Oral Cavity Of Patients Research Articles

Condition of the Oral Cavity in Patients After Heart Transplantation: A Preliminary Report.

BACKGROUND The constant impairment of the immune system caused by lifelong use of immunosuppressive drugs in patients after heart transplantation has a significant impact on oral cavity health. The aim of this study was to analyze the health of the oral cavity in patients after heart transplantation, with particular regard to occurring pathogens. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 25 patients after heart transplantation. The research scheme was divided into 2 parts. The first part consisted of a survey on general health and oral hygiene habits. The second part of the examination consisted of an analysis of the health of the oral cavity: the mucosa, periodontium, and hard dental tissues. Particular attention was paid to PET (test for the presence of pathogens causing periodontitis/periimplantitis) and CAT (diagnostic test for the presence of Candida in the oral cavity), which are real-time PCR tests used to detect pathogens causing periodontitis and microorganisms present in oral candidiasis. RESULTS The conducted research and in-depth analysis of the results showed that the oral health condition in patients after heart transplantation is not satisfactory, regardless of the time that has elapsed since the surgery, sex, age, hygiene habits, or the type of immunosuppression used. The oral cavity of patients after heart transplantation is colonized with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Candida albicans. CONCLUSIONS The cooperation of the dentist with the attending physician at each stage of the treatment should play an unquestionable role.

CHANGES IN ADHESIVE PROPERTIES OF CLINICAL ISOLATES OF STREPTOCOCCUS MITIS AFTER EXPOSURE TO ANTISEPTICS

The resident oral microbiota plays an important role as a factor in its colonization resistance that ensures human oral health. However, at the same time, oral microorganisms can act as causative agents of infectious diseases. Scientists emphasize that in the situation when bacteria demonstrated increased resistance to antibiotics, quorum sensing is a particularly attractive target, since this mechanism controls several factors of bacterial virulence that affect adhesion, invasion and colonization of microorganisms during the development of the pathological process. Quorum sensing inhibitors can be enzymes and various chemicals that able to affect quorum sensing. Streptococcus mitis is a representative of the resident microbiota of the human oropharynx. But despite its commensalism, Streptococcus mitis in association with other microorganisms takes part in many pathological processes. Objective of this study is to study the effect of Dekasan and Iodoform antiseptics on the adhesive properties of Streptococus mitis clinical isolates taken from the oral cavity of patients with infectious and inflammatory post-extraction complications.
 Materials and methods: examined clinical isolates of Streptococus mitis, which were isolated from 8 patients undergoing treatment for infectious-inflammatory post-extraction complications in the medical and surgical department of Poltava Regional Centre of Stomatology - Dental Clinical Polyclinic. Identification of selected cultures was carried out using an automatic bacteriological analyzer Vitec-2 compact bioMarieux (France). We used the average values of subbacteriostatic concentrations of the active ingredients of antiseptics. Adhesive properties of clinical isolates under the influence of Dekasan and Iodoform were determined according to the method of V.I. Brylis.
 Conclusions: antiseptics have different effects on the adhesive properties of clinical isolates of Streptococus mitis.

Colonization by Various Morphological Forms of Helicobacter pylori in the Gingival Sulcus and Antrum of the Stomach.

Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy can be considered effective if the result of its implementation is removed including all roots and rootlets from which surviving H. pylori can repopulate in the gastric mucosa. One of the reasons for the ineffectiveness of eradication therapy can be the continuous presence of viable coccoid forms of H. pylori in the oral cavity. Therefore, anti-Helicobacter eradication therapy should be supplemented by the sanitation of the oral cavity. The objective of this study is to determine the frequency of occurrence of H. pylori in the gastric mucosa and in the oral cavity in patients with chronic periodontitis or with chronic gastritis using immunocytochemical method and to evaluate the pathophysiological relationship between periodontitis and HP-associated acid-dependent stomach diseases mediated by H. pylori. A group of patients with chronic gastritis (70 participants, 46 women, 24 men, age: 24 - 55 years) and another group with chronic periodontitis before the start of surgical treatment (61 participants, 30 women, 31 men, age: 20 - 60 years) were examined for НР bacterial cells using immunocytochemical methods of staining gastric biopsy and exfoliate samples from the gingival sulcus surface. The participants did not take any antimicrobial medication before and during the examination. Routine staining was also performed to view microbiota in smears for both groups. The participants signed a voluntary consent agreement to undergo routine medical examinations and join the study at the Nikiforov Russian Centre of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, EMERCOM of Russia, where the ethical committee was made. Immunocytochemical method could identify all stages of bacillary-coccoid transformation of H. pylori which accounted for 63.4-67.5% of cases. HP-antigenpositive bacteria were found in the oral cavity in both groups of examined patients. It was apparent that spiral forms of H. pylori were dominant over coccoid forms in the gastric mucosa in the antrum of the stomach, whereas coccoid forms of H. pylori were frequently found more in the oral cavity. Helicobacteriosis in the oral cavity was identified in chronic periodontitis. We found certain pathogenetic connections between inflammatory lesions of the oral cavity and diseases of the internal organs of the gastrointestinal tract. Accordingly, we suggest the necessity to use proper medication for oral cavity sanitation along with anti-Helicobacter eradication therapy to influence the HP reservoir in the oral cavity and gingival sulcus. Additionally, bacterial cells of HP reside in the oral cavity in coccoid forms; therefore, the coccoid form of HP should become the second principal target in treating HP.

Prophylactic antibiotics may not be necessary for transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy.

BackgroundWith the recent advances in thyroid cancer surgery techniques and the increasing number of patients concerned about cosmetics, the use of transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy is increasing globally. The aim of this study was to determine whether transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy is truly a clean-contaminated surgery.MethodsFrom September 2016 to April 2018, 20 patients with thyroid cancer underwent transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy performed by a single surgeon at Gangnam Severance Hospital. Before and after surgery, the oral cavity was swabbed to obtain culture samples, and antibiotics were administered before and after surgery each once.ResultsOf the total 20 patients, no bacteria were identified before or after surgery in eight (40%) patients. Bacteria were identified both before and after surgery in seven patients (35%). In four patients (20%), bacteria were not identified before surgery, but bacteria were identified after surgery. Bacteria were identified before surgery but not after surgery in one patient (5%). No surgical site infection was observed. All the bacteria identified were normal flora of the oral cavity and skin.ConclusionsThere was no difference between the preoperative culture and postoperative culture of the oral cavity in patients undergoing TOET, and there were no postoperative surgical site infection with prophylactic pre & post-operative antibiotics use. Considering the patient's position and surgical extent in TOET, it appears to be difficult for non-indigenous bacteria to invade the surgical site in oral cavity.

Oral Mucosal Lesions in Moderate-to-Severe COVID-19 Disease – An Indian Critical Care Unit Experience

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is a widespread worldwide public health malady due to a viral COVID-19 infection. The World Health Organization has affirmed this malady as a pandemic and Public Health Emergency of International Concern. A wide array of oral lesions has been reported in patients with COVID-19. Oral lesions can be an initial sign of COVID-19 or an alarming sign of peripheral thrombosis. However, there is a scarcity of published literature on the oral manifestations of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients. We present four different types of oral lesions in hospitalized patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 disease. This article proposes that a detailed examination of the oral cavity in patients admitted to COVID-19 intensive care unit/high dependency units will help to understand the significance of the oral lesions in the management of the disease. Dental professionals should be a part of the multidisciplinary treatment protocol, thus, emphasizing a detailed and meticulous oral examination and oral health amelioration of COVID-19 patients.

Cannabis smoke condensate induces human gingival epithelial cell damage through apoptosis, autophagy, and oxidative stress

