Oral Hygiene Index Research Articles

LOW PERSONAL CARE WITH ORAL HYGIENE OF PATIENTS WITH MENTAL DISORDERS (ODGJ)

Background: ODGJ or People with mental disorders have limitations in carrying out daily activities including self-preservation activities that cause poor fulfillment of optimal self-care conditions, one of which is the maintenance of dental and oral health. Objective: To Analyzed the relationship between low self-care and dental and oral hygiene of ODGJ patients at Cibeber Health Center. Research method: Quasi experimental in 25 respondents with dental and oral hygiene examinations and Activity of Daily Living. Dental and oral hygiene is measured by OHI-S (Oral hygiene index simplified) and Activity of Daily Living with Barthel Index. Results: The average hygiene status of dental and oral ODGJ patients in Cibeber Health Center of Cianjur Regency which amounted to 25 people, namely on bad criteria as many as 15 people (60%). The results of the Activity of Daily Living (barthel index) criteria are mild as much as 1 person (4%), while 12 people (48%) and weighing 12 people (48%). Results of analysis using corelation test at p value 0.000. Conclusion: There is a low association of self-care with dental and oral hygiene in patients with mental disorders (ODGJ) in Cibeber Health Center Cianjur Regency as evidenced by a value of < 0.05.

Oral health profile status and treatment needs in the Salvadoran elderly population: a cross-sectional study

IntroductionOlder adults are a highly vulnerable group in their general health condition, including oral health that can be influenced by different factors, among them, changes in oral tissues inherent to the physiological processes of aging and by systemic condition. In El Salvador, it is a group that has received little attention at the public health level.ObjectiveTo determine the profile of the oral health status and treatment needs of the elderly population in El Salvador.Materials and methodsSecondary cross-sectional analysis of data from the last oral health survey in 471 Salvadorans aged 60 years and older. The variables under study were: sociodemographics, brushing frequency, oral hygiene according to simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S), caries experience according to decayed, missing, and filled teeth index (DMFT) modified with international caries detection and assessment system (ICDAS) criteria, periodontal status through the community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN), edentulism and treatment needs. Statistical analysis was conducted using chi-square test, ANOVA, z-test and linear regression (p < 0.05).ResultsThe older adults presented poor oral hygiene, low brushing frequency, high tooth loss with an average of 16 missing teeth while one third presented total edentulism. Most of the older adults were categorized as having "poor or very Poor" oral hygiene. Almost all respondents presented some degree of periodontal disease and required restorative intervention.ConclusionThe oral health status of elderly Salvadoran is poor. Furthermore, the development of public policies and specific oral health strategies aimed at this population is urgent.

Dental Status and Periodontal Health of Patients with Phenylketonuria in Latvia.

ObjectivesPhenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder of phenylalanine metabolism resulting from a deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dental status and periodontal health of PKU patients in Latvia.Material and MethodsForty-five PKU patients and age/sex-matched controls were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Their anamnestic data, periodontal health and dental status were assessed by one experienced dentist.ResultsDental and periodontal clinical evaluation revealed that the median number of filled teeth was significantly smaller among PKU patients compared to the control group (p=0.021). PKU patients had a significantly larger median number of carious teeth than their healthy counterparts (p<0.001). Significant differences between the PKU and control groups were observed for several oral hygiene indices (p<0.001): Silness-Löe plaque index, OR=29.3 (95% CI: 3.7–232.4); CPITN index, OR=35.2 (95% CI: 4.5–278.3); Greene-Vermillion index, OR=10.2 (95% CI: 2.8–38.0); calculus removal necessity, OR=12.3 (95% CI: 3.3–45.4).ConclusionDental status and periodontal health of PKU patients was found to be significantly inferior compared to healthy controls. This is likely due to the regular consumption of PKU formula and the difficulties which mentally and/or physically disabled PKU patients experience with their oral hygiene. To prevent tooth decay and periodontal disease, PKU patients should visit a professional oral hygienist every three to six months. Furthermore, they should adopt the habit of rinsing their mouth with water immediately after consuming PKU formula to counteract the acidity in their oral cavity.

