Oral Health Status Of Children Research Articles

Oral Health Status of Children with Special Healthcare Need: A Retrospective Analysis.

To evaluate the oral health status of children with special healthcare needs (CSHCN) having either systemic illness or any disabilities. A retrospective analysis of oral health status was done from Jan 2013 to Dec 2018 on 58 CSHCN (both genders) up to 16 years of age. The oral health status of patients was assessed with the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT/dmft) indices and simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) by using the World Health Organization (WHO) 2013 oral health survey criteria. Fair oral hygiene was dominantly present (62%) among all the subjects. Association between oral hygiene status and systemic illness/disability was done using the Chi-squared (χ 2 ) test and was found statistically nonsignificant. The overall mean DMFT/dmft found was 4.16. The highest mean DMFT/dmft score was recorded in nephrotic syndrome patients (16.0%), while the least score was seen among cleft anomalies (1.89%). Comparison between mean DMFT/dmft scores among various systemic illnesses/disabilities were done using Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA) test and found statistically significant (p-value 0.048). The majority of the CSHCN fall under fair oral hygiene status. A high caries prevalence and statistically significant value were demonstrated between mean DMFT/dmft scores of various systemic illnesses/disabilities. Present study aids in understanding the needs of the community, identifying high-risk groups, planning the required treatment and prevention strategies, and thus monitoring and improving the oral health status of children with special healthcare needs. Patidar D, Sogi S, Patidar DC. Oral Health Status of Children with Special Healthcare Need: A Retrospective Analysis. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(4):433-437.

The Use of Irene's Donuts Media to improve Maternal Knowledge and Dental Health Status of Children in State Kindergarten 1 Pembina Bukit Lama Urban Village, Ilir Barat I District, Palembang City

This community service activity is to improve the knowledge and dental health status of children at State Kindergarten 1 Pembina Palembang City, with the use of irene's donuts media, in an effort to support the Indonesia caries-free action program in 2030. Efforts made so far have not obtained optimal results, so it is necessary to make efforts to prevent caries early through the Innovative UKGS program in which there is the use of irene's donut media. The community service carried out is a Community Partnership Program. The target was to increase the knowledge and oral health status of children at State Kindergarten 1 Pembina Palembang City. The results of this activity are increased maternal knowledge, children's dental health status and can detect caries early. They participated in this activity from the initial stage to the assistance, they really felt the positive impact of this community service activity, so that their oral health status became better than before.

Predicting a Child's Oral Health Status from the Mother's Oral Health Behavior.

A mother has a decisive role in maintaining children's oral health, especially before the child is of preschool age. The behavior of mother becomes a source of learning for children who can determine the child's condition, including health behavior. This study analyzes the relationship between maternal oral health behavior and children's oral health status. The research methodology used is a quantitative observational study with a cross-sectional approach to determine the oral health behavior of mothers and children's oral health status. The population of this study were mothers with their first child aged between 3 and 5 years in Tanjungsari, Tanjungsari, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia. The sampling method and technique used nonrandom and consecutive sampling from six health center units which yielded 46 mothers. Correlation analysis was done with chi-squared validity statistical test and Spearman rank correlation. The score for the mother's oral health behavior was 75.54, while the score for the child's oral health status was 54.46. The results of the Spearman rank correlation test showed that the maternal oral health behavior score's correlation coefficient (r) was 0.198 (p-value: 0.188). The calculation of the Spearman rank correlation shows that the mother's oral health behavior affects the child's oral health status in the food and beverage consumption selection. Based on all indicators of maternal oral health behavior studied, the behavior in maternal food and beverage consumption has a relationship with the child's oral health status, namely the better the behavior in the mother's food and drink consumption, the better the child's oral health status. Other indicators of oral health behavior did not show any relationship with the oral health status of children.

