Oral Homeostasis Research Articles

Sex steroid hormones: an overlooked yet fundamental factor in oral homeostasis in humans.

Sex steroid hormones (SSH) are extremely versatile molecules with a myriad of physiological functions. Next to their well-known role in sexual development and reproduction, SSH play active roles in practically every tissue in the human body, including the oral cavity. It has long been demonstrated that periodontal tissues express SSH receptors and therefore are responsive to the presence of SSH. Interestingly, SSH not only interact with the periodontal tissues but also with other tissues in the oral cavity such as dental enamel, pulp, cementum, oral mucosa, and salivary glands. Questions concerning the possible physiological functions of these receptors and their role in maintenance of oral health, remain unanswered. The purpose of this scoping review was to gather and summarize all the available evidence on the role of SSH in physiological processes in the oral cavity in humans. Two comprehensive literature searches were performed. References were screened and selected based on title, abstract and full text according to our inclusion criteria. Both searches yielded 18,992 results of which 73 were included. Results were divided into four categories: (1) Periodontium; (2) Dental structure; (3) Mucosa; and (4) Salivary glands. The interaction of these tissues with progestagens, androgens and estrogens are summarized. Sex steroid hormones are an overlooked yet fundamental factor in oral homeostasis. They play important roles in the development and function of the periodontium, dental structure, mucosa and salivary glands. Dentists and healthcare providers should consider these hormonal factors when assessing and treating oral health conditions.

The Role of Different Types of Cannabinoids in Periodontal Disease: An Integrative Review.

This integrative review addresses the potential of the Endocannabinoid System (ES) and cannabinoids in the pathogenesis and treatment of periodontal disease (PD). Cannabinoid receptors are expressed in healthy and inflamed periodontal tissues, indicating a potential regulatory role for SEC in oral homeostasis. Healthy periodontal cells express more CB1 receptors, while inflamed sites show increased CB2 receptors. This suggests a dynamic involvement of the SEC in the inflammatory response associated with PD. Cannabinoids such as cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinoid receptor agonists such as HU-308, anandamide (AEA), and methanamide (Meta-AEA) have demonstrated promising therapeutic potential in studies. CBD has been associated with the control of bone resorption, antibacterial activity, and increased production of gingival fibroblasts, indicating effects in mitigating the progression of PD. HU-308 demonstrated preventive effects against alveolar bone loss, and anti-inflammatory, osteoprotective, and pro-homeostatic properties in animal models of periodontitis. AEA and Meta-AEA have anti-inflammatory effects by reducing pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α. The activation of cannabinoid receptors attenuates inflammatory processes, inhibits alveolar bone loss, exerts antibacterial effects, and promotes tissue repair. However, clinical trials are especially needed to validate these results and explore the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in the treatment of PD in humans.

Salivary buffering capacity is correlated with umami but not sour taste sensitivity in healthy adult Japanese subjects

ObjectiveSaliva serves multiple important functions crucial for maintaining a healthy oral and systemic environment. Among them, the pH buffering effect, which is primarily mediated by bicarbonate ions, helps maintain oral homeostasis by neutralizing acidity from ingested foods. Therefore, higher buffering capacity, reflecting the ability to neutralize oral acidity, may influence taste sensitivity, especially for sour taste since it involves sensing H+ ions. This study aims to explore the relationship between salivary buffering capacity and taste sensitivities to the five basic tastes in healthy adult humans. DesignEighty seven healthy adult students participated in this study. Resting saliva volume was measured using the spitting method. The liquid colorimetric test was used to assess salivary buffering capacity. The whole-mouth taste testing method was employed to determine the recognition threshold for each tastant (NaCl, sucrose, citric acid, quinine-HCl, monosodium glutamate). ResultsTaste recognition thresholds for sour taste as well as sweet, salty, and bitter tastes showed no correlation with salivary buffering capacity. Interestingly, a negative relationship was observed between recognition threshold for umami taste and salivary buffering capacity. Furthermore, a positive correlation between salivary buffering capacity and resting saliva volume was observed. ConclusionsSalivary buffering capacity primarily influences sensitivity to umami taste, but not sour and other tastes.

