Oral Hygiene Index Research Articles

Effectiveness of subgingival irrigation and powered toothbrush as home care maintenance protocol in type 2 diabetic patients with active periodontal disease: A 4-month randomized controlled trial.

There is a bidirectional link between diabetes and periodontal disease. Control of active periodontal infection is an essential requisite to maintain optimal oral and systemic health in diabetic patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of subgingival irrigation and powered toothbrush as home care maintenance protocol in type 2 diabetic patients with active periodontal disease compared to routine oral hygiene. Forty (n = 40) diabetic (HbA1c >7%) patients were enrolled in this parallel, examiner-blind, interventional clinical trial. Patients were randomized into two groups: Group A (sonic toothbrush and irrigation with water twice daily) or Group B (manual toothbrush and mouth rinsing with 0.12% Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) twice daily)). All patients received Phase I therapybefore the start of the study. Clinical parameters (plaque index [PI], gingival index [GI], oral hygiene index [OHI], pocket depth [PD], clinical attachment level [CAL], and bleeding index [BI]) were assessed at baseline, 1, 2, and 4 months. Levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), HbA1c, and interleukin (IL)-1 β were assessed at baseline and 4 months only. Verbal and written instructions were provided to each subject specific to their intervention allocation. Descriptive, parametric, and nonparametric analyses were used where appropriate. Sixteen (n = 16) patients in Group A and fifteen (n = 15) patients in Group B completed the 4-month study. Both groups showed a significant difference in BI, PD, CAL, and HbA1c from baseline to 4 months. There were no differences within groups for OHI, GI, or PI and CRP, IL-1 β. The results are based on an underpowered study due to the drop out of 9 patients reducing the number below the needed 19 patients per group based on the power analysis. Results from this study provide information for future studies on self-care regimens for individuals living with Type 2 diabetes.

Патофизиологические аспекты гиперестезии зубов и пути ее устранения у пожилых пациентов после перенесенной новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19

Currently, there is no scientifically substantiated information on the occurrence of dental hyperesthesia and its causes in patients who have undergone a new coronavirus infection COVID-19. Objective: to study the occurrence of dental hyperesthesia, to analyze the causes and to find ways to eliminate it in elderly patients after a new coronavirus infection COVID-19. Material and methods. The incidence of dental hyperesthesia was studied in 175 elderly people (from 61 to 75 years old) who had a new coronavirus infection COVID-19 2-4 months ago. As a control group, 125 elderly people were examined, who had not suffered from a new COVID-19 coronavirus infection before their examination. Functional resistance of hard tissues of teeth was assessed using the index of enamel resistance test (TER-test) according to V.R. Okushko and oral hygiene using the simplified index of oral hygiene of Green-Vermillion OHI-S. Results. It has been established that in the postcovid period, dental hyperesthesia is more common in elderly patients, the cause of which is the demineralization of tooth enamel due to the deterioration of individual oral hygiene. Generally accepted oral hygiene in elderly people suffering from dental hyperesthesia contributes to the normalization of the TER-test indicators with a period of 3 to 6 months of regular dental and oral care. The additional use of remineralizing ASEPTА gel for teeth by patients during dental care made it possible to achieve high structural and functional resistance of tooth enamel during the quarter. Conclusion. In people who have undergone a new coronavirus infection COVID-19, due to the deterioration of the hygienic condition of the oral cavity, there is a decrease in the mineralization of hard tooth tissues, which is a factor in the occurrence of dental hyperesthesia and confirms the crystal chemical theory of this pathology. The additional use of remineralizing ASEPTА dental gel for individual dental and oral care makes it possible to achieve high caries resistance of tooth enamel in a shorter time.

