Incidence Of Oral Cancer Research Articles

Oral Microbial Profile Analysis in Patients with Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Reveals That Tumoral Fusobacterium nucleatum Promotes Oral Cancer Progression by Activating YAP.

The incidence of oral cancer has recently been increasing worldwide, particularly among young individuals and women. The primary risk factors for head and neck cancers, including oral and pharyngeal cancers, are smoking, alcohol consumption, poor oral hygiene, and repeated exposure to mechanical stimuli. However, approximately one-third of the patients with oral and pharyngeal cancers are neither smokers nor drinkers, which points to the existence of other mechanisms. Recently, human microbes have been linked to various diseases, including cancer. Oral pathogens, especially periodontal pathobionts, are reported to play a role in the development of colon and other types of cancer. In this study, we employed a series of bioinformatics analyses to pinpoint Fusobacterium nucleatum as the predominant oral bacterial species in oral and pharyngeal cancer tissue samples. We successfully isolated Fn. polymorphum from the saliva of patients with oral cancer and demonstrated that Fn. polymorphum indeed promoted oral squamous cell carcinoma development by activating YAP in a mouse tongue cancer model. Our research offers scientific evidence for the role of the oral microbiome in oral cancer progression and provides insights that would help in devising preventative strategies against oral cancer, potentially by altering oral bacterial profiles.

Association of gut microbiome and oral cavity cancer: A two sample mendelian randomization and case-control study

IntroductionConsidering the interconnectedness of the oral cavity and gut tract and the presence of abundant natural microbiota in both. We utilized Mendelian Randomization (MR) in a two-sample study to unveil the genetic causal impact of gut microbiota on the development of oral cavity cancer. Materials & methodsThe instrumental variables employed in this study consisted of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that demonstrated a robust association with 211 distinct gut microbiota taxa, encompassing a sample size of 18,340 individuals. Our investigation sought to explore the potential causal relationship between these genetic variants and the incidence of oral cavity cancer. To accomplish this, we adopted a random effect inverse variance-weighted approach to analyze the causal effect. Additionally, sensitivity analyses were performed utilizing Cochran's Q tests, funnel plots, leave-one-out analyses, and MR-Egger intercept tests, to assess the robustness and validity of our findings. ResultsFive gut microbiota taxa (the family Prevotellaceae, the genus Alloprevotella, the genus Erysipelatoclostridium, the genus Parabacteroides, the genus Ruminococcus gauvreauii group) are predicted to play a causal role in promoting the initiation of the risk of oral cavity cancer. While the genus Christensenellaceae R 7 group, the genus Intestinimonas, the genus Ruminococcaceae, and the order Bacillales causally reduce the risk of oral cavity cancer. Furthermore, no significant evidence suggesting heterogeneity or pleiotropy was observed. DiscussionThe novel genetic causal effects of 211 gut microbiota taxa on oral cavity cancer are elucidated in this investigation, thus offering valuable insights for clinical interventions targeting oral cavity cancer.

Progress of EGFR targeted therapy for oral cancer

Because of some uncertain factors such as eating habits and smoking, oral cancer has become one of the serious diseases of the oral and maxillofacial region. Especially in some Chinese cities where betel nut chewing is customary, the incidence of oral cancer has been high. Today, the main treatment methods are still traditional surgical excision, radiation and chemotherapy. However, with the development of medical technology, gene-targeted therapy has become the most important research object. Gene targeting technology is mainly targets the treatment of cancer organ cells, reducing the damage of traditional treatment methods on other areas without lesions. At present, the epidermal cytokine EGFR has been the most studied, and some research results have been put into clinical application. However, in terms of targeted therapy, the development of technology is still incomplete and immature. This article mainly discusses the pathogenic mechanism of EGFR in oral cancer, the synergistic effect of EGFR and other factors on the development of oral cancer, and the research results of EGFR-targeted therapy and combination therapy for oral cancer. The significance of this study is that based on these discussions, it provides reference opinions for treatment that can achieve a good prognosis for oral cancer patients and alleviate the pain of oral cancer patients, and evaluate the current development status of clinical application of EGFR targeted therapy for oral cancer. At present, the targeted therapy technology of oral cancer is still immature. In the future, the role of other factors in the development of oral cancer can be studied, and the influence of the combination of targeted therapy and other therapeutic methods on the treatment results of oral cancer can be studied.

