, roughly 54,000 new cases of oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancers have been detected in the United States of America in 2021, and they will cause about 10,850 deaths. The main therapies for cancer management, such as surgery and radio- and chemotherapy, have some own benefits, albeit they are often destructive for surrounding tissues; thus, deep investigations into non-surgical treatments for oral cavities are needed. Biologically active compounds (BACs) extracted from European Spruce needles were analyzed to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid content and were used as additional ingredients for oral hygiene products. An anti-proliferation investigation was carried out using extracts containing BACs with the use of several cell lines (cancer and a normal one). ESI-MS studies on BACs showed that luteolin, a natural flavonoid compound with anti-tumorigenic properties against various types of tumors, is the predominant component of the extracts. MTT, BrdU, and LIVE/DEAD studies demonstrated that BAC extracts obtained from Christmas tree needles possess anticancer properties against squamous cell carcinoma (with epithelial origins). We proved that BAC extracts contain high amounts of luteolin, which induces cytotoxicity toward cancer cells; along with their high selectivity, robustness, and nontoxicity, they are very promising materials in oral health applications.

Analysis of Fluoride Uptake and Release from Esthetic Restorative Materials Used Together with Fluoride-Containing Oral Hygiene Products

Analysis of Fluoride Uptake and Release from Esthetic Restorative Materials Used Together with Fluoride-Containing Oral Hygiene Products

SKILLS OF INDIVIDUAL ORAL HYGIENE IN CHILDREN WITH ORTHODONTIC PATHOLOGY

Relevance. Orthodontic pathology contributes to the deterioration of the hygienic condition of the oral cavity in children and increases the risk of developing dental caries and inflammatory periodontal diseases. In this regard, rational and effective oral hygiene becomes especially relevant.
 Aim of this study is to analyze the results of a questionnaire of children with orthodontic pathology regarding the skills of individual oral hygiene and oral hygiene products they use.
 Materials and methods. A dental examination of 138 children aged from 14 to 17 years with orthodontic pathology was carried out. Before starting the treatment, the children filled out a specially developed questionnaire that contained 20 questions with suggested answer options. The children were surveyed in the presence of parents; the children answered the questions independently by filling out a Google form, parents were not allowed to intrude into the survey.
 Results. 73 children (52.9%) followed the recommendations to brush their teeth twice a day in the morning and in the evening. 47 (34.1%) children reported about brushing their teeth in the morning only and 6 (4,3%) children brushed their teeth in the evening. 35 (25.4%) children admitted that they did not brush their teeth every day. 76 children (55.1%), i.e. more than half, were fount to spend no more than 1 minute for toothbrushing, another 35 surveyed children (25.4%) indicated that their brushing time, as a rule, did not exceed 2 minutes, and only 25 children (18.1%) followed the recommended time of 3-5 minutes. Among all the participants, 53 children (38.4%) regularly brushed their teeth after meals, 28 (20.3%) – before meals. 57 children (41.3%) reported no established order between meals and oral routine in the morning, some of them said that oral hygiene might depend on food, others paid no attention to the sequence between meal and oral hygiene. 66 (47.8%) children are not interested in the immediate result of the performed cleaning, 42 children (30.4%) received some information about the quality of oral cavity care only at a dentist’s appointment, 30 children (21.7%) monitored the state of oral hygiene by using mirror without the additional dye indicators. The vast majority of children, 57.2%, used a manual toothbrush for oral hygiene, 31 children (22.5%) reported about regular use of an electric toothbrush, and 28 children (20.3%) indicated for periodic alternation regarding the use of toothbrushes of one or another type of teeth. 58 children (42.0%) indicated that the main motivational incentives for choosing brushes were their design and colour, while 33 (23.9%) and 24 (17,4%) children chose brushes based on the advice of their dentists or parents, respectively. 15 children
 (10.9%) chose toothbrushes without attaching any importance to this. Every 2-3 months, 67 children (48.6%) replaced a worn-out toothbrush with a new one, every 4-6 months – 27 children (19.6%), 40 children (29.0%) were not interested in the replacement period. All the participants used toothpaste, but half of them, namely, 70 children (50.7%), were guided by its organoleptic properties, colour, package design, etc. when choosing paste; 49 children (35.5%) followed the recommendations of dentists, while 11 children (8.0%) did not think about what toothpaste to choose. Toothpastes with complex action or anti-caries activity were used by 44 (31.9%) and 40 (29.0%) children, respectively, but 22 children (15.9%) did not pay any attention to toothpaste composition, indications and contraindication. Some children are informed about interdental hygiene products. Thus, 21 children (15.2%) reported about regular use of dental floss for interdental cleaning, 12 children (8.7%) also used it, but only occasionally, 26 children (18.8%) indicated that they used an irrigator, but at the same time 105 children (76.1%) never used dental floss, and 112 (81.2%) used an irrigator.
 Conclusion. According to the results of the questionnaire, the level of awareness of children with orthodontic pathology about rational and effective individual oral hygiene routine and products is far from being completely satisfactory. The development of additional oral hygiene recommendations for children with such problems seems appropriate and necessary.

