Oral Drops Research Articles

The use of vitamin D3 sublingual tablets versus oral drops in the treatment of patients with COMT Val/Val genotype and major depressive disorder

IntroductionVitamin D has been shown to be crucial in the regulation of dopamine and its relationship to major depressive disorder.A five-year pre-interventional study of 25 hydroxy vitamin D levels in patients with major depressive disorder found values ranging from 17 to 32 ng/mL.COMT Val/Val genotype has been associated with a 20–40% more rapid breakdown of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex as compared to individuals with a Val/Met genotype.MethodsThis retrospective study gathered data concerning outcome measurements in patients who displayed a baseline 25-OH level < 30 mg/mL and initially treated with sublingual tablet form of 10,000 IU vitamin D3. These data were compared to post interventional depression outcome scores for patients switched to oral vitamin D3 drops at a dose of 10,000 IUs.ResultsScores on the MADRS 1–3 weeks following the vitamin D3 switch showed an improvement in mood with the lowering of scores on the MADRS.ConclusionsPatients with a COMT genotype of Val/Val showed clinical improvement with a switch from oral D3 sublingual tablets to oral D3 drops. Further studies are needed to draw from conclusions. Pre- and post-25-OH vitamin D levels and other dopamine synthesis variables including serum ferritin would be useful as well as prospective double-blind placebo controlled trials. The future use of genotype-specific and supportive approaches deserves serious investigation.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

Efficacy and safety of preoperative IOP reduction using a preservative-free fixed combination of dorzolamide/timolol eye drops versus oral acetazolamide and dexamethasone eye drops and assessment of the clinical outcome of trabeculectomy in glaucoma.

IntroductionTo demonstrate that preoperative treatment for 28 days with topical dorzolamide/timolol is non-inferior (Δ = 4 mm Hg) to oral acetazolamide and topical dexamethasone (standard therapy) in terms of intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction 3 and 6 months after trabeculectomy in glaucoma patients.Materials and methodsSixty-two eyes undergoing trabeculectomy with mitomycin C were included in this monocentric prospective randomized controlled study. IOP change between baseline and 3 months post-op was defined as the primary efficacy variable. Secondary efficacy variables included the number of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) injections, needlings, suture lyses, preoperative IOP change, hypertension rate and change of conjunctival redness 3 and 6 months post-op. Safety was assessed based on the documentation of adverse events.ResultsPreoperative treatment with topical dorzolamide/timolol was non-inferior to oral acetazolamide and topical dexamethasone in terms of IOP reduction 3 months after trabeculectomy (adjusted means -8.12 mmHg versus -8.30 mmHg; Difference: 0.18; 95% CI -1.91 to 2.26, p = 0.8662). Similar results were found 6 months after trabeculectomy (-9.13 mmHg versus -9.06 mmHg; p = 0.9401). Comparable results were also shown for both groups concerning the classification of the filtering bleb, corneal staining, and numbers of treatments with 5-FU, needlings and suture lyses. More patients reported AEs in the acetazolamide/dexamethasone group than in the dorzolamide/timolol group.DiscussionPreoperative, preservative-free, fixed-dose dorzolamide/timolol seems to be equally effective as preoperative acetazolamide and dexamethasone and has a favourable safety profile.

Treatment pattern and frequency of serum TSH measurement in users of different levothyroxine formulations: a population-based study during the years 2009-2015.

Several conditions can modify the intestinal absorption of levothyroxine tablets, with potential consequences on their therapeutic effect. Pre-dosed ampoules and oral drops have been recently made available to overcome this limitation. To describe the pattern of use of different formulations of levothyroxine in a general population of Southern Italy and to perform an exploratory analysis investigating the effect of switching from levothyroxine tablets to oral liquid formulations. Data were extracted from the Caserta Local Health Unit database. All patients receiving at least one levothyroxine prescription during the years 2009-2015 were identified. 1-year incidence of use of formulation-specific levothyroxine was calculated. Switchers between levothyroxine tablets and oral liquid formulations were identified and the frequency of thyroid-stimulating hormone measurement within 2 years prior and after the switch date was explored. Overall, 56,354 levothyroxine users were included in the study. Of these, 55,147 patients received at least one prescription for tablets (97.9%), 1867 pre-dosed ampoules (3.3%) and 1550 oral drops (2.8%). The proportion of levothyroxine users receiving oral liquid formulations slightly increased over time. Patients switching from tablets to oral liquid formulations showed a statistically significant reduction in the number of thyroid-stimulating hormone measurements after switching from tablets, especially in presence of drugs interacting with levothyroxine potentially altering its absorption. Use of levothyroxine oral liquid formulations is increasing over time even though their use is still limited in a general population of Southern Italy. Our exploratory analysis showed that the frequency of thyroid-stimulating hormone measurement was reduced in patients switching from levothyroxine tablet to new formulations.