Oral cancer: Current status and public health perspectives

Despite advances in surgical and oncological treatments, the incidence and five-year survival rates (~50 percent) of oral cancers (OC) have not improved over the last decades and remain a major public health problem. Seventy percent are still diagnosed at a late stage (T3 or T4), with an average delay in diagnosis of two to five months. As the cure and survival of patients are directly related to the development stage of the tumor at the time of diagnosis, the objective of this work was to analyze all the determinants related to oral cancer and to propose new clinical approaches for diagnosis and screening. A proposal for new models of screening, training, and concrete action to improve public awareness of the major global problem of OC is made. The strengths and weaknesses of OC screening studies need to be objectively understood to effectively guide and energize testing in primary care settings, with the prospect of using new and emerging technologies that can help improve the discriminatory accuracy of case detection. Most national organizations have not, to date, recommended population-based mass screening, due to a lack of sufficient scientific evidence of associated mortality reduction. Where health care resources are high, opportunistic individual screening is recommended, although the low diagnostic capacity of front-line clinicians is alarming.

Inflammatory Tongue Conditions and Risk of Oral Tongue Cancer Among the US Elderly Individuals.

The incidence of oral tongue cancers has increased since the 1980s among US men and women for unknown reasons. We investigated associations of inflammatory tongue conditions with risk of cancers of the oral tongue, other oral cavity, and oropharynx among the US elderly individuals (age 65 years or older). We conducted a case-control study (2,534 oral tongue cancers, 6,832 other oral cavity cancers, 9,373 oropharyngeal cancers, and 200,000 controls) within the SEER-Medicare data set (1992-2013). Medicare records were used to identify patients with clinically diagnosed inflammatory tongue conditions (glossitis, benign migratory glossitis, median rhomboid glossitis, atrophic glossitis, glossodynia, other specified conditions [eg, atrophy and hypertrophy], and other unspecified conditions) and oral precancer (leukoplakia/erythroplakia). Only conditions preceding cancer/control selection by >12 months were included. The prevalence of inflammatory tongue conditions was significantly higher in patients with tongue cancer than controls (6.0% v 0.6%; odds ratios [ORs], adjusted for age, sex, race, Medicare utilization, and precancer, 5.8 [95% CI, 4.7 to 7.2]). This overall association primarily arose from glossitis, 5.6 (95% CI, 4.4 to 7.2); other specified conditions, 9.1 (95% CI, 5.5 to 15.2); and other unspecified conditions, 13.7 (95% CI, 8.0 to 23.7). These associations remained strongly elevated >5 years preceding tongue cancer (arguing against reverse causation), for conditions diagnosed by a specialist (arguing against misclassification), and among patients who received an oral biopsy (arguing against missed cancer). During 2013, an estimated 1 in 11 patients with oral tongue cancer had a preceding diagnosis of inflammatory tongue conditions. Associations of inflammatory tongue conditions were relatively weak for other oral cavity cancers (ORs, 1.8 [95% CI, 1.5 to 2.3]) and oropharyngeal cancer (OR, 1.3 [95% CI, 1.0 to 1.6]) and were observed only closest to cancer diagnosis. Inflammatory tongue conditions were associated with strongly increased risks of oral tongue cancers and preceded cancer diagnosis by several years, underscoring the need for increased clinical surveillance among patients with such apparently benign diagnoses.

Potential role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by periodontal pathogens in oral cancer.

With the increasing incidence of oral cancer in the world, it has become a hotspot to explore the pathogenesis and prevention of oral cancer. It has been proved there is a strong link between periodontal pathogens and oral cancer. However, the specific molecular and cellular pathogenic mechanisms remain to be further elucidated. Emerging evidence suggests that periodontal pathogens-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is closely related to the progression of oral cancer. Cells undergoing EMT showed increased motility, aggressiveness and stemness, which provide a pro-tumour environment and promote malignant metastasis of oral cancer. Plenty of studies proposed periodontal pathogens promote carcinogenesis via EMT. In the current review, we discussed the association between the development of oral cancer and periodontal pathogens, and summarized various mechanisms of EMT caused by periodontal pathogens, which are supposed to play an important role in oral cancer, to provide targets for future research in the fight against oral cancer.