Age and social identity as factors influencing adherence to oral care among dental patients

Relevance. Underestimation of the importance of dental disease prevention and the occurrence or complication of physical health problems are two causally related factors. Compliance with the rules of individual and professional oral care is an important constituent to prevention, often ignored by patients of all ages and different social groups.Materials and methods. A total of 706 persons, including 529 women and 172 men, participated in the study. According to the WHO age classification, the participants formed four age groups: 18-24, 25-44, 45-59, and 60-74 years old. In terms of social identity, these groups comprised dentists (216 persons), dental patients (274 persons) and non-dental healthcare professionals (216 persons). The study focused on the adherence to oral preventive measures performed by patients of different age, gender and social identity groups.Results. Despite the majority of the respondents were sufficiently aware of dental disease prevention and oral care, not all turned out to be compliant with medical advice. There were differences between age and social identity groups of patients in reasons of dental visits, use of oral hygiene products and professional oral care.Conclusion. The study confirmed the relationship between underestimation of dental disease prevention and physical pathology. Of all age groups, the lowest level of compliance with oral care practices and the highest percentage of internal diseases were in 60-74-year-old patients. Women are more adherent to oral care measures than men; healthcare professionals showed the lowest compliance with oral care measures.

Clinical Prospective Assessment of Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Effects of Fluoride Toothpaste and Mouthwash in Buccal Mucosal Cells.

Background: Fluorides are an essential component of oral hygiene products used to prevent dental decay. Therefore, a question arises about the potential harms of joint use of fluoridated toothpaste and mouthwashes regarding the increased amount of fluoride in the oral mucosa. Methods: This prospective, double-blinded parallel randomized clinical trial was conducted using a buccal micronucleus cytome assay (BMCyt assay). Forty-one participants were randomly assigned to the two groups. All participants used the same kinds of toothpaste for 12 weeks, designed explicitly for this study (non-fluoride, 1050 ppm F, and 1450 ppm F each for 4 weeks). Simultaneously, during the 3 months of the research, one group used mouthwash with fluoride (450 ppm) and another without fluoride. The buccal mucosal sampling was taken before using the tested products and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of their use. Results: The frequency of micronuclei and the majority of other scored endpoints from the BMCyt assay showed no statistically significant differences within and between the studied groups. Comparing two groups, only statistically significant increases in the number of cells with nuclear buds (p = 0.048) and karyorrhexis (p = 0.020) at four weeks of usage were observed in the group that used mouthwash with fluoride. Conclusion: On the basis of the results, it can be concluded that simultaneous application of fluoridated toothpaste and fluoride mouthwash does not lead to cytogenetic damage in buccal mucosal cells.