Evaluation and Management of Oral Complications in Oral Cancer Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy

Background: Mucositis, xerostomia, dysgeusia, trismus, radiation caries, osteomyelitis, and osteoradionecrosis are a few examples of radiotherapy (RT) complications, eventually distressing the patient’s life. Objectives: To study the oral complications emerging due to RT and evaluate dental management of such complications before, during, and post-RT in oral cancer patients. Methods: Patients were evaluated on various parameters, which include the Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S), Periodontal Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), D – Decayed, M – Missing due to caries, F – Filled, T – permanent teeth (DMFT) Index, mucositis, xerostomia, dysgeusia, and interincisal distance before, during (10th session and last session), and 1 month after the last session of RT were evaluated and compared. Statistical Analysis: The following tests were applied: Chi-square test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, and standard deviation method. Results: P value <0.001 in OHI-S, PI, GI, DMFT index, mucositis, xerostomia, and dysgeusia, which is statistically significant. There was no difference found statistically in the interincisal distance. Conclusions: Oral healthcare team serves a vital role in preventing and managing short- and long-term complications of RT. There should be a mandatory prerequisite to visit an oral physician before, during, and after RT for supportive and palliative oral care.

Oral Health Status and Dental Treatment Needs among Children with and without Hearing Impairment in Hyderabad, India: A Cross-sectional Study

Aim: The study aimed to assess the oral health status and dental treatment needs of children with hearing impairment (CHI) and children without hearing impairment (HI). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 110 CHI and 105 children without HI (13–18 years) in Hyderabad, India from February–March 2019. Two special schools (for CHI) and one government (regular) school were selected by purposive sampling. American Dental Association Type-4 dental examination was conducted at respective school premises and modified World Health Organization Oral Health Assessment form, 2013 was used to record the oral health findings. Chi-square test/Fisher’s exact test and Z-test were calculated at P < 0.05. Results: Prevalence of dental caries was 69% and 26% among CHI and children without HI, respectively (P < 0.001). Good oral hygiene, as determined by oral hygiene index scores, was merely 31.8% among CHI compared to 82.9% in children without HI. CHI in need of any dental treatment was higher at 89.1% compared to 43.8% of children without HI. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that CHI has a higher prevalence of dental caries than children without HI in Hyderabad, India. This high prevalence of caries among CHI represents the unmet dental needs and neglect of their oral health care. Oral health promotion is the need of the hour to help nurture good oral health practices among children in general and CHI in particular.

Prevalence of Chronic Periodontitis and Chronic Stress in the South Indian Population.

Background Chronic stress is commonly thought to have a net negative effect on the efficacy of the immune response, leading to an imbalance between host and parasite and consequently resulting in a periodontal breakdown. Aim To identify the prevalence of chronic periodontitis and chronic stress as well as a comparative evaluation of clinical, demographic, and psychoanalytical parameters among the South Indian population. Materials and methods A total of 500 subjects between the ages of 30 and 60 were chosen from the Trivandrum district, Kerala, using multistage random sampling. Subjects were evaluated based on psychoanalytical parameters as well as periodontal examination. Psychoanalytical parameters were measured by the questionnaire method using the perceived stress scale. Periodontal parameters examined were the probing depth, clinical attachment loss, bleeding on probing, simplified oral hygiene index, and community periodontal index (loss of attachment). Statistical Analysis Categorical and quantitative variables were expressed as frequency (percentage) and mean ± SD respectively. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the association between the periodontal variables and psychoanalytical variables. All the statistical analysis was performed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics for Windows (IBM Corp., USA). Results A total of 500 subjects, of whom 308 (61.6%) were female and 192 (38.1%) were male, participated in this study. The overall prevalence of periodontitis among all the subjects was found to be 42.4%, and the proportion of periodontitis among the stressed participants was found to be 46.2%, which is 10% higher compared to the non-stressed (36.1%) participants. Conclusion Our study showed an increased frequency of periodontitis among the stressed subjects as compared to the non-stressed subjects. These findings suggest that there is a positive association between chronic stress and chronic periodontitis, but further prospective studies are required to establish the extent of the effect chronic stress has on chronic periodontitis and vice versa.