ObjectivesThis study aims to investigate the effects of cannabis smoke condensate (CSC) on the adhesion, growth, and signaling pathways of human gingival epithelial cells. DesignThe effects of CSC on cell shape and adhesion, and viability were evaluated after 30 min, 60 min, 2 h, and 24 h of exposure using microscopic observation, cell metabolic activity, and lactate dehydrogenase activity assays. The effects of CSC on cell apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and oxidative stress were determined through flow cytometry, while apoptotic and autophagic gene expression were identified via an RT2-PCR array. Phosphorylated signaling pathway proteins were measured using flow cytometry. ResultsCSC deregulated gingival epithelial cell shape and adhesion, decreased cell viability, and increased lactate dehydrogenase release. Its toxic effects included apoptosis, autophagy, and oxidative stress. Moreover, it modulated seven specific apoptotic and six autophagic genes. Furthermore, it decreased phosphorylation in signaling proteins, such as STAT5, ERK12, P38, and nuclear factor κB. ConclusionsCSC has notable adverse effects on gingival epithelial cells. This finding indicates that cannabis smoke could impair gingival epithelial cell innate immune function, leading to gingivitis and periodontitis. Oral health professionals may need to document observed modifications in the oral cavity of patients who smoke cannabis and consider these potential changes during clinical care.

The Effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Mouthwash on the Oral Microbial Load in Patients under Mechanical Ventilation: A Randomized Controlled Trial

This study aimed to examine the effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss. mouthwash on the microbial load of the oral cavity in patients under mechanical ventilation. This randomized controlled trial was conducted in 2019 on patients under mechanical ventilation. Sampling was performed using the consecutive method. Using a block randomization method, 90 patients were allocated to three equal groups of 30 to receive mouth care using chlorhexidine, Z. multiflora, or normal saline. Mouthwash was used three times a day for a week. Eight hours before and after the intervention, sterile samples of saliva were collected and cultured in the laboratory. Chi-square, Fisher’s exact test, paired t and McNemar’s tests, and analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. After the interventions, a significant difference in the microbial load was found between the three groups (P < 0.021). The Tukey post hoc test showed a significant difference between the group treated with Z. multiflora and those who received chlorhexidine (P value = 0.016). The frequency of patients with positive cultures was lower in the group treated with Z. multiflora and the differences were statistically significant in terms of Acinetobacter (P = 0.01) and Klebsiella pneumonia (P = 0.02). Z. multiflora mouthwash was effective in decreasing the microbial load of the oral cavity. This mouthwash can be used to reduce the microbial load of the oral cavity in patients under mechanical ventilation and reduce the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Oral fluid cytokine balance characteristics in patients with iron deficiency anemia and inflammatory periodontal diseases

Relevance. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) has various clinical manifestations, including those in the oral cavity, connected with depressed humoral and cell-mediated immunity. However, there is no clear understanding of the character of the cytokine storm in the oral cavity of these patients. Hence, the study aimed to investigate the amount of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the oral cavity of patients with iron-deficiency anemia before and after iron therapy.Material and Methods. The study included 168 females aged 29.6±1.65 years old, who formed three groups: the main group comprised the patients with IDA, the comparison group included patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases without systemic diseases, and the control group contained the patients without oral inflammatory and systemic diseases. We examined all the patients, determined DMF index, OHI-S (Greene-Vermillion), PBI (Muhlemann-Saxer), gingival inflammation by the РМА index modified by Рarma and determined the level of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-4 and INF-γ in the oral cavity by enzyme immunoassay.Results. The study determined the clinical signs of periodontal inflammation in all patients with IDA before treatment. Inflammatory periodontal diseases and IDA combination caused a significant decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 (9.67 pcg/ml and 20.52 pcg/ml, respectively) in the oral fluid of all the examined compared to the periodontal patients without systemic diseases. Patients with IDA demonstrated an increase of IL-1β (40.58 pcg/ml) and a decrease of IL-4 (25.18 pcg/ml) and INF-γ (46.93 pcg/ml) in the oral fluid after the completion of the iron therapy course.Conclusion. A decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and IL-6 levels in patients with IDA and oral inflammation evidenced the changes in the immune response compared to the group of periodontal patients without systemic diseases, which may lead to an unfavourable prognosis. After the iron therapy course, the oral cytokine concentration in patients with IDA corresponded to the oral fluid cytokine profile of comparison group patients, which indicated the compensation of secondary immune deficiency.