Smoking induced salivary microbiome dysbiosis and is correlated with lipid biomarkers

BackgroundThe oral microbiome plays an essential role in maintaining oral homeostasis and health; smoking significantly affects it, leading to microbial dysbiosis. The study aims to investigate changes in the oral microbiome composition of smokers in the Qatari population and establish a correlation with lipid biomarkers.MethodsThe oral microbiota was profiled from saliva samples of 200 smokers and 100 non-smokers in the Qatari population, and 16s rRNA V3-V4 region were sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were clustered using QIIME and the statistical analysis was performed by R.ResultsNon-smokers exhibited a more diverse microbiome, with significant alpha and beta diversity differences between the non-smoker and smoker groups. Smokers had a higher abundance of Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota, Patescibacteria, and Proteobacteria at the phylum level and of Streptococcus, Prevotella, Veillonella, TM7x, and Porphyromonas at the genus level. In contrast, non-smokers had more Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteriota, and Patescibacteria at the phylum level, and Prevotella, Streptococcus, Veillonella, Porphromonas, and Neisseria at the genus level. Notably, Streptococcus was significantly positively correlated with LDL and negatively correlated with HDL. Additionally, Streptococcus salivarius, within the genus Streptococcus, was substantially more abundant in smokers.ConclusionThis study highlights the significant influence of smoking on the composition of the oral microbiome by enriching anaerobic microbes and depleting aerobic microbes. Moreover, the observed correlation between Streptococcus abundance and the lipid biomarkers suggests a potential link between smokers-induced salivary microbiome dysbiosis and lipid metabolism. Understanding the impact of smoking on altering the oral microbiome composition and its correlation with chemistry tests is essential for developing targeted interventions and strategies to improve oral health and reduce the risk of diseases.

Oral bacterial insights from a comparative study between healthy and comorbid diseased human individuals

The human oral cavity is colonized by a diverse microbial community, which includes both native and transient colonizers. The microbial composition is crucial for maintaining oral homeostasis, but due to overgrowth or imbalances of these microbial communities, dysbiosis can occur. There is a lack of understanding of the research of native and transient colonizers in the oral cavity of the Indian subpopulation Therefore, in our present study, we explored the role and prevalence of transient and native colonizers between healthy and comorbid oral diseased human individuals. Culture-dependent techniques and culture-independent 16S r DNA metagenomic analyses were employed to isolate and study the interactions of native and transient colonizers from human oral samples. Among the 66 human individuals of both healthy and comorbid individuals, the most abundant isolate was found to be Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MCC 4424. In addition, the more prevalent culturable isolate from the healthy samples was Streptococcus salivarius MTCC 13009, whereas in comorbid samples Staphylococcus pasteuri MTCC 13076, Rothia dentocariosa MTCC 13010 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 13077 were prevalent to a greater extent. 16S rDNA metagenomic analyses revealed the prevalence and abundance of genera such as Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria in healthy individuals; consequently, Fusobacteria and Firmicutes were observed mostly in comorbid individuals. The significant differences in bacterial population density were observed in terms of the Shannon index (p = 0.5145) and Simpson index (p = 0.9061) between the healthy and comorbid groups. B. amyloliquefaciens MCC 4424 exhibits antagonistic behavior when grown as a dual-species with native and transient colonizers. This result is very consistent with the findings of antibiofilm studies using confocal laser scanning microscopy, which revealed a significant reduction in biofilm biovolume (73 %) and maximum thickness (80 %) and an increase in the rough coefficient of biofilms (30 %). Our data suggested that B. amyloliquefaciens MCC 4424 can be a native colonizer of Indian sub-populations. It may act as a novel candidate for oral healthcare applications and greatly aids in the regulation of transient species in the oral cavity.

Effect of antitumor therapy on microflora and oral mucosa in patients with malignant neoplasms

The present article investigates the relationship between the microbiota of the oral cavity and oral mucositis induced by systemic antitumor therapy in patients with malignant neoplasms. This article highlights modern ideas about the composition of the normal microbiota of the oral cavity and its changes during chemotherapeutic treatment.
 It has been shown that the normal oral microbiota includes representatives of such genera as Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, Neisseria, Prevotella, Streptococcus, and Veillonella. Moreover, it is emphasized that despite the existence of modern molecular genetic techniques and development of an oral microbiota database, determining the role of individual taxonomic units in oral homeostasis remains challenging.
 Existing studies of changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of oral microflora against the background of drug antitumor therapy have demonstrated that treatment is associated with significant changes in the microbiological landscape of the oral cavity. An increase was noted in the number of Gram-negative anaerobic opportunistic flora and a decrease in the representation of protective commensal flora. It has been demonstrated that the components of a bacterial cell can modulate the local reactions of a macroorganism through a system of Toll-like receptors while acting in different directions.
 Several unresolved fundamental issues related to the role of oral microbiota in the pathogenesis of oral mucositis are highlighted.