PREGNANT WOMEN'S LEVEL OF SANITARY AND HYGIENIC KNOWLEDGE ON THE DENTAL DISEASES PREVENTION

Early childhood caries results from many factors, including behavioral, nutritional, and social. The state of the mother's oral health, her knowledge on the prevention of dental diseases and attitude to oral hygiene in general significantly impact the child's oral health status in the future.Objective of the study. This study aims to identify the level of pregnant women's sanitary and hygienic knowledge on the preventionof dental diseases by assessing the results of the questionnaire.Materials and methods. To study the level of knowledge and skills of expectant mothers in the prevention of dental diseases, we conducted a questionnaire survey of pregnant women using a Google-form. The total number of respondents was 101. The survey was conducted via social networks. Methods of descriptive statistics were used. All bioethical norms concerning clinical research inaccordance with the provisions of GCP (1996), Council of Europe Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine (04.04.1997), WMA Helsinki Declaration on Ethical Principles of Scientific Medical Research Involving Human Subjects (1964-2013), Order of Ministry of Health № 690 dated September 23, 2009, were observed during the study.Results and discussion. Survey data showed a significant need for dental treatment among pregnant women, which they were aware of (55.4%). However, this need is mainly realized by necessity (52.5%) and not by regular preventive check-ups. Only 33.7% ofrespondents have regular annual dental check-ups, which is a sign of responsible attitude towards one’s own health, but the frequency of check-ups is insufficient. 10.9% of female respondents have an adequate level of preventive dental care. Oral hygiene level among pregnant women with regard to the basic manipulation of tooth brushing is as follows: 65.35% of respondents do it twice a day, 25.74%brush their teeth once a day and the rest do it irregularly. In addition to toothbrush and toothpaste, pregnant women also use floss (70.30%), mouthwash (73.27%) and other items and products (20.79%).The questions related to knowledge and skills of pregnant women regarding the prevention of dental diseases in children showedthat the majority of expectant mothers are unaware of the basic rules of child oral care. When asked "Who/What motivates you to choose oral hygiene items and products?" only 18.81% of respondents said that they follow the advice of their dentist. The majority (64.37%) chooses products using TV and social media ads, and 15.84% of respondents said their choice was influenced by promotional offers.Premature use of the above products disrupts the normal process of naturation of the enamel of primary teeth, resulting in its rapid destruction under the influence of cariogenic factors.Conclusions. The results of the questionnaire of pregnant women showed that the level of their sanitary and hygienic knowledge is insufficient for the formation of proper hygiene skills among them and their children, as well as for the implementation of preventive measures for major dental diseases. In particular, it has been revealed that a significant percentage of children born and living in Chernivtsi are exposed to such cariogenic factors as inappropriate feeding regime and excessive consumption of carbohydrates in theform of drinks and food, inadequate oral care and delayed qualified dental care.

Oral health status among Bhoi children of Nimapara block in Puri district, Odisha - A cross-sectional study.

In Odisha, the scheduled castes account for 17.13% of the overall population. In spite of prioritizing the oral health status of children globally, oral diseases continue to be a major public health problem in India. Due to lack of literature and baseline data, the aim of the study was to assess the oral health status of children of Bhoi scheduled caste of Nimapara block in Puri district of Odisha. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 208 Bhoi children who were enrolled using a multistage randomized sampling method in Nimapara Block of Dhanua Gram Panchayat, Puri District. Information on sociodemographic details and oral health status were collected using the modified WHO Oral Health Assessment Form for children, 2013. Number and percentages was derived using MS Excel and SPSS package version 26.0. Comparison between discrete and continuous data was done using Chi-square test and ANOVA. P value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. The mean DMFT and dmft of the total study participants were 1.28 ± 1.159 and 2.53 ± 1.058, respectively, and these findings were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Among the age group of 6-12 years, the mean number of sextants with bleeding and calculus were 0.66 ± 0.476 and 0.62 ± 0.686, respectively, and among 13-15 years aged group, they were 0.86 ± 0.351 and 1.52 ± 0.688. Mild fluorosis was detected in the study population. Dental trauma was seen in 21% of the Bhoi children. Most of the participants had poor oral hygiene and the prevalence of dental caries was high. As there is lack of knowledge about oral hygiene maintenance, proper health education should be administered. Under these circumstances, the implementation of preventive programs such as pit and fissure sealants, atraumatic restorative restorations can be implemented to reduce the dental caries.