Acetylcysteine in the treatment of subacute sinusitis: A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Sinusitis is a common disease with harmful effects on the health and finances of patients and the economy of the community. It is easily treated in most of its acute stages but is associated with some management difficulties as it goes toward chronicity. Therefore, we tried to improve the treatment of subacute sinusitis by using acetylcysteine, which is a safe mucolytic and antioxidant agent. Thirty-nine adult patients with subacute sinusitis proved by computed tomography (CT) were enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. They received oral amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and normal saline nasal drops for 10 days and oral pseudoephedrine for 7 days. In addition, the patients received acetylcysteine (600 mg orally, once daily) in the intervention group or placebo in the control group for 10 days. A paranasal CT scan was taken at baseline and 30 days after patients finished the treatment and was evaluated quantitatively by Lund-Mackay (LM) score. Symptoms and some aspects of quality of life also were assessed at baseline and 14 days after initiation and 30 days after termination of the treatment via the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test questionnaire. The groups showed no significant difference in LM score after treatment. A positive correlation was observed between the LM and SNOT-20 scores. We concluded that adding oral acetylcysteine to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, pseudoephedrine, and intranasal normal saline has no benefit for the treatment of subacute sinusitis.

Accuracy of dispersing tramadol capsules for oral administration in young children.

Tramadol is used in children aged <12 years for analgesia, particularly for those at risk of obstructive sleep apnoea undergoing adenotonsillectomy. The Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration have strongly recommended that oral tramadol drops (100 mg/ml) not be used in children <12 years because of the risk of inadvertent overdose. The total mass of drug in a 10 ml bottle is 1000 mg. The only alternative preparation available is a 50 mg capsule that requires dispersion of a capsule's contents should smaller doses be required. The accuracy of this preparation has not been assessed. Twenty surgical ward nurses were asked to prepare a 15 mg dose of tramadol from a 50 mg capsule. The dose was within ±5% of 15 mg in 13 cases (65%) and within ±10% in 19 cases (95%) (range 13.9-17.1 mg). Despite the dose variability of this method of preparing tramadol, we consider it sufficiently accurate for clinical use. We also consider it safe, as even at the highest dose prepared, the variability would be unlikely to contribute to clinically significant side-effects or toxicity. Moreover, the maximal dose that could be administered is limited to the size of the capsule (50 mg).

Nanostructured Hexacyanoferrate Intercalated Ni/Al Layered Double Hydroxide Modified Electrode as a Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor for Paracetamol Determination

AbstractAn electrochemical sensor for paracetamol (PC) based on the hexacyanoferate(III) intercalated Ni−Al layered double hydroxide (Ni−Al−HCF) was presented. The as‐prepared LDH structurally and morphologically was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform IR. Electrochemical studies revealed that Ni−Al−HCF film modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode exhibited remarkable electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of paracetamol. The electrochemical behavior of PC on the Ni−Al−HCF film was investigated in detail. Under optimum experimental conditions, the electrocatalytic response of the modified GC electrode was linear in the PC concentration range 3×10−6−–1.5×10−3 mol L−1, with a detection limit of 8×10−7 mol L−1 (S/N=3), using hydrodynamic amperometry. In addition, the modified electrode exhibited good reproducibility, long‐term stability and anti‐interference property. The fabricated sensor was successfully applied to determination of PC in various pharmaceutical preparations such as tablets, oral solution, and oral drops. Finally, the method was validated by the analysis of paracetamol spiked human serum samples, and good recoveries were obtained in the range of 99.2–103 %.