АНАЛИЗ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ЛЕЧЕБНО-ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКИХ СРЕДСТВ У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ЛАБОРАТОРНО ПОДТВЕРЖДЕННЫМ ДИАГНОЗОМ SARS-COV-2

To date, there is a limited amount of literature that describes the use of oral therapeutic and prophylactic drugs in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, this topic is relevant. Thus, the purpose of this study was to study the effectiveness of the use of therapeutic and prophylactic agents in patients with a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2, with or without concomitant oral co-infection.
 The data of the conducted study will constitute an important stage in the algorithm of specialized therapy.
 Materials and methods. A comparative analysis of the use of therapeutic and prophylactic agents for the oral cavity in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 was carried out. The conclusions are based on the results of a clinical study that compared the effectiveness of the use of therapeutic and prophylactic agents in 90 patients aged 20 to 87 years with mild to moderate Sars-CoV-2 with oral co-infection and 15 patients aged from 20 to 87 years of age with mild to moderate Sars-CoV-2 without coinfection.
 Results. During the study, the following results were obtained. The most effective drug was a solution of aqueous chlorhexidine 0.5%, but there was a side effect in the form of xerostomia. The Miramistin solution also had high efficiency, and the lowest efficiency was observed when using the Rotokan solution.
 Conclusions. The data of the conducted study will constitute an important stage in the algorithm of specialized therapy.

Analysis of the efficiency of the use of fluorine-containing toothpasts for the prevention of caries

The data of the World Health Organization say that caries is the most widespread infectious disease in the world: 85–90% of the adult population of the planet suffer from this disease, and in Russia this figure reaches 95%. The leading link in the prevention of caries is oral hygiene, individual and professional. First of all, the means of individual oral hygiene include toothpastes. Toothpastes, depending on their composition, can be divided into hygienic and therapeutic and prophylactic. Anti-caries pastes, belonging to the group of thera-peutic and prophylactic, and they are aimed at strengthening the mineral tissues of the tooth by increasing the concentration of these elements in them. Fluoride toothpastes also have anti-caries effect. To date, a large number of these tooth-pastes are presented on the dental market.The aim of the work was a clinical assessment of the anti-carious efficacy of two commercial samples of toothpastes «President Classic» and «Paradontax Comprehensive Protection» in the presence of restorations in the oral cavity in patients. Materials and methods. In the course of the study (for 6 months), a group of students (40 people) aged 18 to 25 years with a high intensity of caries (KPU from 5 to 8) and not having bad habits were observed, who, depending on the group, were used different fluorine-containing toothpastes (President Classic (mass fraction of fluoride F=1450 ppm) and Parodontax Complex protection (mass fraction of fluoride F=1450 ppm). Results. Studies have shown that an individually prescribed oral care system for patients with multiple caries using directional oral hygiene products reduces the prevalence and intensity of caries and normalizes the cariogenic situation in the oral cavity: improves the hygienic state of the oral cavity, increases enamel resistance to acidic dissolution. In patients who used President Classic toothpaste at home, the average increase in the intensity of caries was reduced by 94%. Conclusion. Thus, the studied studies have shown that an individual cavity care system for patients with multiple caries with the use of an oral hygiene of an aimed action, reduces the prevalence and intensity of caries and normalizes the calculation of the caries-beacon in the oral cavity.

The SARS-CoV2 envelope differs from host cells, exposes procoagulant lipids, and is disrupted in vivo by oral rinses

The lipid envelope of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an essential component of the virus; however, its molecular composition is undetermined. Addressing this knowledge gap could support the design of antiviral agents as well as further our understanding of viral-host protein interactions, infectivity, pathogenicity, and innate immune system clearance. Lipidomics revealed that the virus envelope comprised mainly phospholipids (PLs), with some cholesterol and sphingolipids, and with cholesterol/phospholipid ratio similar to lysosomes. Unlike cellular membranes, procoagulant amino-PLs were present on the external side of the viral envelope at levels exceeding those on activated platelets. Accordingly, virions directly promoted blood coagulation. To investigate whether these differences could enable selective targeting of the viral envelope in vivo, we tested whether oral rinses containing lipid-disrupting chemicals could reduce infectivity. Products containing PL-disrupting surfactants (such as cetylpyridinium chloride) met European virucidal standards in vitro; however, components that altered the critical micelle concentration reduced efficacy, and products containing essential oils, povidone-iodine, or chlorhexidine were ineffective. This result was recapitulated in vivo, where a 30-s oral rinse with cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash eliminated live virus in the oral cavity of patients with coronavirus disease 19 for at least 1 h, whereas povidone-iodine and saline mouthwashes were ineffective. We conclude that the SARS-CoV-2 lipid envelope i) is distinct from the host plasma membrane, which may enable design of selective antiviral approaches; ii) contains exposed phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine, which may influence thrombosis, pathogenicity, and inflammation; and iii) can be selectively targeted in vivo by specific oral rinses.