Are e-cigarettes a safer alternative to reduce incidences of oral cancer?

The rapid increase in the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), such as e-cigarettes and vape pens, has raised concerns about their potential impact on oral health and the risk of oral cancer. Despite their popularity and claims of being a safer alternative to traditional smoking, there is a lack of conclusive evidence regarding the detrimental effects of vaping. ENDS were initially introduced as a safer option for smokers, attracting both traditional smokers and adolescents due to appealing flavours. These devices use a battery-powered heating element to aerosolise a liquid containing nicotine, flavourings, formaldehyde, glycerol, and heavy metals. However, the variability in product composition and design makes it challenging to establish reliable toxicity profiles. This commentary aims to provide an overview of the existing evidence to inform oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) practitioners about the potential risks associated with vaping on oral health and cancer. Data was extracted from ten recent studies, which included systematic reviews, meta-analyses, literature reviews, cross-sectional analyses, and in-vitro studies. While e-cigarettes have fewer carcinogens than traditional cigarettes, concerns remain about their potential for DNA damage. Reported oral symptoms related to e-cigarette use include dry mouth, irritation, pain, oral ulcers, nicotine-related conditions, and accidents resulting from device malfunctions. ENDS exposure has been linked to oral health issues like dysbiosis, inflammation, periodontal disease, and alterations in the oral microbiome. In-vitro studies have shown that e-cigarettes can induce DNA damage, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity in oral cells. Although direct causality between e-cigarettes and oral cancer remains unclear, there are case reports of oral cancer in heavy e-cigarette users without other traditional risk factors. Additionally, some ENDS components, such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, are known human carcinogens, potentially posing a nasopharyngeal cancer risk. ENDS use may increase chemotherapy resistance and alter immune-related gene expression, potentially facilitating HPV-16 infection. Moreover, there is concern that ENDS use could lead to future tobacco smoking among adolescents. The variability in ENDS products further complicates assessing their oral health effects. Based on current evidence, ENDS should not be considered 'safe'. The authors recommend documenting ENDS consumption and emphasise the need for extensive research to better understand their effects on oral cavity tissues. Clinicians should remain vigilant and educate patients about the potential risks associated with vaping to make informed decisions about their oral health.

Clinical and histopathological correlation of oral malignancy and potentially malignant disorders based on a screening program at high-risk population in Tamil Nadu, India.

There is a high incidence of oral cancer and oral potential malignant disorder observed in southeast Asian countries such as India. Our study aimed to assess the correlation between screening and histopathological diagnosis and to predict the specificity and sensitivity of chair-side/field-based assessment of the oral lesion. A total of 40,852 subjects aged between 20 and 60 years were screened in the 1st phase of the study, suspected lesions were stained with toluidine blue (Manufactured by Otto Chemicals private limited, India) at two time points, those who stained positively during the two points were taken up for biopsy. Provisional diagnosis was later correlated with histopathological diagnosis. Subjects who underwent biopsy had a mean age of (49.01 ± 9.8 years), Leukoplakia (1.5%) was the most common lesion observed among tobacco users, interestingly it had the least correlation (39.6%) in diagnosis, Overall sensitivity (88%) and a positive predictive value (80%) was high for clinical diagnosis of OPMD in our study. Correlation of clinical and histopathological diagnosis observed in our study confirms higher yield of true positives while screening in remote and vulnerable populations, which would assure a better quality of life for these subjects.

Bayesian Disease Mapping to Identify High-Risk Population for Oral Cancer: A Retrospective Spatiotemporal Analysis