Oral Health Status of Children with Disabilities: A Review of Literature

Oral Health Status of Children with Disabilities: A Review of Literature

Oral Health Status of Children and Adolescents Living with HIV Undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) increases the survival of HIV-infected children, but might also bring in oral health-related side effects and increase their risks of oral diseases. The review compared the oral health status of children living with HIV (CLWH) undergoing ART with healthy controls. Dual independent screening and study selection from four electronic databases and manual searches, data extraction, risk of bias assessment, and quality-of-evidence evaluation with Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation were performed. Twelve studies were included in qualitative and quantitative analysis. CLWH taking ART had a significantly higher prevalence of periodontal diseases (OR = 3.11, 95% CI 1.62–5.97), mucosal hyperpigmentation (OR = 20.35, 95% CI 3.86–107.39), and orofacial-related opportunistic infections than healthy controls. No significant differences regarding caries prevalence and tooth development were identified. Those with CD4+ T-cell counts below 250 cells/mm3 were more likely to manifest opportunistic infections, while medication duration had minimal influence on the prevalence of orofacial opportunistic infections. The current findings did not identify HIV and antiretroviral status as predisposing factors to dental caries, but affirmed the associated increased risk of periodontal diseases, mucosal hyperpigmentation and candidiasis.

Oral Health Status among Children between the Ages of 12 and 15 Attending Government and Private School Systems in Bareilly City

Background: Statistics on the oral health status of children from various socioeconomic backgrounds are available through assessments of children’s oral health status in public and private schools. The current study’s objective is to evaluate and compare the levels of oral hygiene, gingival health, and caries experience among students attending government and private schools in Bareilly City. Subjects and Methods: The study participants were selected using a stratified random sample technique combined with cluster sampling. The oral hygiene state, gingival status, and caries experience of 12 and 15-year-old students from three public and private schools were evaluated and compared. Three qualified and calibrated investigators used a mouth mirror and explorer while doing the test outside in the daytime. Results: The research observes 604 kids in all, 331 from the government and 273 from private homes. Kids attend government schools had a mean oral hygiene index that was simplified (OHIS) that was greater (2.9 [1.1]) than kids attending private schools (0.6 [0.4]). Children attending government schools had higher mean gingival scores and mean decaying, missing, and filled tooth than those attending private schools. Students at government schools were far more likely to have poor oral hygiene, mild to severe gingivitis, and caries encounter. Conclusion: Compared to children attending government schools, students who attend private schools had a considerably lower rate of oral illnesses. Therefore, in any statewide school oral health programs that are proposed, children from government schools should be given preference over those from private schools

Caries prevalence of the first permanent molar and associated factors among second-grade students in Xiangyun of Yunnan, China: A cross-sectional study.

PurposeThis study aimed to explore the caries prevalence of the first permanent molar (FPM) and the associated factors among second-grade students in Xiangyun of Yunnan, China.Materials and methodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted in Xiangcheng Town, Xiangyun County, China, from September to November 2020. The methodology recommended by WHO was used for the dental examination. All the parents were required to complete a questionnaire to collect information on children's family background, dietary habits, oral health behaviors and parental oral health-related knowledge. The tests of significance used were the chi-square test. The association between dental caries prevalence and its associated factors was investigated using logistic regression analysis. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.ResultsData of 1,295 second graders consisting of 665 males and 630 females were analyzed. The caries prevalence of FPM was 47.6%, and the mean DMFT was 1.11 ± 1.394 in this sample. Among all the children with caries, the filling rate is meager, 2.6%. There were statistically significant differences in the caries prevalence of FPM among age groups. No significant difference existed between the sexes. Logistic regression analysis showed that the most significantly associated factors were: consuming desserts at least once a day, no fluoride varnish application experience, worse parental perception of children's oral health status, and incorrect parental knowledge of whether decayed primary teeth need treatment.ConclusionCaries prevalence of FPM among second-grade schoolchildren in Xiangyun was considerably higher than the average prevalence nationwide in China. As China aims to reduce dental caries to <25% of 12-year-old children in 2030, the local government of remote regions like Xiangyun needs to do much more to achieve this goal. Results of this study could provide a framework for ongoing and future public oral health programs and policy planning in Xiangyun, with particular attention to early preventive and therapeutic measures.