Characterization of Specific Signatures of the Oral Cavity, Sputum, and Ileum Microbiota in Patients With Crohn's Disease.

BackgroundCrohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with an increasing incidence worldwide. The etiology of CD is still obscure, but microbial dysbiosis has been recognized as an essential factor contributing to CD. However, few studies have revealed the microbiome’s signatures and reciprocal correlations between multiple sites in patients with CD over different disease stages. This study investigated the specific microbial architectures of the oral cavity, sputum, and ileum in patients with CD in the active and remission stages.MethodsMicrobial samples from the oral cavity, sputum, and ileum were collected from patients with CD in the active and remission stages and healthy controls. The microbial composition was assessed by 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing. In addition, bioinformatics methods were used to demonstrate the microbial signatures, functional changes, and correlations between microbiota and clinical data in CD.ResultsCompared with healthy controls, a distinct microbiota dysbiosis in the oral cavity, sputum, and ileum of patients with CD was identified, characterized by alterations in microbiota biodiversity and composition. The oral cavity and sputum microbiota showed significantly lower microbial diversity in patients with CD than in healthy controls. In terms of microbiota composition, the microbiota changes in the oral cavity of patients with CD were similar to those in the sputum, while they were different from those in the ileum. In the oral cavity and sputum of patients with CD, a lower relative abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria was observed compared to healthy controls, which was most prominent in the active stage. In contrast, an increased relative abundance of Fusobacteria, Porphyromonas, and Haemophilus was observed in patients with CD. The predicted metabolic pathways involved in the oral cavity, sputum, and ileum were similar, predominantly involving metabolism, environmental information processing, and genetic information processing.ConclusionThe results revealed the alterations of microbiota architecture in the oral cavity, sputum, and ileum of patients with CD, which varied across disease stages. Studying microbiota dysbiosis may bring new insights into the etiology of CD and lead to novel treatments.

CHANGES IN THE DENTAL STATUS OF PATIENTS WITH NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE

Relevance. Periodontal disease has a close relationship with somatic diseases of various body systems. On the basis of the results of many scientific studies it has been indicated that there are common features for pathogenetic mechanisms of formation and development of generalized chronic periodontitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diseases of the digestive system, and others. Against this background, it is clear that the functions of a dentist include not only restoring or whitening teeth. The active participation of the dentist in the treatment of patients with internal diseases is essential for prevention of the progression or occurrence of complications in different somatic pathology, as well as for breaking the existing comorbid connection. The prevalence of inflammatory-dystrophic periodontal diseases reaches 70-90%, and almost 70% of them are accompanied by the presence of somatic pathology in patients. Metabolic diseases, especially non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), are considered to be one of the most pressing problems in the world today. NAFLD is a chronic non-communicable disease that has reached a prevalence of over 30% of personns in Western Europe and the United States over the past decade. A characteristic clinical signs of this somatic pathology is the lack of a specific clinical course, which should attract the attention of the family doctor to this organ of the digestive system. Identification of dental changes in the oral cavity in patients with NAFLD allows detect the stomatological disorders, to suspect the presence of somatic pathology, and form correct tactics for cooperative activity with the physician.
 Goal: study the character of dental complaints and their correlation with the data of objective examination of the oral cavity in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
 Materials and methods. The main group has been included 258 somatic patients with NAFLD. The prevalence age of patients in this group was 49.79 ± 0.662. In the main group, the subgroup A consisted of 177 people with steatosis; subgroup B included 81 patients with steatohepatitis. The control group consisted of 25 people without somatic pathology. The prevalence patients' age of the control group was 43.04 ± 1.378. Subjective examination methods were performed; the nature of nutrition and the level of oral hygiene were taken into account. Objective dental status was assessed by determining oral-Vermilion oral hygiene, RVI bleeding, Parma PMA, KPI, Schiller-Pisarev test.
 Results. Patients in the main group had grade 1–2 obesity (body mass index – 35.20±0.49) and insulin resistance (HOMA index – 6.77±0.420). The most common complaint of patients with NAFLD was bleeding gums during brushing (58.5% of patients). Bleeding cases during eating was equal to 29.5% of patients. Dry mouth bothered more than 85.0% of patients in the main group. Bad breath (halitosis) and taste distortion (dysgeusia) were common in 86.4% and 82.6% of patients with NAFLD, respectively. Patients in the control group did not have the mentioned complaints. Correlation analysis showed a direct relationship between such complaints as bad breath and bleeding gums, and body mass index (r = 0.547 p = 0.003; r = 0.458 p = 0.014, respectively) and the degree of steatosis (r = 0.520 p = 0.000 ; r = 0.415 p = 0.001, respectively) in patients with NAFLD.
 Conclusions. Diagnosis and treatment of dental diseases in patients with NAFLD will allow the dentist to break the "vicious circle" of comorbidity and will help in the complex therapy of such patients.

A Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assay Specific to Trichomonas tenax Is Suitable for Use at Point-of-Care.

Trichomonas tenax is a flagellated protozoan that inhabits the human and canine oral cavity in patients with poor oral hygiene and periodontal disease. The loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay could provide clinicians with a quick, cheap and reliable diagnostic test used for the detection of T. tenax in various settings. In this study, we aimed to develop a LAMP assay that can detect T. tenax with high sensitivity and specificity. A set of LAMP primers were specifically designed to detect the ITS and 5.8S rRNA gene of T. tenax. The newly developed LAMP assay was 1000 times more sensitive than conventional PCR. The limit of detection of the LAMP assay was 10 fg of genomic DNA, or 0.2–1 cell. Moreover, the LAMP assay was specific, resulting in no cross-reaction even with a closely related protozoan T. vaginalis or other microorganisms (Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans) used. The present LAMP assay can be performed directly without prior DNA extraction, making the assay an easy, fast, cheap, specific and sensitive diagnostic tool for the detection of T. tenax at the point-of-care of both medical and veterinary clinics in developed and developing countries.

RESEARCH OF MULTI-RESISTANT GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA IN THE ORAL CAVITY OF PATIENTS SEEN IN DENTAL CLINICS

Introduction: Gram-negative bacteria are the main cause of infections ranging from pneumonia to bloodstream infection. In the oral cavity, there may be microorganisms associated with systemic and opportunistic infections. In addition, the irrational use of antibiotics related to odontogenic infections will promote the colonization of these microorganisms and contribute to antimicrobial resistance. Objective: To investigate the presence of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria in the oral cavities of patients in a dental clinic. Material and Methods: The characteristic of the study is to be observational, with a laboratory and cross-sectional design. A sample of 60 patients from all Asces-Unita dental clinics was used. Samples were obtained through a swab smear on the patient’s oral mucosa. The technique for laboratory analysis follows the methodology of Winn et al. Antibiogram was performed according to the Kirby-Bauer technique. The antibiotics used followed the indications provided by CLSI 2021 and BrCAST 2021. This is a study using descriptive statistics. Results and Discussion: From 60 bacterial isolates obtained, 15 samples of gram-negative bacteria were obtained, mostly Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6 (40%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 5 (33.3%), Enterobacter sp 1 (6.66%), Citrobacter sp 1 (6.66%) and Proteus vulgaris 2 (13.33%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 20% of Klebsiella pneumoniae cases, in 83.3% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cases, in 100% of Proteus vulgaris cases. Nowadays, antimicrobial resistance is the main problem in Intensive Care Units (ICU), the excessive use of antibiotics in communities and hospitals directly contributes to the development of bacterial resistance.Conclusion: Multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria were isolated in the oral cavity of patients seen at a dental clinic. In view of this finding, it is important to review the antibiotic treatment used to combat infections caused by gram-negative bacteria, based on laboratory identification and the use of an antibiogram.