Molecular mechanisms of saliva secretion and hyposecretion.

The exocrine salivary gland secretes saliva, a fundamental body component to maintain oral homeostasis. Saliva is composed of water, ions, and proteins such as amylase, mucins, and immunoglobulins that play essential roles in the digestion of food, lubrication, and prevention of dental caries and periodontitis. An increasing number of people experience saliva hyposecretion due to aging, medications, Sjögren's syndrome, and radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. However, current treatments are mostly limited to temporary symptomatic relief. This review explores the molecular mechanisms underlying saliva secretion and hyposecretion to provide insight into putative therapeutic targets for treatment. Proteins implicated in saliva secretion pathways, including Ca2+ -signaling proteins, aquaporins, soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors, and tight junctions, are aberrantly expressed and localized in patients with saliva hyposecretion, such as Sjögren's syndrome. Analysis of studies on the mechanisms of saliva secretion and hyposecretion suggests that crosstalk between fluid and protein secretory pathways via Ca2+ /protein kinase C and cAMP/protein kinase A regulates saliva secretion. Impaired crosstalk between the two secretory pathways may contribute to saliva hyposecretion. Future research into the detailed regulatory mechanisms of saliva secretion and hyposecretion may provide information to define novel targets and generate therapeutic strategies for saliva hyposecretion.

Dectin-1/SYK Activation Induces Antimicrobial Peptide and Negative Regulator of NF-κB Signaling in Human Oral Epithelial Cells.

Oral epithelial cells serve as the primary defense against microbial exposure in the oral cavity, including the fungus Candida albicans. Dectin-1 is crucial for recognition of β-glucan in fungi. However, expression and function of Dectin-1 in oral epithelial cells remain unclear. We assessed Dectin-1 expression in Ca9-22 (gingiva), HSC-2 (mouth), HSC-3 (tongue), and HSC-4 (tongue) human oral epithelial cells using flow cytometry and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cell treated with β-glucan-rich zymosan were evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Phosphorylation of spleen-associated tyrosine kinase (SYK) was analyzed by western blotting. Dectin-1 was expressed in all four cell types, with high expression in Ca9-22 and HSC-2. In Ca9-22 cells, exposure to β-glucan-rich zymosan did not alter the mRNA expression of chemokines nor of interleukin (IL)6, IL8, IL1β, IL17A, and IL17F. Zymosan induced the expression of antimicrobial peptides β-defensin-1 and LL-37, but not S100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8) and S100A9. Furthermore, the expression of cylindromatosis (CYLD), a negative regulator of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, was induced. In HSC-2 cells, zymosan induced the expression of IL17A. The expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3), a negative regulator of NF-κB signaling, was also induced. Expression of other cytokines and antimicrobial peptides remained unchanged. Zymosan induced phosphorylation of SYK in Ca9-22 cells, as well as NF-κB. Oral epithelial cells express Dectin-1 and recognize β-glucan, which activates SYK and induces the expression of antimicrobial peptides and negative regulators of NF-κB, potentially maintaining oral homeostasis.

Saliva: An Emerging Adjunct Biomarker for Psoriasis –Trends, Scope and Relevance

Psoriasis is a widely prevalent chronic immuno inflammatory dermatological disease resulting from a complex and dynamic interplay of genetic, environmental, and immunological aetiologies. It manifests as characteristic erythematous psoriatic plaques visible to the naked eye, but prognostic biomarkers for disease monitoring and therapeutic effectiveness are still absent. Saliva is a biological fluid that, besides being critical to maintaining oral homeostasis, harbors various salivary microbiota and inflammatory markers. It can be easily collected, stored, and analyzed. Oral fluids offer an excellent advantage for biomarker study as they are non-invasive and fast techniques. Studies showed that the saliva of healthy individuals and those with psoriasis had differences in the levels of inflammatory cytokines, immunoglobulin A, and anti-oxidant biomarkers. In GCF, individuals with psoriasis showed higher levels of S100A8, IL-18, and sE-selectin than healthy individuals, independent of periodontal status. Oxidative stress(OS) is one of the pathogenetic factors of psoriasis. Thus levels of ROS and anti-oxidants can also become important factors in diagnosis.