Oral Health Behaviours, Knowledge, and Literacy of Expectant Mothers: A Cross-Sectional Study among Maternity Ward Patients.

Maternal knowledge, literacy, and behaviours in the area of oral health may greatly influence the risk of caries and the oral health status of children from the youngest age. Thus, the aim of the study was to investigate paediatric oral health knowledge and literacy as well as maternal oral health behaviours and outcomes among expectant mothers. A cross-sectional study was undertaken among 400 pregnant inpatients aged 17–48 years (mean age 29.5 ± 5.3 years) in 31 public maternity wards in the Wielkopolska region, Poland. An anonymous, self-designed questionnaire was prepared on the basis of current oral health recommendations. Pregnancy complications were reported by 195 (48.8%), and permanent tooth extractions by 158 (39.5%) women. Knowledge and literacy scores were associated with, among other things, maternal education, selected oral hygiene practices, and reported extractions of permanent teeth. Although participants had some correct information regarding oral health, they had insufficient awareness of caries as an infectious disease and of the appropriate timing for the child’s first dental visit. Their self-assessment of oral health status and belief that they were under dental care tended to be overly optimistic, given their self-reported outcomes. These aspects should be considered in future health education efforts among expectant women.

Parents' oral health promotion efforts for their children with Down syndrome and the children's oral health.

The study evaluated parents' oral health care experiences and practices for their children with Down syndrome and its effect on the child's teeth and gingiva's condition METHOD: 75 parents of children with Down syndrome between 0 and 16 years of age responded to 18-item bilingual questionnaire concerning their child's oral health status RESULT: Most parents rated their child's teeth and gingiva health as good. There is no correlation found between experience score and practice score (r=-0.057), and no correlation between practice score on the child's both teeth (r=-0.001) and gingiva's condition (r=0.031). The parental oral health care experience and practices for their children with Down syndrome are deemed sufficient. However, a tailor-made comprehensive oral health care for them is very advisable, thus eradicating the barriers and challenges.

Oral Health Status among Children between the Ages of 12 and 15 Attending Government and Private School Systems in Bareilly City

Background: Statistics on the oral health status of children from various socioeconomic backgrounds are available through assessments of children’s oral health status in public and private schools. The current study’s objective is to evaluate and compare the levels of oral hygiene, gingival health and caries experience among students attending government and private schools in Bareilly City. Subjects and Methods: The study participants were selected using a stratified random sample technique combined with cluster sampling. The oral hygiene state, gingival status and caries experience of 12 and 15-year-old students from three public and private schools were evaluated and compared. Three qualified and calibrated investigators used a mouth mirror and explorer while doing the test outside in the daytime. Results: The research observes 604 kids in all, 331 from the government and 273 from private homes. Kids attend government schools had a mean Oral Hygiene Index that was Simplified (OHIS) that was greater (2.9 [1.1]) than kids attending private schools (0.6 [0.4]). Children attending government schools had higher mean gingival scores and mean decaying, missing and filled tooth than those attending private schools. Students at government schools were far more likely to have poor oral hygiene, mild to severe gingivitis and caries encounter. Conclusion: Compared to children attending government schools, students who attend private schools had a considerably lower rate of oral illnesses. Therefore, in any statewide school oral health programs that are proposed, children from government schools should be given preference over those from private schools.