Monitoring of biochemical parameters of the oral fluid in patients with recancerous of the oral mucosa.

Orthopedic treatment is of particular difficulty in the complex therapy and rehabilitation of patients with precancerous diseases of the oral mucosa. In this regard, in patients with chronic inflammatory and destructive lesions of the oral mucosa, it is necessary to control changes in the oral cavity, taking into account clinical and laboratory data. Oral fluid is most often used as a diagnostic material in dental research, the composition and properties of which reflect functional changes in the body. However, the studies that substantiate rational orthopedic treatment in such patients are extremely insufficient: there are no data on the effect of orthopedic structures on the primary metabolism in the oral cavity in patients with precancerous diseases. In this regard, the purpose of this work was to study the biochemical parameters of the oral fluid in patients using orthopedic structures to identify the prognostic factors of precancerous conditions. In the oral fluid, the levels of total protein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and lactate were determined. Free radical oxidation was assessed by the intensity of induced biochemiluminescence and by the levels of lipid peroxidation products. In the oral fluid of patients with mucosal precancer compared with patients in the control group, a significantly higher intensity of free radical oxidation was revealed with a corresponding decrease in antioxidant activity. The level of the end products of lipid peroxidation - Schiff's bases - was statistically significantly increased. Among the metabolites of the oral fluid, there was a decrease in protein levels and an increase in cholesterol and lactate levels. At the same time, a positive correlation was established between the indicators of free radical oxidation and lactate, free radical oxidation and cholesterol, but negative with the levels of protein and triglycerides. Regarding the antioxidant system, there was a negative correlation between the tg (-2α) value and the lactate level and positive with the triglyceride level, as well as a positive correlation between the Z parameter and the total protein level. The obtained changes in the biochemical parameters of the oral fluid can be used to confirm the diagnosis of precancer of the oral mucosa in patients with orthopedic structures.

The Role of the Western Diet and Oral Microbiota in Parkinson's Disease.

The type of diet not only affects the composition of the oral microflora but is also one of the more critical factors associated with an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease, PD. This study compared diet preferences and oral microbiota profiles in patients with PD vs. healthy controls. This study compared the oral microbiota composition of 59 patients with PD and 108 healthy controls (without neurodegeneration) using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. According to results, oral microbiota in patients with PD is different compared from healthy controls. In particular, decreased abundance of Proteobacteria, Pastescibacteria, and Tenercutes was observed. The oral cavity of patients with PD was characterized by the high relative abundance of bacteria from the genera Prevotella, Streptococcus, and Lactobaccillus. There were also differences in food preferences between patients with PD and healthy controls, which revealed significantly higher intake of margarine, fish, red meat, cereals products, avocado, and olives in the patients with PD relative to healthy controls. Strong positive and negative correlations between specific food products and microbial taxa were identified.

The characteristics of microbial landscape of the oral cavity in patients with viral hepatitis B, viral hepatitis C and HIV infection

Viral hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remain a major global public health problem. The microbiota plays a key role in maintaining normal homeostasis, morphogenesis, metabolism and immune system function. The aim of the study was to examine the most frequently detected oral microorganisms in patients with viral hepatitis B, C and HIV-infection. The main study group included 135 patients (I group with hepatitis B virus n=45, II group with hepatitis C virus n=45, III group HIV-infection n=45, IV group control group n=45) with oral mucosal lesions in the age range of 18-67 years. The control group involved 45 patients without hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and HIV-infection with oral mucosal lesions, their age fluctuated from 20 to 69. We have studied the features of the formation of pathological biotopes in the oral cavity of patients with viral hepatitis B, C and HIV. The results of the microbiological examination of the oral cavity showed that the qualitative composition of the microflora did not differ in all main groups studied by us and in the control group. The spectrum of detected microorganisms was represented as pathogenic as well as conditionally pathogenic microorganisms and fungi. The presented data between different types of oral microorganisms will help overcome the limitations of current treatments and identify new targets for the treatment of complex polymicrobial infections. Taking into account the peculiarities of pathological changes and dysbiotic changes in the oral cavity of patients with viral hepatitis B and C and HIV-infection, it is necessary to develop and implement adapted schemes for individual oral hygiene, and the use of local probiotics in parallel with antiviral treatment of major diseases will lead to the correction of oral cavity microbiocenosis, depending on degree of dysbiotic shift.