Molecular Detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis in COVID-19 Patients

Background:SARS-CoV-2 infection has caused a global pandemic that continues to negatively impact human health. A large group of microbial domains including bacteria co-evolved and interacted in complex molecular pathogenesis along with SARS-CoV-2. Evidence suggests that periodontal disease bacteria are involved in COVID-19, and are associated with chronic inflammatory systemic diseases. This study was performed to investigate the association between bacterial loads of Porphyromonas gingivalis and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Fifty patients with confirmed COVID-19 by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, their age ranges between 20-76 years, and 35 healthy volunteers (matched accordingly with age and sex to the patients) participated in this case control study. Oral hygiene status was determined by the simplified oral hygiene index. Blood and saliva samples were obtained from patients and controls, Porphyromonas gingivalis quantification from extracted DNA of blood and saliva samples performed by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction. The present result revealed that the quantity of salivary Porphyromonas gingivalis was significantly higher (p=0.003) in the patients’ group than in the controls group, while there was no significant difference in the number of bacteria in the blood samples between the two groups. Moreover, the number of bacteria in severe cases was higher than that in moderate and mild with no significant differences, and there was a significant increase in the number of bacteria among patients with poor oral hygiene compared to patients with good oral hygiene. This study demonstrated that the high level of salivary Porphyromonas gingivalis in patients increases in number with disease severity, which may indicate that bacterial infections contribute to the spread of the disease.

Lactate Dehydrogenase: A Pragmatic Diagnostic Tool for Periodontitis and Diabetes

Published on:June 2022 Journal of Young Pharmacists, 2022; 14(2):236-239 Original Article | doi:10.5530/jyp.2022.14.44 Authors: Sai Sri Harsha Nimmala1, Veena Kalburgi1,*, Shivanand Bagewadi2, MD. Waseeullah3, Anushri Gupta1, Akhil Trivedi4 1Department of Periodontics, People’s College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, INDIA.2Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, RKDF Dental College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, INDIA.3Department of Periodontics, People’s Dental Academy, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, INDIA.4Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, People’s College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, INDIA. Abstract: Background: Many biomarkers were evaluated in the last few years for different sort of diseases, among them some may have the common biomarkers. Salivary lactate dehydrogenase is used as a bio marker for diagnosing periodontitis as well as diabetes. The current study tries to find the correlation between periodontitis and diabetes as they share the same biomarker. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 90 patients, dividing into 3 groups based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The clinical parameters like, gingival index, oral hygiene index- simplified, depth of periodontal pocket, and clinical attachment loss were recorded. Saliva of these patients was collected and the levels of LDH are examined in those samples for further analysis. Results: All of the clinical indicators, including GI, OHI-S, PPD, CAL and levels of HbA1c showed a significant difference. All clinical indicators, as well as HbA1c levels, were found to be greatest in Group B (PD+DM) patients. Salivary LDH levels were also shown to follow a similar pattern, with Group B having the highest levels, followed by Group A, then Group C. The subjects’ HbA1c levels and salivary LDH levels were shown to have a significant correlation. Conclusion: Salivary LDH can be used as a biomarker to detect any tissue damage or inflammation that transpires throughout an illness. The identification of this enzyme might be a pragmatic diagnostic tool for early diagnosis of periodontitis and diabetes. To affirm the outcomes and employ the test in future, further research on LDH should be done in larger sample sizes.Key words: Lactate dehydrogenase, Biomarker, Saliva, Periodontitis, Diabetes.