Long-term effectiveness of the midwifery initiated oral health-dental service program on maternal oral health knowledge, preventative dental behaviours and the oral health status of children in Australia

Background The Midwifery Initiated Oral Health-Dental Service was developed to train midwives to promote maternal oral health, and a large trial showed it substantially improved the oral health, knowledge and behaviours of pregnant women. Aim Evaluate the long-term effectiveness of the program (post-trial) on maternal oral health knowledge, dental behaviours, and early childhood caries in offspring. Methods A prospective cohort study involving 204 women and children 3–4 years (followed after trial) was conducted in Sydney, Australia from 2017 to 2019. Results The program did not have a significant impact on the study measures. Mothers who received the program did have comparatively better knowledge around preventative behaviours to reduce early childhood caries and significantly more mothers were engaging in a key behaviour of using a cup to feed their child. Overall maternal oral health knowledge and level of education did have a protective effect on the dental decay of children. Higher knowledge and levels of education reduced the odds of having a dmft of one or more by over half (OR 0.473), and almost 80% (OR 0.212) respectively. Conclusions Although the MIOH-DS program was not effective, there is still value in exploring other complementary interventions to improve maternal oral health, especially for disadvantaged families. Future research should focus on co-designing an antenatal and postnatal oral health intervention and exploring its long-term impact on the oral health of children.

Early childhood caries prevalence and associated factors among preschoolers aged 3-5 years in Xiangyun, China: A cross-sectional study.

PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the early childhood caries (ECC) prevalence among preschoolers aged 3-5 years in Xiangyun of Yunnan, China and explore the factors associated with the prevalence.Materials and methodsA cross-sectional survey including 3-5-year-old children was conducted in Xiangyun County, China, between September and November 2020. According to the dental examination standard of the WHO 2013 criteria, the presence of ECC was recorded. Besides the dental examination for children, their parents completed questionnaires about caries-related factors, including demographic variables, family socioeconomic status, feeding, and oral health-related habits, parental dental knowledge, and the condition of dental service utilization. SPSS Statistics 25.0 (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for data analysis. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.ResultsThe ECC prevalence among a sample of 1,280 children aged 3–5 years consisting of 665 boys and 615 girls in this study, was 74.3%, and the mean decayed-missing-filled teeth (dmft) was 4.9 ± 5.0. There were no statistically significant differences in the ECC prevalence between the sexes and among different ethnic groups. Children with different dietary and oral hygiene habits showed no significantly different prevalence of ECC. Logistic regression analysis showed that the most significantly associated factors were older age, lower family income, and worse parental perception of children's oral health status.ConclusionThe ECC prevalence among 3–5-year-old preschool children in Xiangyun was higher than the average national ECC prevalence in China. This study implies that more attention should be given to children's caries prevention from early childhood; oral health education and promotion should be intensified to reduce the ECC prevalence and improve the oral health status of children in Xiangyun.

Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Oral Health Literacy Assessment Task: Pathways between parental oral health literacy and oral health consequences in children.

Parental oral health literacy (OHL) is a determinant of oral health behavior and oral health status of children. To delineate the pathways between parental OHL and oral health consequences in children and to validate the Turkish version of the Oral Health Literacy Assessment Task (TOHLAT-P). This cross-sectional study was conducted with 315 parent-child dyads. The TOHLAT-P was psychometrically evaluated. Item analysis was performed to determine the reliability of the TOHLAT-P. Construct validity was tested by comparing a commonly used instrument using Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients. A path model was developed to evaluate associations between parental OHL and oral health consequences in children. The model consisted of five endogenous variables (parental oral health behaviors, children's oral health behaviors, children's dental anxiety, dental caries, and oral health-related quality of life [OHRQoL]) and one exogenous variable (parental OHL). A path analysis was used to test the compatibility of the conceptual model, with a statistical significance of p < .001. There was a statistically significant association between parental oral health behaviors and children's oral health behaviors, and between dental caries and OHRQoL. The variable most directly affected by parental OHL was parental oral health behaviors, whereas the variable most indirectly affected by parental OHL was children's oral health behaviors. The path analysis revealed significant associations between parental and children's oral health behaviors, and between dental caries and OHRQoL. Understanding these pathways is necessary to establish strategies to improve children's oral health. The TOHLAT-P will be useful for future assessments of Turkish children.