Features of oral hygiene index assessment in children with dentofacial abnormalities and deformities against the background of bronchopulmonary pathology

Features of oral hygiene index assessment in children with dentofacial abnormalities and deformities against the background of bronchopulmonary pathology

Tooth Mobility among Patients visiting a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that results in the destruction of supporting tissue and bone leading to tooth mobility. Tooth mobility if untreated can lead to tooth loss. However, very few studies exist for its assessment. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of tooth mobility among patients visiting a tertiary care centre. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among individuals visiting a tertiary care dental hospital from 1st April to 30th June 2022 after obtaining ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 2202202202). Individuals more than 13 years who gave consent and fulfilled the study criteria were enrolled. Tooth mobility was assessed using Lindhe and Nyman's classification. Proforma also included demographics, simplified oral hygiene index, gingival index, body mass index, and smoking status. Convenience sampling was done. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated. Among 163 patients, 65 (39.88%) patients (32.36-47.40, 95% Confidence Interval) had tooth mobility. The prevalence of tooth mobility was higher than in studies done in similar settings. periodontitis; prevalence; tooth mobility.

Dysfunctional Internet Behavior Patterns and its Relation to Oral Health Status among Adolescents in Coimbatore: A Cross-sectional Study

Aim: The aim is to assess dysfunctional Internet behavior patterns and their influence on oral health status among adolescents. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was designed and conducted among college-going adolescents in the Coimbatore district. The estimated sample size was 196. This sample was drawn from across the city through a simple random sampling methodology. Data were collected on a specially designed pro forma, which contained three parts. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive analysis was carried out. The Chi-square test was used to test statistical significance. Univariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with risk at Internet Addiction Test in the study population was carried out. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There was a difference in the proportion of oral hygiene index scores (χ2 = 52.06), plaque index scores, and gingival index scores across Internet Addiction Tests and were statistically significant (P < 0.05), whereas the Decayed Missing Filled Teeth index scores across Internet Addiction Test was statistically not significant (P = 0.54). Univariate regression analysis revealed that compared to good oral hygiene, the odds of risk at the Internet Addiction Test was 2.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.8–8.7) times in fair and the association was statistically not significant (P > 0.05). The odds of risk at Internet Addiction Test in poor oral hygiene was 15.5 (95% CI = 4.16–58.11) times, and the association was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our results have indicated that the time spent on the Internet, which is otherwise labeled as “Addiction” in adolescents, is related to the risk of oral health problems.

Assessment of clinical and psychological parameters in pre- and post-menopausal women

Background: Literature evidence on periodontal disease-associated microorganism in pre-and postmenopausal women suggest a complicated relationship between steroid hormones, periodontal tissues, and microorganism. Aim: The objective of the study was to assess and contrast the periodontal health condition and quality of life (QoL) of pre-and postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: 100 patients were divided into four groups, i.e., healthy pre-menopausal, periodontitis pre-menopausal, healthy post-menopausal, and periodontitis post-menopausal. Periodontal parameters such as Gingival Index (GI), Plaque Index (PI), Probing Pocket Depth, Clinical attachment levels, Simplified Oral hygiene index, and a Utian QoL questionnaire were filled by the patients. The differences between three groups were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test at baseline and 3 months, followed by a post hoc Tukey test. Results: The PI, GI, and Simplified Oral Hygiene Index levels were significantly different between healthy premenopausal and postmenopausal subjects. QoL scores were compared between the healthy premenopausal and healthy postmenopausal subjects, among which no statistically significant difference was found with P = 0.705 when compared between the positive questions score and P = 0.730 when compared between the negative questions score of the two groups. Conclusion: This study shows that there is no relation between menopause and QoL in women with periodontitis before and after menopause.

Effectiveness of Two Dental Educational Programs on the Oral Hygiene Status Among a Group of Visually Impaired Children

Purpose: To assess the effectiveness of Audio and Audio-Tactile Performance (ATP) educational programs on oral hygiene status among a group of visually impaired children by Oral Hygiene Index Simplified(OHI-S) and assess the effectiveness of this programs in improving their oral hygiene knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) and their satisfaction toward oral health via questionnaire before and after the programs. Subjects and methods: A total of 86 visually impaired children ranging from (6-12) years were divided into two groups. (Group I):45 children who received the Audio method educational program. (Group II):41 children who received the Audio Tactile Performance method. The oral hygiene status was assessed for both groups by Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S) at baseline and at two follow up examination after three months and six months. Questionnaires were taken at the baseline and at the end of the study to assess their oral hygiene knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) and their satisfaction toward oral health. Results: No statistically significant difference in OHI-S scores between the two groups after 3 months from the beginning of the educational programs. A statistically significant difference in OHI-S scores between the two groups after 6 months from the beginning of the educational programs. A significant improvement in participant knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) and their satisfaction toward the oral health in both groups after the educational programs. Conclusion: Children with visual impairment could maintain accepted degree of oral hygiene, when taught by special customized techniques. Also for maintenance of oral hygiene practices, a regular reinforcement is required.