Evaluation of Oral Health Status Among Pregnant Women Using Oral Hygiene Index- Simplified (OHI-S) Score

Background: Oral health of women is often neglected during pregnancy. We need to address this issue in a developing country’s perspective,as oral healthcare is not an integral part of antenatal protocols.Objective: To evaluate the oral health status of pregnant women using Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S) Score as well as explore oral hygiene practice by them and conduct a mini-assessment of their knowledge of oral health.Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted using data by using a semi-structured questionnaire among 170 pregnant women attending an antenatal center in Dhaka city, Bangladesh,from March to August of 2018. A pre-tested semi structured questionnaire containing OHI-S indexwas used for data collection. Dental mirror and probe were used for oral hygiene assessment.Results: The mean age of the participants was 24.22±5.07 years. 140(82.4%) were found to use toothbrushes as a tooth-cleaning aid and 146(85.9%) used toothpaste as a tooth cleaning material. Among them, 132(94.3%) were found to brush at least once a day. The predominant health problems identified by clinical examination among those pregnant women were gum bleeding, mild to severe periodontitis, halitosis (bad breath) and loose teeth. The majority didnot know the safe period of dental treatment and the consequences of having poor oral health during pregnancy. The overall oral hygiene status of the maximum pregnant women was ‘Fair’ (50.6%) (OHI-S score 0-1.2), while 39.4% had ‘Poor’ oral hygiene status (OHI-S score 1.3-3.0) and only 10% had ‘Good’ oral hygiene status (OHI-S score 3.1-6.9).Conclusion: Pregnant women in Bangladesh suffer from various oral health issues during pregnancy; however, they exhibit that they do not address this issue due to lack of awareness and other factors. Hence, it is crucial to plan and implement effective oral health programmes for pregnant women all over the country.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 06 No. 03 July’22 Page: 298-303

Oral health and knowledge of sighted children and children with visual impairment and their parents’ role in it: A comparative study

Aim: The present study aims to evaluate oral health knowledge and habits of children with visual impairment by comparison with their sighted counterparts and also evaluates parental knowledge and involvement in children’s oral hygiene routines. Methods: This observational and transversal study included the participation of 68 children (34 were visually impaired and 34 were sighted), from seven schools from Lisbon. The participants with visual impairment were age and gender-matched with their sighted counterparts to minimize variations in the analysis. In all, 52.9% of children were male, with average age of 11.15 (±3.413) years [6; 18]. The children and parents completed one survey each. Children were submitted to an oral examination to evaluate oral health. Results: Participants with visual impairment showed a non-significant increase in the decayed, missing, and filled teeth index (dmft), gingival, and oral hygiene indexes. Both groups’ gingival state was mostly classified as excellent, and oral hygiene was mainly classified as excellent/good. More children with visual impairment (85.7%) needed help with teeth brushing ( p = .046) and were more likely to miss dentist check-ups more often ( p = .025). Also, sighted children and their parents demonstrated more knowledge about oral health. Conclusion: Children with visual impairment and their parents showed less favorable results, justifying the need to promote oral health education to this demographic.

Oral Health status in traditional and health

Background and Aim: Periodontal diseases and dental caries are two of the most common oral health problems. The present study was carried out to evaluate the oral and dental health indices of sixth grade primary school students. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 162 male and female students were randomly selected in two steps from traditional primary schools and health-promoting schools (HPSs) in Hashtgerd City, Alborz Province, Iran. Demographic information and oral health behaviors were recorded. Examinations were performed by one person, and the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index and oral hygiene index simplified (OHI-S) were checked and recorded in the standard form of the World Health Organization (WHO). Data were analyzed by the t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient. Findings: The mean DMFT was 1.83 ± 2.17. There was no significant difference between genders. The mean OHI-S was 1.40 ± 0.57. Oral hygiene was good for girls, and it was moderate for boys, in which this difference was significant (p &lt; 0.001). The relationship between DMFT and OHI-S in the total population was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.01). DMFT and OHI-S were higher in the traditional schools than in HPSs.