Home Oral Care Domiciliary Protocol for the Management of Dental Erosion in Rugby Players: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

People performing regular physical activity are at high risk of dental erosion especially in cases of high sport drinks intake. Biomimetic hydroxyapatite-based oral hygiene products, like toothpastes and mouthwashes, have been investigated in recent years for their remineralizing activity on the teeth. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of two different oral hygiene protocols, respectively consisting of the combination of a hydroxyapatite-based toothpaste plus mouthwash (Trial group) or toothpaste alone (Control Group). At baseline (T0), as well as at 15 days (T1), 30 days (T2) and 90 days (T3), the following clinical indexes were assessed: Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE), Schiff Air Index (SAI), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Plaque Index (PI) and Bleeding Index (BI). In general, for all the indexes assessed, a progressive intragroup reduction was noticed from the baseline to the subsequent timepoints, with no intergroup differences. Accordingly, the use of the hydroxyapatite-based toothpaste, alone or in combination with the mouthwash containing hydroxyapatite as well, is an effective method for the domiciliary management of dental erosion in physically active individuals like rugby players.

The market study of medicines used for the prevention and treatment of hyperesthesia of dental hard tissues

The purpose of the work is to study the structure of the Ukrainian market of medicines, cosmetics and dental products for the prevention and treatment of hyperesthesia of dental hard tissues in order to determine marketing opportunities for domestic pharmacy.
 Materials and methods. The study was conducted using structural analysis, logical and graphical methods, methods of marketing analysis.
 The results. Determined the state of the Ukrainian market of medicines of the specified group with their distribution on means of mass market and specialized means, which are usually used by dentists in professional activity, with allocation of separate groups, namely: toothpastes for sensitive teeth, rinses, dental gels, pastes, creams, varnishes, solutions, films. The market is studied by the number of items, by form of release, country of origin, brand, composition. The dynamics of import and export of oral and dental hygiene products in the context of commodity items according to Foreign Economic Activity Codes has been studied.
 Conclusions. The composition of desensitizing agents is analyzed, the most popular APIs used to eliminate the manifestations of dental hyperesthesia with their distribution on plant medicinal raw materials, mineral-biological and synthetic are identified. Recently, there is a popularity of the use of calcium hydroxyapatite in dental products for the prevention and treatment of dental hyperesthesia, which is primarily characterized by safety and high biocompatibility with body tissues. The results of research show that the market is 90% import-dependent, and in the group of dental films 100% of the market belongs to Russian manufacturers, the range is unstable, there are no positions for a long time. It should be noted that for the domestic producer, the domestic Ukrainian market is promising, it is stable in terms of consumption, almost completely import-dependent. In this regard, the development of new drugs for the prevention and treatment of hyperesthesia with innovative composition, high biocompatibility, complex action, possibly with controlled access of drugs and with minimal side effects is a promising area of further research.

In vitro effectiveness of pomegranate extract present in pet oral hygiene products against canine oral bacterial species.

Background and Aim:Pomegranate is known to possess antibacterial properties, partly because of its punicalagin content. However, its effect on canine oral bacterial species has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the effect of pomegranate extract present in pet dental products on the growth and survival of five canine oral bacterial species in biofilms.Materials and Methods:Five bacterial species, Neisseria shayeganii, Neisseria canis, Porphyromonas gulae, Porphyromonas macacae, and Porphyromonas crevioricanis, were individually cultured for biofilm formation and exposed to pomegranate extract (or control) for 15 min. Cell survival was analyzed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and was compared between different conditions using a student’s t-test. In addition, the individual strains were grown in planktonic suspensions and exposed to serial dilutions of the extract to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration.Results:At a concentration of 0.035% w/v, the extract significantly reduced the survival of P. gulae (−39%, p < 0.001) and N. canis (−28%, p = 0.08) in biofilms. At similar concentrations, the extract also completely or partially inhibited the growth of N. canis and Porphyromonas spp. in planktonic suspensions, respectively.Conclusion:The pomegranate extract found in some pet dental products can limit bacterial growth and survival in the biofilms formed by N. canis and P. gulae in vitro. As P. gulae is involved in periodontal disease progression, limiting its proliferation using products containing pomegranate extract could contribute to disease prevention. Further studies on dogs receiving such products are necessary to confirm these effects.