Результати стоматологічного обстеження пацієнтів з гастроезофагальною рефлюксною хворобою

Introduction. Dental syndrome in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease is accompanied by damage to the soft tissues of the oral cavity, pathology of the periodontal tissues and hard tissues of the teeth with the development of tooth enamel erosion, caries and its complications, which lead to tooth loss and the appearance of dentition defects. A significant number of such patients require orthopedic treatment. The issue of studying the harmful effects of dental metal alloys of dental prostheses on the body of patients with general somatic pathology is still relevant and is extremely important in the medical and social spheres. Goal. Assessment of the dental status of 119 patients aged 25–65 with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Research methods. Survey, primary examination, evaluation of oral hygiene, condition of hard tissues of teeth and periodontal tissues, pH-metry of mixed saliva. The results. The hygienic status, the condition of the hard tissues of the teeth and periodontal tissues in patients with the erosive form of GERD was significantly worse compared to patients with the non-erosive form, and the available strain-soldered and metal structures, especially with a violation of their integrity, further worsened the oral hygiene of the patients both experimental groups. Conclusions. The study of the features of the lesions of the oral cavity in patients with GBD will allow us to identify certain patterns that will allow us to carry out correct diagnostic and treatment measures. Key words: gastroesophageal reflux disease, dental examination, defects of teeth and dental rows.

Preparation and Assessment of Antimicrobial Property of Resin Based Composites Impregnated with Proanthocyanidin and Titanium Dioxide

OBJECTIVE: To synthesize three experimental resin based composites (RBCs) out of a commercial preperation (Control) by impregnating into each a fixed weight (0.01%) of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and three different weight % (0.01, 0.02 and 0.03) of proanthocyanidin (PA) and to compare antibacterial property, from the zones of inhibition of streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), of the specimen restorations made in the experimental and control RBCs. METHODOLOGY: In the first phase, Streptococcus mutans were isolated and identified from the oral cavity of patients and identified on the basis of morphogenic appearance of colonies and confirmed through catalase test and microscopic examination. Isolates were then incubated and cultured for sensitivity. Specimens for control and experimental RBCs were made through a metallic mold having 2mm thickness and 5mm diameter for all the 4 groups. Specimen restorations made in the commercial as supplied RBC acted as the control (Group A). Specimen restorations in the Group B, C, and D were made in each of the experimental RBCs modified with 0.01% proanthocyanidin (PA) and 0.01% titanium dioxide (TiO2), 0.02% PA and 0.01% TiO2 and 0.03% PA and 0.01% TiO2. The antimicrobial property of all the specimen restorations in all the groups was evaluated by Bauer-Kirby (Disc Diffusion) method through the formation of zones of inhibition of S. mutans colonies on blood agar plates. Data were computed using SPSS version 21 for descriptive statistics and analyzed using one-way ANOVA with p value 0.05 taken as significant. RESULTS: The range of the zone of inhibition for specimen RBC restorations (N= 12) containing PA and TiO2 was 0.00 for Group A, 10-12mm for Group B, 12-14mm for Group C and 9-10mm for Group D. The mean inhibition zone for the experimental restoration specimens was 11±2mm for Group B, 12.7±1mm for Group C and 9.7±1mm for Group D compared to no inhibition zones (0.00 mm) with the control RBC Group A. The order of the inhibition zones from maximum to minimum was Group C > Group B > Group D > Group A. The differences between the mean values for the control and the experimental RBC restoration specimens were significant (p < 0.000). The specimen restorations in the Group D appeared under cured and could impact on their mechanical properties. CONCLUSION: Irrespective of the mentioned concentrations, impregnating PA and TiO2 rendered the RBC antimicrobial. RBC restorations made with the experimental RBC with 0.02% PA and 0.01% TiO2 proved relatively more effective in terms of antimicrobial effect. KEY WORDS: dental materials, resin based dental restorations, antibacterial resin based composite, proanthocyanidin, titanium dioxide.