Dental plaque and gingival bleeding in adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and controls: a multilevel analysis

Objective To explore whether plaque and gingival bleeding are more frequently experienced by adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) compared to matched controls without JIA; explore whether surface- and site-specific periodontal outcomes vary between the two groups; and for participants with JIA, investigate associations between disease-specific features and periodontal outcomes. Material and methods In this comparative cross-sectional study, selected surfaces, and sites of index teeth in 10–16-year-olds with JIA and matched controls were examined by modified versions of Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) and Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI). Mixed-effects logistic regressions, reporting odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI), were applied. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to quantify the degree of dependency of measures within the same individual. Results 144 and 159 adolescents with JIA were evaluated according to OHI-S and GBI; corresponding numbers of controls were 154 and 161. Plaque and gingival bleeding were more frequent in individuals with JIA than controls. Adjusted analyses showed association between JIA status and OHI-S > 0 (OR = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.47 − 3.67, ICC = 0.45) and GBI > 0 (OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.10 − 2.16, ICC = 0.41 and 0.30). Surface-specific distribution of plaque varied among the two groups. Conclusions Our results highlight the importance of increased awareness of oral health care in patients with JIA and that surface- and site-specific differences in periodontal outcomes exist between individuals with JIA and controls. Few JIA disease-specific variables associated with plaque or gingival bleeding.

Possibilities of periodontal condition control during orthodontic planning and movement of teeth

Relevance. Modern literature reports various side effects and functional and anatomical disorders in periodontal tissues, up to pathologic tooth migration in 32-50% of cases associated with orthodontic tooth movement. The development of new diagnosis capabilities for periodontal tissue condition monitoring and types of orthodontic appliances in the appearance and progression of the pathology of tooth-supporting apparatus is currently relevant. Purpose. To increase the objectivity and periodontium condition control degree during the planning and orthodontic tooth movement. Material and methods. A prospective randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted, which, based on inclusion and non-inclusion criteria, included 60 patients aged 25-35 years and allocated them to groups with healthy (2) and damaged (1) periodontium for orthodontic treatment of malocclusion. Orthodontic appliances for the comparison groups were identical (aligners, buccal and lingual passive self-ligating brackets). Prior to the orthodontic treatment, we determined the alveolar bone thickness by the patients’ CTs superimposed on the program for digital modelling of the result; and estimated the optical bone density in Hounsfield units (HU). Clinical parameters for periodontium condition assessment – the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S), the Russel and CPITN periodontal indices, and gingival recession level – were determined before the treatment, after the active periodontal treatment, including resection surgery (in group 1), and after the orthodontic treatment in the c omparison groups. Results . After the orthodontic treatment, group 1 patients experienced fewer periodontal complications – 42%, versus 54% in group 2, with initially healthy periodontium with a thin alveolar bone; 18% and 23% - with a thick alveolar bone. The aligner subgroup demonstrated the best results – 16% and 18% for groups 1 and 2, respectively; the worst result was in the lingual brackets subgroup – 50% and 55%, respectively. Gingival recession was the most common periodontal complication. The method of patient CT scan evaluation by superimposition on the digital modelling of the final result allo wed the achievement of orthodontic treatment success. Conclusion . The increase in the objectivity of examination and orthodontic treatment planning, and the ability to control the alveolar bone condition, allows moving the teeth to the desired position with a minimum of side effects and complications.

РАСПРОСТРАНЕННОСТЬ СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ И ОСОБЕННОСТИ ГЕМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ У ОНКОБОЛЬНЫХ