Comparative analysis of salivary microbiota in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals of North India using metagenomics

BackgroundSaliva, an oral secretion is considered an essential biological modulator involved in maintaining oral homeostasis. Increased glucose levels in diabetic patients' saliva may have an impact on diversity of microbes. Comparing the salivary microflora of diabetic and non-diabetic cohorts will help in diagnosis and risk assessment of oral health complications. This will provide greater knowledge about the contribution of oral microbes to the development of oral illnesses. The association between salivary microbiota and diabetic state is less explored in the North Indian population, hence current observational study was performed to analyze the salivary microflora of diabetic and non-diabetic individuals using metagenomic analysis. Materials and methodsThis single-center non-randomized observational trial was conducted in Uttar Pradesh, India. Participants were enrolled into either diabetic (n = 68) or non-diabetic groups (n = 68) based on their diabetes status. Following saliva collection, DNA was extracted and metagenomic sequencing was performed. ResultsPhylum Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria were significantly abundant in diabetic individuals (p < 0.0001), while Proteobacteria was significantly higher among non-diabetic individuals (p < 0.0001). No statistical difference in phylum Actinobacteria and Firmicutes among diabetics and non-diabetics. Veillonella, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Leptotrichia, Lactobacillus, and Streptococcus were greater in diabetics whereas the abundance of Capnocytophaga and Neisseria was more among non-diabetics (p < 0.05). ConclusionsThe genera Veillonella, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Leptotrichia, Lactobacillus, and Streptococcus were comparatively over the odds with the diabetics in India. The association between microbiota in diabetic population and risk related to increase in occurrence of caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis in diabetic population prevalence should be investigated.

Injectable decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogel promotes salivary gland regeneration via endogenous stem cell recruitment and suppression of fibrogenesis.

Saliva is key to the maintenance of oral homeostasis. However, several forms of salivary gland (SG) disorders, followed by hyposalivation, often result in dental caries, oral infection, and decreased taste, which dramatically affect the quality of patient's life. Functional biomaterials hold great potential for tissue regeneration in damaged or dysfunctional SGs and maintaining the good health of oral cavity. Herein, we prepared an injectable hydrogel derived from decellularized porcine submandibular glands (pDSG-gel), the material and biological properties of the hydrogel were systematically investigated. First, good biocompatibility and bioactivities of the pDSG-gel were validated in 2D and 3D cultures of primary submandibular gland mesenchymal stem cells (SGMSCs). Especially, the pDSG-gel effectively facilitated SGMSCs migration and recruitment through the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, suggested by transcriptomic analysis and immunoblotting. Furthermore, proteomic analysis of the pDSG revealed that many extracellular matrix components and secreted factors were preserved, which may contribute to stem cell homing. The recruitment of endogenous SG cells was confirmed in vivo, upon in situ injection of the pDSG-gel into the defective SGs in rats. Acinar and ductal-like structures were evident in the injury sites after pDSG-gel treatment, suggesting the reconstruction of functional SG units. Meanwhile, histological characterizations showed that the administration of the pDSG-gel also significantly suppressed fibrogenesis within the injured SG tissues. Taken together, this tissue-specific hydrogel provides a pro-regenerative microenvironment for endogenous SG regeneration and holds great promise as a powerful and bioactive material for future treatments of SG diseases. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) has been acknowledged as one of the most promising biomaterials that recapitalizes the microenvironment in native tissues. Hydrogel derived from the dECM allows in situ administration for tissue repair. Herein, a tissue-specific dECM hydrogel derived from porcine salivary glands (pDSG-gel) was successfully prepared and developed for functional reconstruction of defective salivary gland (SG) tissues. The pDSG-gel effectively accelerated endogenous SG stem cells migration and their recruitment for acinar- and ductal-like regeneration, which was attributed to the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Additionally, the introduction of the pDSG-gel resulted in highly suppressed fibrogenesis in the defective tissues. These outcomes indicated that the pDSG-gel holds great potential in clinical translation toward SG regeneration through cell-free treatments.