Frequency of Gingivitis and its Associated Factors in 16–60-Year-Old Patients Reporting at the Dental Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Gingivitis is one of the most prevalent noncommunicable diseases which affecting people in Pakistan. For the preservation of great overall health, dental health must be maintained. So, there is need to determine the prevalence, socioeconomic impact, and educational status of gingivitis with the associated factors amongst widespread age group. Objective: This research focused on the frequency of gingivitis and its associated factors between the age group of 16–60-year-old patients. Study Design: Cross sectional study Study Setting: This study was conducted at department of Dentistry Avicenna Medical & Dental College Hospital Lahore from April 2022 to September 2022. Methodology: In the present study, a non-probability/convenient sampling technique was used. The 115 patients who had a gingival index scoring from 1-3 were included in the study. Patients with no plaques were excluded from the study. The WHO oral health assessment with some modifications was included as a part of the questionnaire. During the preliminary screening of the subjects, the demographic characteristics including age, gender, BMI, marital, socio-economic, and educational status were noted. A mouth mirror and a pointed explorer technique were used to diagnose caries which helps to fulfil the data of gingival index, plaque index, decayed missing filled teeth index, oral hygiene index simplified. Continuous and categorical data were analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Results: Out of 115 participants, there were 55 (47.8%) males and 60 (52.17%) females enrolled in the study with an average age of 39.51 ± 9.72 years. In this study, the overall BMI of the participants was 39.0 ± 22.3 kg/m2. Study results showed that the DMFT and OHI-S were significantly different (p<0.05). The DMFT and OHI-S showed the highest value amongst the patients suffering from moderate gingivitis. Conclusion: This study concluded that gingivitis and its associated factors played a major role in poor oral health. Amongst the age group between 16 to 60 years old, the 30-40 years were more prevalent to gingivitis. The DMFT and OHI-S were significantly different in mild moderate, and severe gingivitis. This study also indicated that the married, low-income status and the graduated patient had achieved bad oral hygiene. The study revealed that the ages between 30 to 40 years were their prime time for social and economic burden on males and also this is the post menstrual age in female, and by this time their health was already severely impaired. This may be a contributing factor to the increased incidence of gingivitis. However, the GI, DMFT, and OHI-S must have an access to fluoride and sealant programs as soon as possible to reduce the prevalence of tooth decay. Keywords: Gingivitis, DMFT, OHI-S, Factors, Dental Hospital, periodontal disease, risk factors/indicators

Assessment of Oral Hygiene Status and Practices among a Sample of 12-Year-Old Chepang Children of Nepal

Introduction: Hygienic oral health practices are necessary from a young age to ensure positive long-term oral and general health. The oral hygiene status and practices among the underprivileged Chepang children of Nepal have not been adequately assessed.
 Objective: To assess the oral hygiene status and practices among the 12-year-old Chepang children of Nepal, and to identify the association of demographic variables and oral hygiene practices with the oral hygiene status of the children.
 Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study where a pretested questionnaire was used to assess the oral hygiene practices and the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) to examine the status of oral hygiene among 160 Chepang children of central Nepal. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS v.17. Statistical significance was determined using an independent t-test and an ANOVA test.
 Results: The study showed that 68 (42.5%) of the 12-year-old Chepang children had good oral hygiene, 68 (42.5%) had fair oral hygiene, and only 24 (15%) had poor oral hygiene. The mean OHI-S score for them was 1.62±1.09. Most of the children (138, 86.3%) regularly brushed their teeth and rinsed their mouth after meals (117, 73.1%), but tongue cleaning was performed by only 36 (22.5%) of them.
 Conclusions: The study showed that oral hygiene intervention programs are needed for the Chepang children who do not go to schools and who do not stay at hostels.