Subject. Oncological diseases are one of the leading causes of medical losses worldwide, so early and timely diagnosis of oncological diseases remains relevant to this day. Most patients have multiple comorbidities. It is known that all pathological processes occurring in the human body cannot but affect the state of the oral cavity. Therefore, the study of common pathogenetic links in the development of these diseases, including cancer, and the need to optimize the methods of their diagnosis, complex treatment and prevention continue to be relevant.&#x0D; Objectives. To study the features of the dental status and analysis of blood parameters in patients with extraoral pathology.&#x0D; Methodology. To carry out the study, a dental examination was carried out, including an assessment of the condition of the oral mucosa and periodontium, screening by diascopy and APS diagnostics, determination of KPU indices, oral hygiene index OHI-S, PMA, CPITN. All subjects underwent a clinical and biochemical blood test with further research.&#x0D; Results. The study revealed the predominance of certain types of dental diseases in patients with different localization of oncopathology. According to the results of the general and biochemical blood tests, changes were noted that are characteristic of latent iron deficiency and anemia, as well as liver pathology.&#x0D; Conclusion. The study revealed a high intensity of dental caries in cancer patients. A high prevalence of periodontal disease has been noted. Of the dental diseases in cancer patients, hyperplasia of the filiform papillae, geographic tongue, and candidiasis were most often diagnosed. Analysis of blood parameters revealed the presence of a latent iron deficiency and impaired hemoglobin formation. Changes in biochemical parameters of blood, characteristic of the pathological state of liver tissues, were also noted.

Plaque on brackets: problems and solutions

Orthodontic appliances with brackets make oral hygiene more difficult, which leads to a significantly increased risk of caries and gingivitis if mechanical plaque control is inadequate over a longer period of time. While classic oral hygiene indices are aimed at smooth surfaces and approximal spaces, there are now modifications in the context of orthodontically treated teeth with brackets.

Lipid Profile and the Severity of Periodontitis among Tertiary Hospital Patients in a Semi-Urban Population in Southwestern Nigeria

The prevalence of hyperlipidemia among Nigerians is established, while the relationship between it and periodontitis has been studied globally. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between lipid profile and severity of periodontitis among Nigerians. 195 patients were drawn from the family medicine clinic of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Ile-Ife Osun state Nigeria. Sociodemographic data was obtained using a closed-ended questionnaire, simplified oral hygiene index (OHI), periodontal disease index (PDI), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and periodontal pocket depth (PPD) were also estimated. A full mouth mean CAL ≥0.6mm was considered as periodontitis. Lipid profile was carried out at the chemical pathology department of the same institution by spectrophotometry. Appropriate parameters were determined for descriptive variables. A two-way t-test was done for the mean values of the intraoral and the lipid parameters. Data was exposed to logistic regression to eliminate confounders. Male to female ratio was 1:1.6 with a mean age of 37.42±12.95. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) and triglycerides have a statistically significant relationship with CAL and PPD (p&lt;0.05). Logistic regression showed statistical significance for total cholesterol (p&lt;0.05) in females only. Following the trend with other associated chronic diseases, HDL was higher in the periodontally healthy subjects and those with mild chronic periodontitis, while it was lower in those with moderate and severe chronic periodontitis. This relationship was inverse for low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Increase in LDL/HDL had a linear relationship with the severity of chronic periodontitis from mild to severe. This emphasises the need for oral health education in the community and regular lipid investigations.

Dental Caries and Oral Health Status of Psychoactive Substance Abusers.

Substance-abuse disorders are universally associated with comorbid illness. Tobacco is a widely abused substance across the globe and presents a critical public health problem. The precise correlation between tobacco use and dental caries remains unclear. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the correlation between tobacco use and dental caries. Methodology: Based on selection criteria, a total of 270 (age 20–50 years) participants were included in the study, and were categorized as group A (n = 135), consisting of tobacco users, and group B (n = 135), comprising healthy controls (non-users). The Decayed, Missing, and Filled index (DMFT) was used to measure caries status. The Simplified Oral Hygiene index was used to evaluate oral health. Results: The tobacco group reported the use of cigarettes; smokeless tobacco in indigenous forms, such as gutka (areca nut, tobacco, and slaked lime), betel nut chewing; and a combination. Individuals with tobacco habits had a higher prevalence of dental caries (Mean DMFT 4.73 ± 4.32) compared to the non-habit group (Mean DMFT 3.17 ± 3.11 (p = 0.001). The Oral Hygiene index was significantly higher (indicating bad/poor oral hygiene) in tobacco abusers than those of non-users (p = 0.0001). Duration and frequency of tobacco use were correlated with the levels of moderate and severe caries (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Psychoactive substance abuse, such as smoking/smokeless tobacco consumption, is associated with higher prevalence of dental caries.