Effectiveness and tolerability of Tonsilgon\xae N in the treatment of recurrent upper respiratory tract infections in children: a non-interventional study in Russia

BackgroundAcute upper respiratory tract infections (ARI) in children are quite common and often recurrent. Overuse of antibiotics must be avoided, and thus herbal remedies are a useful therapeutic option, as most ARIs can be treated without antibiotics. The aim of this observational study was to demonstrate the effectiveness and tolerability of the herbal combination preparation Tonsilgon® N in Russian children aged 2–11 years in routine practice.MethodsIn a prospective, non-interventional study a total of 518 paediatric patients (boys and girls) with ARI were enrolled at 14 study sites in Russia (2013 - 2014). Patients must have had at least two episodes of ARI in the last 6 months prior to enrolment (day 1 = visit 1). Tonsilgon® N was given as coated tablets or oral drops in age-corresponding dosages. Treatment duration was approximately 14 days (day 15 = visit 2) with a subsequent 30-day follow-up period (to day 45).The effectiveness of the therapy was assessed on the basis of objective symptoms (mucosal hyperemia and swelling of tonsils; investigator assessment at visits 1 and 2), subjective symptoms (achiness/fatigue, sore throat, pain in the extremities, headache, loss of appetite, cough, and hoarseness; parents rated and recorded the subjective symptoms in patient diaries) and responder rate. Further study parameters included time to symptom resolution, treatment compliance and concomitant medication intake. Adverse drug reactions were recorded to assess the tolerability.ResultsPatient distribution by age and gender was similar in both age groups (2–5; 6–11 years). The three most common inclusion diagnoses were nasopharyngitis, pharyngitis or tonsillitis. For these indications, the objective symptoms hyperemic mucosa and swollen tonsils nearly completely disappeared by visit 2 (range of relief: 93.4 % to 97.9 % of patients). Most subjective symptoms resolved within 4 days compared to 7 days in previous ARIs. Overall, a 3-day-shorter time to symptom resolution was achieved. 99.5 % of the patients were treatment responders, and 97 % tolerated the herbal medicine well or very well. Treatment compliance was very good (88.2 %).ConclusionsTonsilgon® N is a safe and effective treatment of acute upper respiratory tract infections in young children (aged 2–11 years) and is likely to reduce the duration of symptoms of ARI.

Direct application of bFGF without edge trimming on human subacute tympanic membrane perforation

ObjectiveTo investigate the feasibility of direct application of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) without edge trimming on human subacute traumatic tympanic membrane perforation (TMP). MethodsA total of 29 patients with traumatic TMPs beyond 1month after trauma were enrolled. Patients were placed into two groups: an observation group (n=17) and a bFGF-treated group (n=12). The bFGF-treated group was treated by direct application of bFGF, in which the margin of the perforation was not trimmed. All patients were followed at least once per week until the perforation was completely closed or for up to 6months. The closure rate and closure time were estimated. ResultsAt 6months, 11/12 (91.7%) perforations achieved complete closure after bFGF treatment. The mean closure time was 18.1±11.4days (range=3–65days). Purulent otorrhea was found after treatment in five patients, but resolved after oral amoxicillin and ofloxacin ear drops. Of these five patients, four achieved complete closure. However, only 9/17 (52.9%) perforations achieved complete spontaneous closure in the observation group. FGF-treated groups had significantly improved closure rates compared to the observation group (91.7% vs. 52.9%, respectively, P=0.03). ConclusionsAlthough the margin of the perforation was not trimmed, direct application of bFGF on human subacute TMP was feasible, and it could significantly improve the closure rate of the subacute TMPs. The technique was simple and convenient. Thus, direct application of bFGF should be recommended pre-myringoplasty.

Analytical review of modern herbal medicines used in musculoskeletal system diseases