Quantifying red complex bacteria, oral hygiene condition, and inflammation status in elderly: A pilot study

IntroductionPeriodontitis is an inflammation of the periodontal apparatus leads to destruction of connective tissue attachment and tooth loss. Red complex bacteria may contribute to disease initiation. Bacterial infection in periodontitis leads to a low-grade chronic infection and inflammation in distant organs. Notably, aging can affect the immune response. ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to analyze the effect of aging on oral hygiene and inflammation condition. Moreover, to evaluate the correlation between the oral hygiene condition and red complex bacterial load in subgingival plaque. Materials and methodsIn this cross-sectional study, we examined 20 adult and 20 elderly subjects with periodontitis. Clinical parameters included Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S) and Papillary Bleeding Index (PBI) were recorded. Subgingival plaque was collected from the tooth with a probing depth of 5–7 mm and analyzed with a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for red complex bacteria quantification. Statistical analysis was performed, respectively. ResultsBoth groups had poor oral hygiene conditions, reflected by high OHI-S and PBI. The quantity of red complex bacteria (P. gingivalis, T. denticola, T. forsythia) in the elderly group was significantly higher in comparison to the adult group. There was significant strong linear relationship between OHI-S and red complex bacteria (r < 1, p < 0.05). Only P. gingivalis bacteria with PBI values had a strong linear relationship and statistically significant. (r < 1, p < 0.05). P. gingivalisload was significantly higher than T. denticola and T. forsythia load, and it correlated with poor oral hygiene in the adult and elderly groups and with PBI in the elderly group. ConclusionsAging affects to the red complex bacterial load and oral hygiene condition, but not the inflammation. These findings contribute to the development of novel treatment strategies focusing on bacterial aspect for periodontitis in the elderly.

Clinical Evaluation of Zirconia and Stainless-Steel crowns in Primary Molars - A Randomized Control Trial

Background and Aim: Aesthetic alternatives to stainless steel crown for restoring primary molars attain a growing interest. The aim of the study was clinical evaluation and comparison of zirconia and stainless steel crown in primary molars (clinical and radiograph) Methods: A randomized controlled study was conducted on children of age group of 5 to 8 years of age visiting, KVG Dental College and Hospital, Sullia and who were meet the inclusion criteria of the study. The study population was randomly divided into two groups of 24 each. Group I: stainless steel crown, Group II: zirconia crown. Post endodontic tooth preparation was done and selected stainless steel and zirconia crowns followed by cemented using type 1 glass ionomer cement. The subjects was be recalled after 3, 6 and 9 months to check gingival index, oral hygiene index and bone health of the tooth using intraoral periapical radiograph. Results: There was significant increase in score of gingival index and OHI score for both SSC and zirconia crowns after 3 month followed by reduction in score at 6 and 9 months. There was no statistically significant difference in alveolar bone height in both groups (zirconia and SSCs) for 6 months. Conclusion: Zirconia crowns presented to be an excellent choice for primary posterior teeth full coverage restorations. Zirconia crowns performed better than SSCs in the aspect of gingival response and prevention of plaque adhesion. Keywords: zirconia crowns, stainless steel crown, primary molars, esthetics, dental caries.

Effectiveness of Parental Participation in a Dental Health Program on the Oral Health Status of 8-10-year-old School Children.

Prevention-focused school dental health program (SDHP) is a cost-effective intervention that countries can use to lessen the problem of dental diseases by educating on oral health. The current study aims to assess the effectiveness of parental participation in an SDHP held at periodic intervals on the oral health status (OHS) of children aged 8-10 years attending a local school in Southern India. The longitudinal study was scheduled between September 2018 and June 2019 (36 weeks) in 120 participants who were healthy school children aged 8-10 years at a private school in Kelambakkam. This 36-week duration study assessed the effectiveness of school dental health education program with and without parents at every 12 weeks interval. The OHS of subjects was assessed using the standard indices [i.e., Decayed, Missing and Filled permanent teeth (DMFT), decayed, extracted, and filled primary teeth (deft), and Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S)]. Friedman's test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for analyzing the data as indicated. In postintervention visits, children with parental participation had significantly lower caries increments than children without parental participation. While the oral hygiene index scores have improved significantly in both groups over time, the improvement in the parental participation group was greater. It can be concluded that the SDHP is an educational driver that showed a constructive impression on the oral health of children. The participation of the child's parents in SDHP has significantly improved the OHS of children. Sowmiya Sree RA, Joe Louis C, Senthil Eagappan AR, et al. Effectiveness of Parental Participation in a Dental Health Program on the Oral Health Status of 8-10-year-old School Children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(4):417-421.