Evaluation of halitosis parameters in patients undergoing head and neck radiotherapy.

To assess halitosis parameters using OralChroma™ and the correlation with salivary flow, oral hygiene index, radiation dose, and tongue-coating index among irradiated head and neck cancer patients compared to patients without cancer. This cross-sectional study enrolled irradiated and non-irradiated patients divided into two groups. Hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) levels were measured using a gas chromatograph, and sialometry was performed. The tongue-coating index and simplified oral hygiene index were also assessed. Thirty-eight patients were allocated to each group. Volatile sulfur compound levels were above the thresholds in both groups. Non-irradiated individuals showed higher levels of hydrogen sulfide and dimethyl sulfide. Patients with asialia had an inexpressive tongue-coating index and increased dimethyl sulfide levels. A decrease in salivary flow rate was followed by a significant increase in volatile sulfur compound levels. Higher doses of radiation to the submandibular salivary glands were associated with higher concentrations of sulfide and methyl mercaptan. Head and neck radiotherapy may be important in the development of halitosis. Irradiated patients with asialia presented insignificant lingual biofilm. Consequently, lower levels of volatile sulfur compounds were detected in this group. Asialia, a severe radiation-induced hyposalivation, impacted the levels of DMS (extraoral origin).

Oral health status of nursing staff in Ilembula, Wanging’ombe District, Njombe region, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundOwing to the reduced dental treatment infrastructure in the Tanzanian highlands, maintaining good oral health is a challenge for not only the general population but also individual professional groups. In this study, the caries prevalence and, subsequently, the prosthetic treatment needs of the nurses of the Ilembula Lutheran Hospital (ILH) and Ilembula Institute of Health and Allied Sciences (IIHAS), Tanzania, were investigated.Materials and methodsOne hundred and sixty-eight ILH and IIHAS nurses and nursing students (87 women, 81 men; age 23.1 ± 6.1 years, range 18–58 years) participated in this cross-sectional study conducted in February 2020. The participants were examined at the dental office of ILH. The Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMF/T) Index, Simplified Oral Hygiene Index, and details regarding edentulism, nutrition habits, and socioeconomic factors were collected. Linear regression and binary logistic regression were used for statistical analysis.ResultsThe mean DMF/T-Index was 6.30 ± 4.52. In 7.14% of the investigated nurses, no dental plaque was detected. An enhanced prosthodontic treatment (Kennedy Class III) demand was identified in 31.50% of the participants, and 4.80% of the participants required treatment for acute malocclusion. Oral hygiene products were used by 99.4% of the patients.ConclusionsThe current oral health situation of the study participants showed a moderate restorative and prosthetic treatment demand in the rural area of Tanzania. The development of an interdisciplinary oral health prophylaxis system could be a means to remedy this situation.

Assessment of Oral Health and Healthy Habits in Adult Patients with Congenital Hemophilia.