Results of the study of the mineralizing capacity and hydrogen indicator of the oral fluid in children taking into account the dental status and age

Caries is one of the most common dental diseases in children, which is characterized by enamel demineralization. The condition of the hard tissues of temporary and permanent teeth is influenced by a significant number of factors, including the oral fluid that is in direct contact with the teeth. The mineralizing ability of the oral fluid affects the state of the hard tissues of the teeth, that is, the acid resistance of the enamel, the decrease of which leads to demineralization with further progression of the carious process. The aim of the study was to study the indicators of the mineralizing potential and the pH of the oral fluid in children aged 7–12 years with caries of temporary and permanent teeth and to compare them with the indicators of children with intact teeth. The dental status of 223 children aged 7–12 years was studied (in each child, the condition of the hard tissues of the teeth was determined and the DMFT (Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth) in the temporary bite, DMFT/dmft (Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth) in the variable bite, dft (decayed and filled teeth) in the permanent bite index was calculated), mineralizing potential and pH of the oral fluid were calculated. Indicators were compared in children with and without caries. The course of caries of both temporary and permanent teeth in children occurs against the background of a decrease in pH and microcrystallization of oral fluid. This is especially noticeable in children who have affected permanent teeth. The caries rate of temporary and permanent teeth has inverse correlations with the pH and microcrystallization index of the oral fluid. The obtained data suggest the need for primary and secondary prevention, aimed at improving oral homeostasis indicators, planned remediation, which will make it possible to reduce the prevalence and intensity of caries in children, which will be the subject of our further research. Keywords: caries, intact teeth, pH of oral fluid, microcrystallization of oral fluid.

NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE GINGIVITIS AS A COMPLICATION OF FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA IN ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA PATIENT

Background: Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) is a periodontal disease characterized by gingival pain, interdental gingival necrosis, and bleeding. NUG is closely related to immunosuppression, smoking, poor oral hygiene, malnutrition, and stress. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a bone marrow malignant neoplasm. Chemotherapy as the treatment for AML often causes febrile neutropenia which results in immunosuppression conditions and is a risk factor for NUG. This case report aimed to discuss NUG as a complication of febrile neutropenia. Case: A 22-year-old woman was referred from hemato-oncology with acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AML-M4) and febrile neutropenia due to her oral complaints. She had undergone one cycle of chemotherapy and developed febrile neutropenia. Intra-oral showed ulcers covered with white-grayish plaques on the gingival region 35 to 45 and 15 to 25. There were white plaques that could be removed leaving an erythematous area on the dorsal tongue. Blood laboratory tests showed pancytopenia and severe neutropenia. The diagnoses were necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and pseudomembranous candidiasis. Case management: Debridement using 1.5% hydrogen peroxide solution, rinsing with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate, as well as cleaning teeth and tongue 2 times daily. The internal medicine department gave meropenem. The lesions and gingiva were healed after three weeks of therapy. Conclusion: Febrile neutropenia due to chemotherapy reduces the body's ability to fight infection, oral homeostasis is disturbed therefore bacterial growth increases, neutrophils carry out phagocytosis forming reactive oxygen species which causing necrotic cells and then NUG occurred. Appropriate, adequate, and immediate therapy is needed to avoid further complications. Keywords: Acute myeloid leukemia, Febrile neutropenia, Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

Substantiation of the use of digital methods for assessing the dental status of the oral cavity in normal and pathological conditions

Relevance. Diseases and processes of microbial nature in the oral cavity, such as caries, the hygienic condition of the oral cavity and its individual biotopes in terms of their diagnosis and sanogenetic therapy, are still an urgent problem in dentistry.&#x0D; The purpose of the study. To conduct pathogenetic and clinical substantiation of the use of an objective digital express method of Raman-fluorescence diagnostics to assess the dental status of the oral cavity "in situ" in patients with cardiac arrhythmia while taking anticoagulants.&#x0D; Material and method. Based on the use of a hardware and software complex of the "InSpectrM" type, 150 people aged 35-55 years with cardiac arrhythmia on the background of taking anticoagulants or without them (in a comparative aspect) were examined. Patients are divided into 2 groups. In each group, the indicators of oral homeostasis at the metabolic, morphometric, functional and clinical levels were evaluated using both digital and classical "ad oculum" method before and after controlled and/or uncontrolled oral hygiene treatment. The following indicators were diagnosed: tissue aerobicity/anaerobicity, type of metabolism, saliva volume and saliva microbial contamination index, digitized Schiller-Pisarev sample, oxygenation index, mineralization, periodontal and hygienic indices, represented by a pie chart to assess the clarity of the results obtained in their relationship.&#x0D; Results. It is shown that the proposed digital, express Raman-fluorescent technology for assessing the dental status of the oral cavity eliminates the presence of errors amounting to 200-400% when measuring the "ad oculum" hygienic status of the oral cavity and allows obtaining results in the relationship of all elements of oral homeostasis.It was shown p0.05 that in patients taking anticoagulants with controlled hygienic treatment of the oral cavity, its hygienic condition approaches the norm, unlike patients with uncontrolled hygienic treatment. All the studied indicators p0.05 have positive dynamics. The necessity of remineralizing therapy after each hygienic treatment of hard tooth tissues is substantiated.It is proved that for a comprehensive assessment of the hygienic condition of the oral cavity, it is necessary to use both the method of Raman-fluorescence diagnostics and separate methods of "ad oculum", which complement each other in the relationship.