Oral Health Status of Children with Special Healthcare Need: A Retrospective Analysis.

To evaluate the oral health status of children with special healthcare needs (CSHCN) having either systemic illness or any disabilities. A retrospective analysis of oral health status was done from Jan 2013 to Dec 2018 on 58 CSHCN (both genders) up to 16 years of age. The oral health status of patients was assessed with the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT/dmft) indices and simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) by using the World Health Organization (WHO) 2013 oral health survey criteria. Fair oral hygiene was dominantly present (62%) among all the subjects. Association between oral hygiene status and systemic illness/disability was done using the Chi-squared (χ 2 ) test and was found statistically nonsignificant. The overall mean DMFT/dmft found was 4.16. The highest mean DMFT/dmft score was recorded in nephrotic syndrome patients (16.0%), while the least score was seen among cleft anomalies (1.89%). Comparison between mean DMFT/dmft scores among various systemic illnesses/disabilities were done using Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA) test and found statistically significant (p-value 0.048). The majority of the CSHCN fall under fair oral hygiene status. A high caries prevalence and statistically significant value were demonstrated between mean DMFT/dmft scores of various systemic illnesses/disabilities. Present study aids in understanding the needs of the community, identifying high-risk groups, planning the required treatment and prevention strategies, and thus monitoring and improving the oral health status of children with special healthcare needs. Patidar D, Sogi S, Patidar DC. Oral Health Status of Children with Special Healthcare Need: A Retrospective Analysis. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(4):433-437.

Oral Conditions as Risk Factors for Low Oral Health-Related Quality of Life Among the Elderly Population in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Approximately 70% of the elderly population living in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, has a low oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). This study aimed to identify the risk factors for low OHRQoL in the elderly population of Yogyakarta. Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S), Community Periodontal Index, Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) Index, and the number of natural occluding pairs (NOP) were assessed for 153 participants aged ≥ 60 years. Xerostomia, hyposalivation, and OHRQoL were also examined using Xerostomia Inventory (XI), unstimulated spitting whole saliva collecting method, and Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) questionnaire, respectively. OHRQoL was categorized as low, moderate, and high. Bivariate and multivariate tests were conducted to identify the risk factors for low OHRQoL. Initial analysis of characteristics of participants revealed that hyposalivation, xerostomia, periodontal pocket, high DMFT, NOP ≤ 5, poor OHI-S, and low OHRQoL were experienced by 40 (26.1%), 92 (60.1%), 39 (25.5%), 110 (71.9%), 112 (73.2%), 44 (28.8%), and 108 (70.6%) participants, respectively. Relative risk (RR) and p values for hyposalivation, xerostomia, periodontal pocket, high DMFT, NOP ≤5, and poor OHI-S were found to be at 1.573 (CI 0.681-3.637) and 0.225; 2.532 (CI 1.255-5.108) and 0.006; 0.846 (CI 0.391-1.830) and 0.606; 1.759 (CI 0.843-3.670) and 0.110; 1.133 (CI 0.522-2.461) and 0.008; and 2.723 (CI 1.293-5.734) and 0.632, respectively. Multivariate tests showed that xerostomia and NOP ≤5 had RR of 2.519 (CI 1.221-5.195) and 2.536 (CI 1.175-5.477), respectively. Overall, elders with xerostomia or NOP ≤ 5 had 2.5 times higher risk of having a low OHRQoL.

Oral Hygiene Practices and the Awareness of Perio-Systemic Interrelationship Among the Population of Ranchi City: A Hospital-Based Study.