The objective of our study was to assess the current knowledge, the oral health status, and the pro-health needs of patients with hemophilia. The study included 77 patients with known hemophilia. The study included the assessment of dental indicators related to caries incidence (decayed, missing, and filled teeth [DMFT] and decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth or surfaces [DMFS]), caries treatment (treatment index), oral hygiene status (Approximal Plaque Index [API] and simplified oral hygiene index [OHI-S]), and periodontal status (bleeding on probing [BoP]). A questionnaire addressed symptoms of hemorrhagic diathesis and health-promoting habits. The influence of routine management ("on-demand" vs. prophylactic therapy), type of hemophilia (A, B), and severity of clotting factor deficiency (mild, moderate, or severe) on oral health was assessed. The tests used in the study were Shapiro-Wilk, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Dunn's tests. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Patients with hemophilia showed a higher prevalence of caries compared with patients without hemorrhagic diathesis (DMFT 14 and 9, and DMFS 30 and 15, respectively), and they also presented a higher bleeding index value during probing and worse effectiveness of hygienic interdental procedures. The type of therapy and secondary prophylaxis used and the type and severity of hemophilia did not affect the oral health status. Patients with hemophilia have an increased risk of developing dental caries. Undertaking educational activities related to the prevention of oral diseases is necessary to improve oral health.

Relationship Between Periodontal Disease and Glycemic Control in Pediatric Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

IntroductionType 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a disease of heterogeneous etiology, in which the patient presents alterations in metabolism, which are associated with a total or relative deficiency in insulin production and variable degrees of resistance to it1,2.T2DM and periodontal disease are chronic diseases, the evidence suggests an association between the two. Studies report that T2DM worsens the periodontal disease and glycemic control plays a fundamental role in this3.4.ObjectiveTo determine the relationship between periodontal disease and glycemic control in pediatric patients with T2DM.MethodologyAn observational, descriptive, cross‐sectional, prospective, homodemic and single‐center study was carried out in the pediatric stomatology service of the “Hospital para el Niño Poblano” (Puebla city, Mexico) in the period January‐July 2019 with 20 patients (between 6 to 18 years old) diagnosed with T2DM and were under treatment for their glycemic control.ResultsThe population was classified into patients with glycemic control based on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c ≤ 7.5%) and patients without glycemic control (HbA1c&gt; 7.5%).The prevalence of periodontal disease for patients diagnosed with T2DM was higher in uncontrolled patients who were classified within high Community Periodontal Index (CPI) codes between 3 (71.4%) and 4 (28.6%)5(Table 1).Similarly, it was observed that in the group of patients without glycemic control presented averages of Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI‐S) cataloged between fair (57.1%) and poor (42.9%) (Table 2).DiscussionSimilar results were obtained by Janket (2005)6and Carneiro (2015)7, who relate a higher rate of periodontal disease in patients with higher HbA1c values.ConclusionIt was determined a relationship between glycemic control and periodontal disease in children, because patients with poor glycemic control (HbA1c&gt; 7.5%) presented CPI with degrees of inflammation and presence of periodontal pockets and poor OHI‐S.References Islas S, Revilla MC. Diabetes Mellitus: Actualizaciones. IMSS. México, D.F.: Editorial Alfil. 2013. Menon S, Francis J, Zdraveska N, Dusabimana A &amp; Bhattacharyya S. La epidemiología de la hiperglucemia inducida por TB intransitoria en individuos con diabetes mellitus 2 no diagnosticada previamente: un protocolo para una revisión sistemática y un metanálisis. Revisiones sistemáticas. 2019; 8 (1): 1‐5. Britos MR, Sin CS, &amp; Ortega SM. Enfermedad periodontal y su implicancia en la diabetes mellitus: revisión de la literatura. Rev. Ateneo Argent. Odontol. 2019: 33‐40. Pérez I. Diabetes Mellitus. Gac Med Mex. 2016;152(1):50‐55. IPC. OMS (online, July 2019). URL available at: https://es.scribd.com/doc/84956710/Indice‐Periodontal‐de‐Russell‐forma‐OMS Janket S, Wightman A, Baird AE, Van Dyke T, Jones J. Does periodontal treatment improve glycemic control in diabetic patients? A meta‐analysis of intervention studies. J Dent Res. 2005;84(12):1154‐1159. Carneiro V, Calixto F, Morais F, Pegoretti T, Borges AC, da Silva M. The influence of glycemic control on the oral health of children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus type 1. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2015;59(6):535‐540.

Assessment of the oral health status of children with chronic kidney disease.