Effective and safe treatment of the musculoskeletal system diseases is one of the main branches of medicine in general and rheumatology in particular. The relevance of this problem is caused mainly by the high incidence in the population, and temporary and permanent work disability status development in patients. The duration of rheumatologic diseases necessitates the optimal regimen selection, providing effective treatment and helping to prevent potential side effects associated with long-term use of remedies.Aim of research. The aim of our research was to perform an analytical review of modern herbal products registered in Ukraine and used for musculoskeletal system treatment. The drug analysis was made according to next parameters: producing country, manufacturer, dosage form, and the origin of remedies (natural or synthetic).Methods. Conventional analytical studies of electronic and paper sources were used for realization of the given problem.Results. As a result of the analytical review of modern herbal remedies registered in Ukraine and used for musculoskeletal system treatment, it was found that 20 trade names of drugs, more than 90% of which are homeopathic, are displayed on the pharmaceutical market. Concerning dosage forms, pills (38,5 %), injection solutions and oral drops (23,1 % and 11,5 %, respectively) gain the biggest market share.Conclusion. It was found that imported drugs are widely available (80 %) on the analyzed market segment, while local remedies gain rather minor market share (about 20 %).Among medicines of this group presented on Ukrainian market, imported homeopathic remedies gain the biggest share. Phytotheurapeutic drugs gain minor market share and have limited composition of natural active ingredients represented by the extracts of Harpagophytum procumbens, Apium graveolens, Salix alba, and Zingiber officinale

Sinupret® oral drops protect against respiratory epithelium atrophy in experimental acute rhinitis

More than 90 % of uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infections are caused by viruses, with a risk of developing subsequent bacterial infections in some patients. The risk of development of microbial complications depends on the degree of viral damage of the structure of the respiratory mucosa and its functions. The objective of this work was to study the effect of Sinupret oral drops on nasal mucosa atrophic changes in a rat model of experimental rhinitis. 60 female rats Wistar were allocated for the experimental study. To study the effect of phytopreparation on atrophy of the nasal epithelium the animals were divided into 3 groups. The 1-st group (n = 20) was without experimental acute rhinitis. The 2-nd group (n = 20) was with experimental acute rhinitis and without treatment with Sinupret®. The 3-rd group (n = 20) with experimental acute rhinitis and treatment with Sinupret®. Experimental rhinitis was induced by placing rats in a swimming pool with cold water, followed by a draught of cool air. The effect of oral Sinupret treatment on histopathological changes in nasal mucosa was assessed on 3 and 14 days post challenge. The results were analyzed using normal or modified Student’s t-test for independent groups. Histological evaluation demonstrated that Sinupret® oral drops applied during acute rhinitis attenuate atrophic and destructive changes of the ciliated epithelium. Oral administration of the herbal medicinal product Sinupret oral drops weakens atrophy of the nasal mucosal ciliated epithelium in a rat model of acute rhinitis.

Inactivated poliovirus vaccine given alone or in a sequential schedule with bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine in Chilean infants: a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 4, non-inferiority study

Bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (bOPV; types 1 and 3) is expected to replace trivalent OPV (tOPV) globally by April, 2016, preceded by the introduction of at least one dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) in routine immunisation programmes to eliminate vaccine-associated or vaccine-derived poliomyelitis from serotype 2 poliovirus. Because data are needed on sequential IPV-bOPV schedules, we assessed the immunogenicity of two different IPV-bOPV schedules compared with an all-IPV schedule in infants. We did a randomised, controlled, open-label, non-inferiority trial with healthy, full-term (>2·5 kg birthweight) infants aged 8 weeks (± 7 days) at six well-child clinics in Santiago, Chile. We used supplied lists to randomly assign infants (1:1:1) to receive three polio vaccinations (IPV by injection or bOPV as oral drops) at age 8, 16, and 24 weeks in one of three sequential schedules: IPV-bOPV-bOPV, IPV-IPV-bOPV, or IPV-IPV-IPV. We did the randomisation with blocks of 12 stratified by study site. All analyses were done in a masked manner. Co-primary outcomes were non-inferiority of the bOPV-containing schedules compared with the all-IPV schedule for seroconversion (within a 10% margin) and antibody titres (within two-thirds log2 titres) to poliovirus serotypes 1 and 3 at age 28 weeks, analysed in the per-protocol population. Secondary outcomes were seroconversion and titres to serotype 2 and faecal shedding for 4 weeks after a monovalent OPV type 2 challenge at age 28 weeks. Safety analyses were done in the intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01841671, and is closed to new participants. Between April 25 and August 1, 2013, we assigned 570 infants to treatment: 190 to IPV-bOPV-bOPV, 192 to IPV-IPV-bOPV, and 188 to IPV-IPV-IPV. 564 (99%) were vaccinated and included in the intention-to-treat cohort, and 537 (94%) in the per-protocol analyses. In the IPV-bOPV-bOPV, IPV-IPV-bOPV, and IPV-IPV-IPV groups, respectively, the proportions of children with seroconversion to type 1 poliovirus were 166 (98·8%) of 168, 95% CI 95·8-99·7; 178 (100%), 97·9-100·0; and 175 (100%), 97·9-100·0. Proportions with seroconvsion to type 3 poliovirus were 163 (98·2%) of 166, 94·8-99·4; 177 (100%), 97·9-100·0, and 172 (98·9%) of 174, 95·9-99·7. Non-inferiority was thus shown for the bOPV-containing schedules compared with the all-IPV schedule, with no significant differences between groups. In the IPV-bOPV-bOPV, IPV-IPV-bOPV, and IPV-IPV-IPV groups, respectively, the proportions of children with seroprotective antibody titres to type 1 poliovirus were 168 (98·8%) of 170, 95% CI 95·8-99·7; 181 (100%), 97·9-100·0; and 177 (100%), 97·9-100·0. Proportions to type 3 poliovirus were 166 (98·2%) of 169, 94·9-99·4; 180 (100%), 97·9-100·0; and 174 (98·9%) of 176, 96·0-99·7. Non-inferiority comparisons could not be done for this outcome because median titres for the groups receiving OPV were greater than the assay's upper limit of detection (log2 titres >10·5). The proportions of children seroconverting to type 2 poliovirus in the IPV-bOPV-bOPV, IPV-IPV-bOPV, and IPV-IPV-IPV groups, respectively, were 130 (77·4%) of 168, 95% CI 70·5-83·0; 169 (96·0%) of 176, 92·0-98·0; and 175 (100%), 97·8-100. IPV-bOPV schedules resulted in almost a 0·3 log reduction of type 2 faecal shedding compared with the IPV-only schedule. No participants died during the trial; 81 serious adverse events were reported, of which one was thought to be possibly vaccine-related (intestinal intussusception). Seroconversion rates against polioviruses types 1 and 3 were non-inferior in sequential schedules containing IPV and bOPV, compared with an all-IPV schedule, and proportions of infants with protective antibodies were high after all three schedules. One or two doses of bOPV after IPV boosted intestinal immunity for poliovirus type 2, suggesting possible cross protection. Additionally, there was evidence of humoral priming for type 2 from one dose of IPV. Our findings could give policy makers flexibility when choosing a vaccination schedule, especially when trying to eliminate vaccine-associated and vaccine-derived poliomyelitis. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Development, validation and comparison of NIR and Raman methods for the identification and assay of poor-quality oral quinine drops

Poor quality antimalarial drugs are one of the public's major health problems in Africa. The depth of this problem may be explained in part by the lack of effective enforcement and the lack of efficient local drug analysis laboratories. To tackle part of this issue, two spectroscopic methods with the ability to detect and to quantify quinine dihydrochloride in children's oral drops formulations were developed and validated. Raman and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy were selected for the drug analysis due to their low cost, non-destructive and rapid characteristics. Both of the methods developed were successfully validated using the total error approach in the range of 50–150% of the target concentration (20%W/V) within the 10% acceptance limits. Samples collected on the Congolese pharmaceutical market were analyzed by both techniques to detect potentially substandard drugs. After a comparison of the analytical performance of both methods, it has been decided to implement the method based on NIR spectroscopy to perform the routine analysis of quinine oral drop samples in the Quality Control Laboratory of Drugs at the University of Kinshasa (DRC).