Objectives. Bayesian mapping is an effective spatiotemporal approach to identify high-risk geographic areas for diseases and has not been used to identify oral cancer hotspots in Australia previously. This retrospective disease mapping study was undertaken to identify the oral cancer trends and patterns within the Queensland state in Australia. Methods. This study included data obtained from Queensland state Cancer Registry from 1982 to 2018. Domains mapped included the oral cancer incidence and mortality in Queensland (QLD). Local government areas (LGAs) and suburbs were utilized as geographical units for the estimation using Bayesian mapping approach. Results. Of the 78 LGAs, 21 showed high-oral cancer incidence as measured using higher median smoothed incidence risk (SIR), above the state average. Specifically, nine LGAs within predominantly rural areas had SIR above 100% of the state average. Of these, only one LGA (Mount Isa City) had a median smoothed SIR and 95% CI of 2.61 (2.14–3.15) which was constantly above 100% of the state average. Furthermore, mortality risk estimated using smoothed mortality risk (SMR), were significantly higher than the state average in 31 LGAs. Seventeen LGAs had a median SMR above 100% of the state average while three LGAs had the highest overall, 3- and 5-year mortality risks. Considering the 95% credible interval which is indicative of the uncertainty around the estimates, three LGAs had the highest overall mortality risks—Yarrabah Aboriginal Shire (3.80 (2.16–6.39)), Cook Shire (3.37 (2.21–5.06)), and Mount Isa City (3.04 (2.40–3.80)). Conclusion. Bayesian disease mapping approach identified multiple incidence and mortality hotspots within regional areas of the Queensland. Findings from our study can aid in designing targeted public health screening and interventions for primary prevention of oral cancer in regional and remote communities.

Pharmacognostical and phytochemical analysis of 10% aqueous extract of leaves of shigru (Moringa oleifera lam.), along with its in vitro comparative study in different cell lines of oral cancer

Most common and fast spreading disease in the present era is CANCER. Oral cancer ranks in the top three of all cancers in India, which account for over 30 % of all cancer reported in the country. Cancers are the most common cause of death in adults. Oral cancer is any malignant neoplasm which is found in oral cavity. The incidence of oral cancer is highest in India, South and Southeast Asian countries. In India, 90-95% of the oral cancers are squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer is really having a limited line of treatment and its prognosis; the fate is also unpredictable. It could be said that this is the disease of modernisation. But since it is not true as such incurable tumours like Raktarbuda and Mansarbuda have been described around 1500 B.C. by Acharya Charaka and Ayurvedic surgeon Acharya Sushruta. Nowadays research is going to invent an Ayurvedic medicine to prevent or to cure cancer; Shigru (Moringa oleifera Lam.) is one of the most important drugs having anthraquinones, flavonoids, sitosterol, tannins, glycosides which possess the anticancer property. According to Bhavprakash Shigru is useful in the treatment of Apachi, Gulma and Ganda. Raj Nighantu mentioned Shigru as Mukhjadyahar (oral disorder). This study focuses on anticancer property of Shigru leaves on different cell lines of oral cancer by in vitro study.

Neighborhood socioeconomic status and race are associated with incidence disparities in oral cavity cancers

ObjectivesTo determine the association between neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES), race and incidence rate trends of oral cavity cancer (OCC). Materials and methodsWe used data from the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) 18 Census Tract-level SES and Rurality Database (2006–2018) database of the National Cancer Institute to create cohorts of OCC patients between 2006 and 2018. Annual incidence rates were calculated and trends in rates were estimated using joinpoints regression. ResultsThe incidence of OCC is the highest among low nSES White Americans (2.86 per 100 000 persons) and the lowest among high nSES Black Americans (1.17 per 100 000 persons). Incidence has significantly increased among Asian Americans (annual percent change [APC]: low nSES-2.4, high nSES-2.6) and White Americans (APC: low nSES-1.4, high nSES-1.6). Significant increases in the incidence of oral tongue cancer in these groups primarily drive this increase. Other increases were noted in alveolar ridge cancer among White Americans and hard palate cancer among Asian Americans. OCC incidence decreased significantly in Hispanic Americans of high nSES (APC: −2.5) and Black Americans of low nSES (APC: −2.7). Floor of mouth cancer incidence decreased among most groups. ConclusionDespite the overall decreasing incidence of OCC, these trends are inconsistent among all OCC subsites. Differences are seen by race, nSES, and subsite, indicating intersectional barriers that extend beyond nSES and race and ethnicity alone. Further research on risk factors and developing interventions targeting vulnerable groups is needed.

Mortality and associated influencing factors among oral cancer patients in western China: A retrospective cohort study from 2016 to 2021.