Clinical and immunological parameters of dental status in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: Destructive processes in the pancreas in type 1 diabetes mellitus alter oral homeostasis. The first signs of a change in dental health in type 1 diabetes mellitus are pastosity of the oral mucosa and hyposalivation, which causes dental plaque formation. Many researchers note the high prevalence of periodontal disease in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.&#x0D; AIM: To examine the dental status, cytokine profile, and specific factors of oral immunological protection in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two groups of children aged 617 years were examined. The main group (n=53) included patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, whereas the comparison group (n=30) included children without somatic pathologies. The study analyzed the results of a clinical examination of patients, including an assessment of the intensity of caries, oral hygiene, and periodontal status, and results of an immunological examination of the oral fluid, including the level of cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1, tumor necrosis factor-, IL-4, and IL-10) and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM).&#x0D; RESULTS: Both groups had satisfactory levels of oral hygiene, and the extent of plaque formation on the proximal surfaces of the teeth was unacceptable. The prevalence of chronic catarrhal gingivitis was higher in the main group. An immunological study showed that both groups had pro-inflammatory cytokine imbalance in the oral fluid, and the levels of these cytokines are higher in the main group. The levels of immunoglobulins in the oral fluid were also different: the levels of IgA and IgM in the saliva of the main group were 1.1 and 1.2 times higher, and the IgG level was 1.25 times lower.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of periodontal disease in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus was associated with poor oral hygiene and carbohydrate metabolism. Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus showed a pronounced imbalance of oral immunological protection factors. With worsening compensation of carbohydrate metabolism, immunological changes in the oral cavity became more pronounced.

The Relevant Oral Burden of Patients with Hidradenitis Suppurativa.

Interleukin-17 plays a pivotal role in both hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) and in maintaining oral homeostasis, but their potential link remains unknown. Thus, we aimed to evaluate and quantify the oral burden of patients with HS. In this real-life, multicenter, cross-sectional study, patients with HS were clinically evaluated by two board-certified dermatologists and two board-certified dentists. Oral comorbidities were carefully collected with medical history and therapeutic information. A total of 102 patients (44.0 ± 0.9years, body mass index 27.0 ± 2.2kg/m2) were enrolled. Remarkably, 48% and 43% did not undergo at least an oral hygiene or a dental visit each year, respectively. Oral disorders were found in 55.9% of patients with HS, in particular 39.2% had caries and 46.7% reported at least one missing tooth. The main oral manifestations in patients with HS were recurrent aphthous stomatitis (N = 19, 19.2%), amalgam tattoo (N = 14, 14.1%), leukoplakia (N = 11, 11.1%), nicotinic stomatitis (N = 9, 9.1%), papilloma (N = 8, 8.1%), and geographic tongue (N = 8, 8.1%). Whilst the main predictor of oral pathological conditions was Hurley staging (P = 0.0276), multivariate regression analysis indicated that gender and International Hidradenitis Suppurativa Severity Score System (IHS4) were the main predictors for the presence of caries and number of missing teeth. As a result of the relevant oral burden in patients with HS, dentists should be part of the multidisciplinary team and oral education should be promoted among patients with HS.