The concept of the pathogenesis and etiology of periodontal disease, with their infectious and chronic natures, usually facilitates acknowledging the possibility of these infections influencing events elsewhere in the body. Concurrent awareness and recognition of the interaction between systemic and oral diseases are one of the enormous advances that require a periodontist to not only strictly direct their knowledge toward prevention and treatment but also spread awareness about the same among the unknown. Thus, the primary goal of our study was to assess public awareness of periodontal and systemic interrelationships with oral hygiene practices in Ranchi, Jharkhand. A total of 800 subjects between ages 18 and 60 years visiting the outpatient department of periodontology, Dental Institute,Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), were randomly selected for inclusion in the study. After the oral hygiene checkup, the patients were presented with a self-constructed questionnaire form, where patients' awareness and knowledge about perio-systemic interrelationship and their patterns about oral hygiene practices were assessed. The data collected was analyzed using mean and standard deviation (SD), while the chi-square (χ2) test was to evaluate the mean difference. The results of our study showed a fair oral hygiene index, minimal oral hygiene practices, and a lack of awareness regarding the interrelationship between bad oral health and systemic diseases among the population of Ranchi. Out of 800 subjects, the majority (around 44.25%) visited a dentist only if and when needed, and around 80% of the population continued using their toothbrushes for more than six months. In fact, awareness regarding the perio-systemic interrelationship was only among 5.12% (3.25% ± 1.87%) of the total population. Within the limitations of our study, it can be concluded that there is a need to educate the general population about the pros and cons of maintaining oral hygiene. Dental awareness, along with periodontal health care and its impact on systemic health, should be intensified through various means.

Connectivity between Frequency of Toothbrushing and Dental Caries

The goal of this research was to evaluate the oral health of the children of the Roma, Ashkali, and Egyptian (RAE) community in relation to toothbrushing frequency. Methods and Results: A total of 201 children (93 boys and 108 girls) participated in this research. The decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index of deciduous teeth and the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) developed by Greene and Vermillion were evaluated in relation to toothbrushing frequency. Our research revealed an important and significant difference in toothbrushing frequency between the variables for F=3.7839 and P=0.0244. Children who brushed their teeth twice a day had a markedly lower DMFT index (3.15±3.29) than children who brushed their teeth less than once a day (4.86±3.81). Also, this group of children for P=0.02 had a markedly lower DMFT index (3.15±3.29) than children who brushed their teeth once a day (4.86±3.81). An important and significant difference was found between plaque index (PI) and toothbrushing frequency (H=7.86, P=0.02). Conclusion: Difficult economic circumstances and poor oral hygiene are the main factors causing poor oral health in this group of children.

&lt;strong&gt; Correlation between presence of bacillus species and OHI-s in recurrent aphthous stomatitis patients &lt;/strong&gt;

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The approximate prevalence of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) was 45.42% at Gusti Hasan Aman Dental Hospital Banjarmasin. Bacillus sp. is a bacterium that can form spores that can be transmitted through air, dust, water and food. Poor oral conditions will increase the possibility of bacterial contamination, especially for ulcers found in RAS. This study aimed to analyzed correlation between the presence of Bacillus species and OHI-S in the oral ulceration of RAS patients. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study conducted among Oral Medicine Department outpatients at Gusti Hasan Aman Dental Hospital, Banjarmasin, Indonesia. A total of 38 subjects were examined to assess Oral Hygiene Index Simplified and obtained bacteria samples using the swabs technique. Bacteria were then inoculated in blood agar base media and concurrently presented with gram staining. Bacteria were then identified using the catalase test, urease test, and oxidase test. Results: Bacillus species were predominantly identified in oral ulceration of RAS patients at Gusti Hasan Aman Dental Hospital Banjarmasin. Bacillus sp. (60,5%), Streptococcus sp. (34,2%), Neisseria sp. (2,6%), and Lactobacillus sp. (2,6%) were found in ulcerated RAS lesions. Spearman test resulted in p = 0.862 (p &gt; 0.05), where no significant difference was obtained between presence of bacillus species and OHI-s in recurrent aphthous stomatitis patients. Conclusion: Bacillus species were predominantly identified in oral ulceration of RAS patients a. However, the presence of Bacillus sp. was not associated with OHI-S in RAS patients.Keywords: bacillus sp.; oral hygiene index simplified; recurrent aphthous stomatitis