There are various oral symptoms related to the disease and its management in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of the study was to investigate the oral health status of children with different stages of CKD, kidney transplant recipients (KTR), and healthy children. A total of seventy-one children diagnosed with CKD and fifty-two healthy children were included in the study. Each patient was examined for dental caries by the decayed-missing-filled-teeth (DMFT/dmft) index and the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS-II), developmental defects of enamel (DDE) by the DDE index, and oral hygiene by the debris (DI), calculus (CI), and simplified oral hygiene (OHI-S) indices. The median number of DMFT/dmft was 1.00 (interquartile range (IQR):1.00-4.00) in children with stage 1-3 CKD, 0.00 (IQR: 0.00-2.50) in stage 4-5 children, 0.00 (IQR: 1.00-3.00) in KTR, and 8.00 (IQR: 1.00-13.00) in healthy children. According to ICDAS-II categories, the percentage of children with severe caries was 53.8% in healthy children, while it was 44.4% in KTR, 25.9% in stage 1-3, and 11.4% in stage 4-5 children. While the percentage of children with DDE was 88.8% in KTR, 80% in stage 4-5, and 66.7% in stage 1-3 children, this rate was 44.2% in healthy children. The highest mean OHI-S score was observed in stage 4-5 children (2.10 ± 1.08), followed by KTR (1.46 ± 1.19), stage 1-3 (1.27 ± 0.61), and healthy children (0.45 ± 0.44), respectively. Compared to healthy children, children with CKD had more debris accumulation, calculus formation, and more DDE but a lower severity of dental caries. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.

Oral Health Status and Practices, and Anthropometric Measurements of Preschool Children: Protocol for a Multi-African Country Survey.

BackgroundOral diseases are among the most prevalent conditions with significant impact on the growth and development of young children. Data are required to plan effectively for the management of early childhood caries (ECC) and other oral diseases in this age. There are currently very few African countries with updated and nationally representative data on ECC prevalence, and risk indicators and regional data on ECC and other oral diseases are scarce.ObjectiveWe aim to determine the oral health status and practices, dietary intake, and anthropometric measurements of preschool children in several African countries.MethodsA cross-sectional study will be conducted in several African countries using a standardized questionnaire and clinical examination for data collection from healthy preschool children in kindergartens and primary health care facilities. The clinical examination will assess ECC using the decayed, missing due to caries, and filled teeth (dmft) index according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, dental erosion (using the Basic Erosive Wear Examination Index), deciduous molar hypomineralization (using the European Association of Paediatric Dentistry criteria), dental fluorosis (using Dean’s Index), oral hygiene status (using the Oral Hygiene Index Simplified), and oral mucosal lesions. Oral hygiene habits and dental visits will be assessed using the WHO child questionnaire, and dietary intake will be assessed using the Food and Agriculture Organization method. Anthropometric measurements will be obtained following the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry standard protocol, and the children’s nutritional status will be assessed following the WHO child growth standards. To train and calibrate examiners, educational resources and electronic forms will be used to reach interexaminer and intraexaminer reliability with κ>0.6. Descriptive analysis will determine the prevalence of clinical conditions by age and sex. Bivariate analysis and multivariable regression will assess associations between the clinical conditions and sociodemographic factors, and oral health behaviors.ResultsData collection will begin after approvals and ethical clearance are obtained. The first stage will include 3 countries, namely Egypt, Nigeria, and South Africa, and collaborators from other African countries will join afterward.ConclusionsThis study will lay down the foundations for using validated tools to collect data on the oral health of young children in Africa, allowing researchers from different countries across Africa to collect standardized data on ECC and other oral conditions. This will facilitate comparisons and analysis of risk factors that might be unique to the African continent. The results will provide baseline data on the prevalence of oral diseases and enable planning to address the treatment needs of young African children and design programs to prevent oral diseases in the African continent.International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)PRR1-10.2196/33552