Experience in the toothpaste’s hygienic effectiveness assessment by oral fluid biochemical parameters

Relevance. The oral hygiene and prevention quality depends on toothpaste. The literature analysis shows the underuse of saliva biochemical parameters for assessing oral hygiene product effectiveness.Materials and methods. Thirty-three subjects aged 19 to 22 years participated in the study. The participants used four kinds of toothpaste by the same manufacturer to evaluate the toothpaste’s effectiveness. We conducted clinical examinations and collected saliva samples on the 1st, 14th and 28th days of the study. The saliva was collected on an empty stomach without stimulation in the morning. Then it was centrifuged. The supernatant was biochemically studied.Results. The study established the criteria for the toothpaste’s low effectiveness, which involve a signifcant increase in hygienic indices and total antioxidant activity, associated with a statistically signifcant trend towards an increase in lactate content. The criteria for a toothpaste with medium effectiveness are a signifcant decrease in one of the hygienic indices, associated with an alkaline pH shift, and an increase in the total antioxidant activity, without signifcant changes in the lactate content. The criteria for a highly effective toothpaste are a signifcant decrease in hygienic indices, and an alkaline pH shift, associated with a signifcant lactate decrease. Determination of total calcium and inorganic phosphorus in the oral fluid may be crucial for assessing the toothpaste remineralizing properties. The glucose content in mixed saliva yields little information for the toothpaste’s hygienic effectiveness assessment.Conclusion. We can recommend saliva biochemical parameters for assessing the oral hygiene status and the effectiveness of oral hygiene products during oral hygiene product comprehensive studies.

Oral health status of nursing staff in Ilembula, Wanging’ombe District, Njombe region, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundOwing to the reduced dental treatment infrastructure in the Tanzanian highlands, maintaining good oral health is a challenge for not only the general population but also individual professional groups. In this study, the caries prevalence and, subsequently, the prosthetic treatment needs of the nurses of the Ilembula Lutheran Hospital (ILH) and Ilembula Institute of Health and Allied Sciences (IIHAS), Tanzania, were investigated.Materials and methodsOne hundred and sixty-eight ILH and IIHAS nurses and nursing students (87 women, 81 men; age 23.1 ± 6.1 years, range 18–58 years) participated in this cross-sectional study conducted in February 2020. The participants were examined at the dental office of ILH. The Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMF/T) Index, Simplified Oral Hygiene Index, and details regarding edentulism, nutrition habits, and socioeconomic factors were collected. Linear regression and binary logistic regression were used for statistical analysis.ResultsThe mean DMF/T-Index was 6.30 ± 4.52. In 7.14% of the investigated nurses, no dental plaque was detected. An enhanced prosthodontic treatment (Kennedy Class III) demand was identified in 31.50% of the participants, and 4.80% of the participants required treatment for acute malocclusion. Oral hygiene products were used by 99.4% of the patients.ConclusionsThe current oral health situation of the study participants showed a moderate restorative and prosthetic treatment demand in the rural area of Tanzania. The development of an interdisciplinary oral health prophylaxis system could be a means to remedy this situation.