Impact of social media in educating and improving the oral health status in children – A Comprehensive review

Electronic media in the form of television and radio has played a pivotal role over the decades in influencing human minds. Social media is the most popular form of modern-day media that directly connects people all over the world. Due to its fast access and ease of use, in the form of text messages, images, audio and video files, social media has irreplaceably taken over present-day modes of communication. It is also the most economical means which have made its use span across all age groups. Children love the variety of exciting videos that brings to them a plethora of information and are hooked onto it from a very young age. Social media has limitless potential when used as a learning tool. It can create awareness, spread knowledge and can guide in adopting new life style practices. We are all familiar with how kids like to imitate. They watch and learn simple manners such as saying ‘thank you’ and ‘sorry’ like their favourite cartoon characters who become their role models. Images and videos help children absorb information in a fun way that can easily be reproduced when needed. As learning begins early, surely the impact of social media on young minds is surmounted and can help them develop healthy habits. In this essay it has been discussed in detail how social media can be made useful in both educating and improving oral health status of children

Oral Health Status of Mothers According to Different Personality Traits and Influence on their Child's Oral Health: A Cross-sectional Survey.

ObjectiveOral hygiene practices vary as per different personalities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the oral health status of mothers of various personality traits and its influence on their child's oral health.Materials and methodsThe present study was a cross-sectional survey conducted among 450 mothers of 20–40 years having child of 3–7 years. “Eysenck Personality Questionnaire” was given to all the mothers to classify them into four different personality traits, i.e., Extroversion, Neuroticism, Lie scale, and Psychoticism; followed by an assessment of oral health status of both mothers and their child. Collected data were compiled in MS-Excel sheet and subjected to statistical analysis.ResultsResults were statistically analyzed with the analysis of variance (ANOVA). For pairwise intergroup multiple comparisons, post hoc Tukey test was applied. Association of child's oral health status with mother's oral health with respect to four different personality traits was done by linear regression analysis. From the present study it was seen that severity of dental caries status was more in psychoticism group as compared to other personality groups (p < 0.05) for mothers as well as children. Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) was seen to be statistically significant with highest mean in Lie scale group.ConclusionFrom the present study, it was concluded that there is a positive correlation with mother's personality traits and oral health status of mothers and their children.How to cite this articleKhobragade VR, Vishwakarma P, Dodamani AS, et al. Oral Health Status of Mothers According to Different Personality Traits and Influence on their Child's Oral Health: A Cross-sectional Survey. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(3):316-321.

ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS ABOUT RISK FACTORS OF EARLY CHILDHOOD CARIES AMONG MOTHERS OF SHIMLA DISTRICT, HIMACHAL PRADESH, INDIA - A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY.

Background: Among all the oral diseases, dental caries is the most common chronic disease affecting the children. Early childhood caries is one of the most severe forms of dental caries affecting the children less than 3 years. Though dental caries is preventable, not much importance has been given to the preventive aspect of dental caries. This is because of the lack of oral health education. Vertical colonization occurs from caregiver usually mother to the child. Since mother play an important role in a child's life, their knowledge about child's oral health will have a signicant impact on the child's oral health status. A proper knowledge for the mothers regarding infant's oral health care will be benecial in reducing the burden of dental caries in children. Hence a study was conducted to assess mother's knowledge and awareness about infant oral hygiene, problem of dental caries and teething among mothers of 0-5years old children living in Himachal Pradesh. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among mothers with a child aged 0 to 5 years of age visiting Department of Pediatrics and Preventive Dentistry. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire comprising three parts, 1st one pertaining to socio-demographic data, 2nd related to feeding practices and 3rd one includes knowledge and awareness. Statistical analysis used: The collected data were tabulated and statistically analyzed using the chi-squared test and p values ≤ .05 indicated statistically signicant differences. Results: A total of 98.1% of the mothers were not aware of the rst dental visit. 95.81 % mothers did not agree that night time bottle feeding causes dental caries and 4.18 % disagreed that nocturnal breastfeeding can cause dental caries in children. A total of 0.9% mothers feel dental check-up is not necessary when the rst tooth erupt, and 57.7% of mothers started using toothbrush and paste after all the primary teeth erupted. Conclusions: Many of the socio-demographic and feeding factors were signicantly associated with ECC. It would be appropriate to plan health education strategies for parents and care takers by inculcating socio-demographic factors. The mother needs to be educated about oral health during their antenatal checkup.