The study of risks of herbal medicines production by the FMEA-analysis method

Identification and assessment of risks arising in the process of manufacture of extraction herbal medicines have been performed. The object of research was the technological process of manufacture of multicomponent tinctures and liquid extracts. Risk analysis of production is based on the results of retrospective validation of manufacture of multicomponent extraction herbal medicines, in particular “Climased” oral drops. When conducting validation the critical stages and parameters of the technological process have been determined, acceptance criteria have been specified. Identification of the possible risks for each critical stage and critical parameter of the technological process has been conducted. Expert assessments have been recorded to the form of quality risk assessment. The results of calculations of the risk priority number (RPN) have allowed to refer possible inconsistencies of the technological process at the stage of extraction to unacceptable risks. Risks arising at the stages of the raw material preparation, purification and filtration of extracts have a great impact. In the process of the risk management at the enterprise the categorization of risks (assessed level of risk) has been carried out, the methods of monitoring, prevention and risk response have been proposed; preventive measures, as well as measures in case of risk occurrence have been developed. To prevent and minimize the possible risks of pharmaceutical production the methodological approaches to functioning of the system of the risk management have been developed taking into account the manufacture of drugs based on the medicinal plant raw material. Under market conditions any enterprise inevitably faces with extraordinary situations and unforeseen events, which should be prevented, or which should be timely responded to. Regardless of the reasons of occurrence of risk situations the desire to reduce the threat and minimize the possible financial losses is natural [9, 10]. In this regard, at present the problem of developing the management concept based on the risk management is particularly acute for all departments of a pharmaceutical enterprise, and in particular a manufacturing enterprise; this concept would take into account the latest world achievements, accumulated personal experience and the peculiarities of the domestic business environment. In this case efficient management of the organi zational structure is impossible without special methods of analysis based on the theory and practice of the risk management. Therefore, it is very important to take fully into account external and internal factors affecting the nature of the risk management organization at the enterprise, as well as to focus on some directions of development of the risk management for a particular enterprise (with consideration for business profile) [1, 7, 9].

BIOBOARD

INDIA – Ozone eating away Indian crop yields. INDIA – Polio shots better than oral drops, says study. JAPAN – Natural protein in rice helps keep arsenic out in grains. THE PHILIPPINES – Philippines adopts inactivated polio vaccine strategy. SINGAPORE – A*STAR's Institute of Microelectronics and Singapore Biomicro to develop a first-of-its-kind, implantable wireless blood glucose monitoring sensor device. THAILAND – Ebola-affected countries face new threat: food crisis. THAILAND – Fending off dengue with insecticide-treated uniforms. AFRICA – New test to combat major cause of preventable blindness in Africa. BANGLADESH – Arsenic linked to lung cancer in Bangladesh. EUROPE – Human-milk-oligosaccharides can protect against noroviruses. UNITED STATES – Researchers discover possible cause of common dementia. UNITED STATES – Improved mouse model may accelerate research on potential Ebola vaccines and treatments. UNITED STATES – New device yields close-up look at metastasis. UNITED STATES – Scientists research ways to use an organism's own pathway to synthesize potential therapeutics. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS – Quality issues in herbal medicine clinical trials.

Management of a unilateral non-healing corneal ulcer and uveitis in a laughing kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae)

A six-year-old male laughing kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae) was presented for evaluation of unilateral ocular lesions. The bird had a non-healing corneal ulcer and uveitis in the left eye. The combination...

Role of social mobilization in tackling the resistance to polio eradication program in underserved communities of Aligarh, India

Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious viral disease and mainly affects children under five years of age. The present cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the impact of social mobilization on families resistant to giv-ing polio drops to their children. One round of polio drop administration during September, 2012 was selected ran-domly from total six rounds of Pulse Polio Immunization campaign carried out in the year 2012 in Aligarh, India. Medical interns of the Aligarh Muslim University were trained as social mobilizers by the UNICEF, Rotary Interna-tional trainers and divided into Teams ‘A’ and ‘B’. The teams of social mobilizers visited the households that re-fused to give polio drops to their children because of certain rumors and misguided beliefs. Medical intern tried to convince the family members that polio drops were safe and it did not hurt any religious and cultural sentiments. The total number of resistant families, identified during the house to house outreach activity of Team ‘A’ was 309. A large number of houses (70.9%) were converted to P houses (houses where children had polio vaccination). Ninety houses (29.1%) remained resistant even after the activity of Team ‘A’. These resistant houses were again visited by Team ‘B’ members. Out of these 90 houses, polio drops were administered in 70 (78.9%) houses. How-ever, after maximum efforts of both the teams, only 19 (21.1%) houses remained extremely resistant. Large numbers of resistant families were converted to P houses where children were administered oral polio drops. However, some of the families remained resistant even after maximum efforts of the teams. These extremely resistant families might be the potent sources of polio infection in the community and they should be followed up strictly. Strategies and polices should be developed to cover all children of the community by assessing the reasons for families resistance to polio drop, examining the past failures/limitations in program implementation, and implementing the effective social mobilizing techniques. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v3i2.20035 South East Asian Journal of Public Health Vol.3(2) 2013: 23-29