Analysis of the efficiency of the use of fluorine-containing toothpasts for the prevention of caries

The data of the World Health Organization say that caries is the most widespread infectious disease in the world: 85–90% of the adult population of the planet suffer from this disease, and in Russia this figure reaches 95%. The leading link in the prevention of caries is oral hygiene, individual and professional. First of all, the means of individual oral hygiene include toothpastes. Toothpastes, depending on their composition, can be divided into hygienic and therapeutic and prophylactic. Anti-caries pastes, belonging to the group of thera-peutic and prophylactic, and they are aimed at strengthening the mineral tissues of the tooth by increasing the concentration of these elements in them. Fluoride toothpastes also have anti-caries effect. To date, a large number of these tooth-pastes are presented on the dental market.The aim of the work was a clinical assessment of the anti-carious efficacy of two commercial samples of toothpastes «President Classic» and «Paradontax Comprehensive Protection» in the presence of restorations in the oral cavity in patients. Materials and methods. In the course of the study (for 6 months), a group of students (40 people) aged 18 to 25 years with a high intensity of caries (KPU from 5 to 8) and not having bad habits were observed, who, depending on the group, were used different fluorine-containing toothpastes (President Classic (mass fraction of fluoride F=1450 ppm) and Parodontax Complex protection (mass fraction of fluoride F=1450 ppm). Results. Studies have shown that an individually prescribed oral care system for patients with multiple caries using directional oral hygiene products reduces the prevalence and intensity of caries and normalizes the cariogenic situation in the oral cavity: improves the hygienic state of the oral cavity, increases enamel resistance to acidic dissolution. In patients who used President Classic toothpaste at home, the average increase in the intensity of caries was reduced by 94%. Conclusion. Thus, the studied studies have shown that an individual cavity care system for patients with multiple caries with the use of an oral hygiene of an aimed action, reduces the prevalence and intensity of caries and normalizes the calculation of the caries-beacon in the oral cavity.

Development of an eco-sustainable formulation against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans

The acidic niche of dental plaque can lead to caries expression over time. In this study, we attempted to design an eco-sustainable oral care formulation, and to determine its effect on caries-related pathogens in the presence and absence of lactic acid. We investigated the inhibitory effect of slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) combined with sodium benzoate (NaB) on the growth of caries-related microorganisms (both bacteria and fungi). SAEW’s antimicrobial activity was significantly increased in the presence of lactic acid (4.0 log CFU/mL for Streptococcus mutans, and 5.31 log CFU/mL for Candida albicans). In the presence of lactic acid, 0.1% of NaB completely inhibited the growth of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans, while there was no significant inhibitory effect in the absence of lactic acid. The results showed that SAEW combined with NaB had high antimicrobial activity in the acidic environment but low efficacy in the normal niche. Thus, this combination may have fewer negative effects on oral microbiota diversity. This is the first study to investigate the possibility of SAEW as alternatives to alcohol-based oral hygiene products.

Oil Pulling: A Review

Oil pulling is extensively used traditional Indian folk remedy to prevent decay, bleeding gums, oral malodor, dryness of throat, cracked lips and for strengthening teeth, gums, and jaws. In this procedure, the practitioners rinse their mouth with approximately one tablespoon of an ordinary cooking oil for 3-20 min, then spits it. This practice is usually performed on a daily basis. This technique is believed to cure more than thirty systemic diseases when practiced regularly and as directed. As a result of side effects to modern medicines and oral hygiene products, people are increasingly attracted towards such traditional practices. The present article attempts to review and discuss this ancient practice and its effects on one’s oral and general health.

Oral Cavity and Candida albicans: Colonisation to the Development of Infection.

Candida colonisation of the oral cavity increases in immunocompromised individuals which leads to the development of oral candidiasis. In addition, host factors such as xerostomia, smoking, oral prostheses, dental caries, diabetes and cancer treatment accelerate the disease process. Candida albicans is the primary causative agent of this infection, owing to its ability to form biofilm and hyphae and to produce hydrolytic enzymes and candialysin. Although mucosal immunity is activated, from the time hyphae-associated toxin is formed by the colonising C. albicans cells, an increased number and virulence of this pathogenic organism collectively leads to infection. Prevention of the development of infection can be achieved by addressing the host physiological factors and habits. For maintenance of oral health, conventional oral hygiene products containing antimicrobial compounds, essential oils and phytochemicals can be considered, these products can maintain the low number of Candida in the oral cavity and reduce their virulence. Vulnerable patients should be educated in order to increase compliance.