Assessment of the oral health status of children with chronic kidney disease.

There are various oral symptoms related to the disease and its management in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of the study was to investigate the oral health status of children with different stages of CKD, kidney transplant recipients (KTR), and healthy children. A total of seventy-one children diagnosed with CKD and fifty-two healthy children were included in the study. Each patient was examined for dental caries by the decayed-missing-filled-teeth (DMFT/dmft) index and the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS-II), developmental defects of enamel (DDE) by the DDE index, and oral hygiene by the debris (DI), calculus (CI), and simplified oral hygiene (OHI-S) indices. The median number of DMFT/dmft was 1.00 (interquartile range (IQR):1.00-4.00) in children with stage 1-3 CKD, 0.00 (IQR: 0.00-2.50) in stage 4-5 children, 0.00 (IQR: 1.00-3.00) in KTR, and 8.00 (IQR: 1.00-13.00) in healthy children. According to ICDAS-II categories, the percentage of children with severe caries was 53.8% in healthy children, while it was 44.4% in KTR, 25.9% in stage 1-3, and 11.4% in stage 4-5 children. While the percentage of children with DDE was 88.8% in KTR, 80% in stage 4-5, and 66.7% in stage 1-3 children, this rate was 44.2% in healthy children. The highest mean OHI-S score was observed in stage 4-5 children (2.10 ± 1.08), followed by KTR (1.46 ± 1.19), stage 1-3 (1.27 ± 0.61), and healthy children (0.45 ± 0.44), respectively. Compared to healthy children, children with CKD had more debris accumulation, calculus formation, and more DDE but a lower severity of dental caries. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.

Assessing the Different Levels of Virtual Reality That Influence Anxiety, Behavior, and Oral Health Status in Preschool Children: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

BackgroundCompared with a traditional behavior management strategy and oral health training, virtual reality (VR) integrated with multisensory feedback possesses potential advantages in dentistry.ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the impact of different levels of VR on anxiety, behavior, and oral health status.MethodsThis study was carried out in the Department of Pediatric Dentistry at the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences from December 2020 to June 2021. We randomly assigned 60 healthy children aged 4 years to 6 years to 4 groups, each consisting of 15 children. The study consisted of 2 consecutive sessions. During the first visit, the plaque index was calculated, and oral health education was carried out in all groups using Immersive VR (group I), Semi-immersive VR (group II), Nonimmersive VR (group III), and tell-show-do (TSD; group IV). In the second session, an amalgam restoration was performed in all groups. Participants’ anxiety and behavior were recorded using the face version of the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale (MCDAS[f]) and Frankl scale. The plaque index was recorded in 2 follow-up sessions.ResultsThe greatest prevalence of positive behavior (P=.004) and the lowest anxiety (P<.001) were recorded in group I, followed by group II, group III, and group IV. The plaque index scores showed a reduced trend between the first session and follow-up sessions (P<.001), but the values did not differ significantly between the 4 groups during the 3 sessions (P=.28, P=.54, P=.18).ConclusionsThe most positive behavior was observed in the Immersive VR group, followed by the Semi-immersive VR, Nonimmersive VR, and TSD groups. Moreover, oral health education using VR resources can improve oral health status in children.Trial RegistrationIranian Registry of Clinical Trials 20210103049926N1; https://www.irct.ir/trial/53475