Effect Supermint oil (Peppermint oil) on the Patient's and Colonoscopy Team Satisfaction During Colonoscopy in Children

Introduction: Colonoscopy is an invasive method that is painful for patient especially for children. The objective of this research was investigation of the effect of supermint oral drop (peppermint essence) on the patient and colonoscopist group satisfaction during colonoscopy. Materials and Methods: One hundred and one patient's candidate for colonoscopy was randomly divided into two groups. Control group did not receive any drug. Case group was administrated oral drop of supermint 30 minute before colonoscopy. A standard questionnaire was filled during the colonoscopy for satisfaction of the patient and colonoscopist group. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 15 and T-test. Results: Two percents in control group and 54.9% in case group have a great degree of satisfaction. Besides, mean degress of satisfaction in case group was 64.7% that significantly difference with control group (2%) (P<0.05(. Mean value of pain, duration of colonoscopy in control group was 5/60+1/85 and in case group was 4/20+1/70 and this diference was significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that peppermint essence causes increase in satisfaction in both patient and colonoscopy group. Key words: Peppermint, Pain, Colonoscopy, Supermint

Effect Supermint oil (peppermint oil) on Patient Satisfaction and the Colonoscopy team during Colonoscopy

Introduction: Colonoscopy is an invasive method that is painful for patient especially for children. The objective of this research was investigation into the effect of supermint oral drop (peppermint essence) on the patient and colonoscopist group satisfaction during colonoscopy. Material and Methods: In this clinical trial study, 101 children candidate colonoscopy (7-14 years old) in children’s medical center were randomly divided into two groups, case (n=51) and control (n=50) respectively. Control group received placebo and about half an hour before the colonoscopy control group case group was administrated 20 oral drops Supermint oil (peppermint oil). A standard questionnaire was filled after the colonoscopy for satisfaction of the patient and colonoscopist group. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 11.5 (T-test and Corraletion). Results: Two percents in control group and 54.9% in case group have a great degree of satisfaction. Besides, degrees of satisfaction in case group was 64.7% that significantly difference with those of control group (2%) P<0.05). Mean value of pain, duration of colonoscopy in control group was 5/60+1/85 and in case group was 4/20+1/70 and this difference was significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that drop Supermint oil on pain relief have a positive influence in during colonoscopy in children, so peppermint essence causes increase in satisfaction in both patient and colonoscopy group. Key words: Colonoscopy, Peppermint, Pain, Supermint.

Effect Supermint oil (Peppermint oil) on children's pain during Colonoscopy

Introduction: Pain during colonoscopy, especially in children, including the challenges faced by the medical team. The aim of study was investigation the analgesic effect Supermint oil (peppermint oil) on pain in children during colonoscopy. Methods and Materials: In this clinical trial study, 101 children (7-14 years old) candidate colonoscopy were randomly divided into two groups, respectively. About half an hour before the colonoscopy case group (n=51) was administrated oral drops Supermint oil (peppermint oil). Patients were filled a pediatric pain questionnaire. In control group (n=50) filled a questionnaire without any administration. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 11.5 and (T-test and Paired sample t-test, Corraletion,Man withney). Results: Mean value of pain, duration of colonoscopy in control group was 5/60+1/85 and in case group was 4/20+1/70 and this diference was significant (P<0.05). The comparison of pain, between the two groups was significant ,as in control, frequency of abdominal pain were two times at maximum, but in the case for some patients were more than 3 times(p<0.05). In the case group abdominal pain lasting less than 1 minute and the control group were between 1 to 3 minutes, and this diference were significant(P<0.05). Conclusion: We recommend using peppermint oil as a safe, without complications and inexpensive pain medication during child colonoscopy. Key words: Colonoscopy, Pain, Peppermint, Supermint.

PP-006 Extemporaneously compounded oral medicines in Spanish hospital pharmacies

BackgroundPharmaceutical compounding, the preparation of customised medicines in order to meet the specific needs of patients, is an invaluable therapeutic alternative that allows patients the benefit of a bespoke treatment....