Harnessing the Antibacterial Properties of Fluoridated Chitosan Polymers against Oral Biofilms.

Dental caries are a worldwide endemic chronic disease affecting people of all ages. Due to the limitations of daily used oral hygiene products, there is an unmet need for new, effective, safe, and economic oral products. We have recently demonstrated that N-(2(2,6-diaminohexanamide)-chitosan (CS3H Lys) has enhanced antibacterial properties against Streptococcus mutans, the main cariogenic bacterium, and here we investigated the effect of fluoridation of this polymer (CS3H Lys F) on its antibacterial properties and the ability to protect teeth from acid demineralization. We further formulated this polymer into mouthwash preparations and studied their cytocompatibility and physicochemical stability over 6 months. CS3H Lys F was 1.6-fold more effective than the highest tested oral NaF dose in preventing acid demineralization. CS3H Lys F has a 3- to 5-fold lower minimum inhibitory concentration value against S. mutants than the values reported for chitosan polymers and showed negligible cell toxicity. The mouthwashes were stable at both 25 and 40 °C. Further work is under way towards other CS3H Lys F oral hygiene products such as a toothpaste.

Performance Evaluation of Dental Flosses Pre- and Post-Utilization.

Dental floss is an oral hygiene product used to remove food and plaque in places where toothbrushes cannot reach. Even though over the years since its introduction some research in suitable materials has been performed, thread cracking and wear can still compromise efficiency. The aim of this study was to examine the morphological properties of four different commercially available dental floss types before and after use. For that purpose, scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy were used to assess the flosses before and after use, and tension testing was performed to determine any degradation in the floss performance after utilization. The analyzed floss samples verify the hypothesis that the properties of the floss need to be known in depth, before recommending a specific type to patients for daily use in all clinical indications.

АНАЛИЗ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ СМЕШАННОЙ СЛЮНЫ МОЛОДЫХ ЛЮДЕЙ ПОД ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЕМ ЖИДКИХ СРЕДСТВ ГИГИЕНЫ

Subject. Physicochemical properties of mouthwashes developed and produced by Svoboda Company for everyday use and oral hygiene maintenance.&#x0D; Objectives. To study dynamics of qualitative and quantitative physicochemical and organoleptic properties of mixed saliva in young people subjected to using hygiene and prophylactic domestic mouthwashes.&#x0D; Methodology. The study was carried out by Department of Therapeutic Dentistry and Propaedeutics of Dental Disease, by Department of General Chemistry of Ural State Medical University and by Department of Control Systems Modeling of Ural Federal University. The study involved 40 patients from dental student volunteers (male – 15, female – 25), the average age of volunteers was 18.50 ± 1.6 years. The patients were divided into two groups each containing 20 persons. Mouthwash 1 was a common hygiene oral rinse. Mouthwash 2 was a treatment and prophylactic oral rinse, all participants used the mouthwashes during 3 weeks.&#x0D; Results. The use of the reported mouthwashes contributes to increase in cleansing properties of saliva in both groups of subjects. During mouth rinse treatment, the surface tension of saliva increases. The surface tension of mixed saliva is increased by 28.9% (p ≤ 0.05) with Mouthwash 1 and by 9.5 % (p ≤ 0.05) with Mouthwash 2. The surface tension of mixed saliva of subjects of the second group becomes slightly above normal (40-60 erg/cm2; p ≤ 0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion. The study of changes in physicochemical properties of mixed saliva in young people, volunteers of the two groups, subjected to liquid oral hygiene products, mouthwashes, during three weeks showed the following results: the treatment and prophylactic oral rinse (Mouthwash 2 with titanium glycerosolvate aquacomplex and sodium hyaluronate) promotes more adequate maintenance of the acid-base balance in the oral cavity, pH change of mixed saliva toward the alkaline and maintenance of the normal level (p ≤ 0.05) of buffer capacity which reduces the risk of dental caries.