ОЦЕНКА СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО СТАТУСА И ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ ГОМЕОСТАЗА ПОЛОСТИ РТА У ЛИЦ, СОБЛЮДАЮЩИХ ПОСТ

Subject of study. Dental status, indicators of oral homeostasis in persons, diet and oral hygiene in persons observing the fast of Ramadan.&#x0D; Purpose of the study. To study the dental status, indicators of homeostasis of the oral cavity and the nature of nutrition in persons observing the fast of Ramadan.&#x0D; Methodology. The study involved 37 male volunteers, aged 25 to 35 years, belonging to the second health group, who did not undergo SARS-CoV-2, with an orthognathic bite, a satisfactory level of hygiene, a PMA equal to zero, and a KPU index below 1.5. In previous years, the studied persons strictly observed the fast of Ramadan and this year, too, were firmly determined to observe it. Before the start, on the 15th day and after the end of the fast, the study studied the hygienic state of the oral cavity, the state of the teeth, the state of periodontal tissues, the functional activity of the salivary glands, the viscosity and pH of saliva, the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes – superoxide dismutase (SOD), oral fluid catalase. After completing the fast, they filled out questionnaires that included questions about oral care and diet during fasting.&#x0D; Results. In persons observing the fast of Ramadan, the reaction of saliva is shifted to the acid side, the functional activity of saliva decreases, and the viscosity of saliva increases. This leads to a deterioration in the hygienic state of the oral cavity, the formation of soft and hard deposits on the teeth and the development of gum disease. There is also an imbalance in the lipid peroxidation-antioxidants system, an increase in the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, both on the 15th day of fasting and after its completion.&#x0D; Conclusions. The results of the study allow dentists and nutritionists to purposefully develop recommendations on diet and prevention of dental diseases for people who observe the fast of Ramadan.

Hiding in Plain Sight: Human Gingival Fibroblasts as an Essential, Yet Overlooked, Tool in Regenerative Medicine.

Adult human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), the most abundant cells in the oral cavity, are essential for maintaining oral homeostasis. Compared with other tissues, adult oral mucosal wounds heal regeneratively, without scarring. Relative to fibroblasts from other locations, HGFs are relatively refractory to myofibroblast differentiation, immunomodulatory, highly regenerative, readily obtained via minimally invasive procedures, easily and rapidly expanded in vitro, and highly responsive to growth factors and cytokines. Consequently, HGFs might be a superior, yet perhaps underappreciated, source of adult mesenchymal progenitor cells to use in tissue engineering and regeneration applications, including the treatment of fibrotic auto-immune connective tissue diseases such as scleroderma. Herein, we highlight in vitro and translational studies that have investigated the regenerative and differentiation potential of HGFs, with the objective of outlining current limitations and inspiring future research that could facilitate translating the regenerative potential of HGFs into the clinic.

Pathogenetic and Clinical Justification of the Use of Digital Methods to Assess Oral Homeostasis in Patients with Cardiac Arrhythmias while Taking Anticoagulants

Pathogenetic and Clinical Justification of the Use of Digital Methods to Assess Oral Homeostasis in Patients with Cardiac Arrhythmias while Taking Anticoagulants

ORAL MICROBIOME SEQUENCING TEST IN A CLINICAL CASE OF ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA WITH PERSISTENT ORAL INFECTION

A previously healthy, 45-year-old female patient, with the recurrence of acute myeloid leukemia, was hospitalized for oncological treatment. During hospitalization, she presented episodes of febrile neutropenia associated with pharyngotonsillitis and thrombocytopenia. Oral clinical examination presented erythematous and swollen gums with active bleeding. Thus, mechanical and chemical local control of the oral microbiota and systemic antibiotic therapy were instituted. Three conclusive cultures of gingival secretion were performed, which was conclusive for normal oropharyngeal microbiota; however, the infection panorama is still persistent. An oral microbiome DNA from saliva test was performed, resulting in 167027 sequences harboring 34 types of bacteria. Among the identified microorganisms, Granulicatella adiacens and Veillonella parvula were found in greater quantity, which could be responsible for oral homeostasis instability. Two days after the oral microbiome test result, the patient died. A previously healthy, 45-year-old female patient, with the recurrence of acute myeloid leukemia, was hospitalized for oncological treatment. During hospitalization, she presented episodes of febrile neutropenia associated with pharyngotonsillitis and thrombocytopenia. Oral clinical examination presented erythematous and swollen gums with active bleeding. Thus, mechanical and chemical local control of the oral microbiota and systemic antibiotic therapy were instituted. Three conclusive cultures of gingival secretion were performed, which was conclusive for normal oropharyngeal microbiota; however, the infection panorama is still persistent. An oral microbiome DNA from saliva test was performed, resulting in 167027 sequences harboring 34 types of bacteria. Among the identified microorganisms, Granulicatella adiacens and Veillonella parvula were found in greater quantity, which could be responsible for oral homeostasis instability. Two days after the oral microbiome test result, the patient died.