Few studies have examined oral cancer-related mortality in Guangxi. This study aimed to explore the incidence and characteristics of oral cancer and to identify the risk factors for oral cancer-related mortality. The study was conducted to provide a reference for clinical treatment and to improve the survival rate of patients with oral cancer. A total of 271 patients with oral cancer who were treated in the Stomatology Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from 2016 to 2017 were selected as the research subjects. The follow-up lasted until the middle of 2021. The survival rate and mean survival time of 271 patients were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazard models and stratified analysis were used to explore the related factors that affect the mortality of patients. Nomogram plots were used to visualize the relationships among multiple variables. Among 271 patients with oral cancer, the 2-year and 5-year overall survival rates were 83.8% and 68.5% respectively. The results of multivariate analysis showed that, age, pathological type, surgery and readmission were significant factors affecting survival. When the above factors were incorporated into nomogram plots and stratified analysis, the results showed that the risk of death after treatment in patients with oral cancer aged > 55 years was 1.693 times higher than that in patients aged ≤ 55 years (HR, hazard ratio [HR] = 1.795, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.073, 3.004). The risk of death after surgical treatment was 0.606 times higher than that without surgical treatment (HR = 0.590, 95% CI = 0.367, 0.948). Patients who were readmitted had a 2.340-fold increased risk of death compared with patients who were not readmitted (HR = 2.340, 95% CI = 1.267,4.321). Older age, surgery, and readmission were risk factors for mortality among patients with oral cancer. The median survival time of 271 patients with oral cancer was 52.0 months. Patients under the age of 55 years old and those who choose surgical treatment tend to have a better prognosis and a longer survival. Oral cancer-related mortality is affected by age, treatment mode, readmission, and other factors. All of these factors are worthy of clinical attention for their prevention and control.

Trends in the Incidence of Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer in Southwest Iran from 2014 to 2019

Background: Oral and oropharyngeal cancer is known as one of the few lethal oral diseases with a great burden associated with a high cost of treatment and rehabilitation, life-long impairments, and a nearly 50% mortality rate; therefore, it should be considered an increasingly severe health and social problem in the world due to its increased incidence. This makes the burden of oral and oropharyngeal cancer very high, with a hefty economic burden. Objectives: The current study was designed and conducted to investigate epidemiological features of oral and oropharyngeal cancer in the Khuzestan province of Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with raw data on cancer incidence obtained from the Khuzestan cancer registry as a subsequent of the Iranian population-based national cancer registry from 2014 to 2019. Recorded cases were standardized by ICD-10 and ICD-O-3 classifications and categorized by gender, age group, diagnosis, etc. The method of diagnosis in this study consisted of four categories. Descriptive data for the frequency and rate of each variable and analyses of associations between variables were conducted using the chi-squared test with a statistical significance of P < 0.05. Results: A total of 941 valid cases were identified in the study period, with a composition of males 675 cases and females 266 cases in total. More than 85% of reported cases were submitted to a database with pathologic reports, verifying a high data validity level. The crude rate in female cases had an upward trend in contrast to the crude rate in males, which shows a downward trend. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most diagnosed malignancy, with 532 cases (55%). Conclusions: The data on oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Khuzestan suggest that the overall incidence of the disease increased, particularly in females and younger age groups in the study period. Concerning increasing trends and the presence of most oral and oropharyngeal cancer cases in the active and young members of society of Khuzestan province of Iran, an extensive program for screening, prevention, and rehabilitation should be prioritized.

Clinical competency of dental health professionals and students in diagnosing oral mucosal lesions.

Proper identification of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) provides an opportunity for oral cancer prevention. This study aims to assess the competency of dental health professionals in identifying OPMDs and, in turn, reducing the incidence of oral malignancy by early detection. A 26-case online questionnaire of oral mucosal lesions was distributed to cohorts of 363 dental health professionals and dental students in Australia. The participants were asked to provide their provisional diagnosis for each case based on the available information. The overall accuracy in identifying oral mucosal lesions was 65.9%. There were no significant differences in the overall diagnostic accuracies between dental specialists, general dental practitioners and final-year dental students (p > 0.05). The lowest diagnostic accuracies were associated with normal mucosal variations and OPMDs. The predoctoral dental curriculum showed statistically significant values in terms of improving skills in diagnosing oral mucosal lesions. Lack of adequate knowledge in identifying OPMDs was evident among the participants, highlighting a non-promising figure in reducing the incidence of oral cancers in Australia. Comprehensive modifications of the current continuing professional development system are required to ensure adequate knowledge among dental health providers in Australia.

Prevalence of Epstein Barr Virus and Herpes Simplex Virus Among Human Papillomavirus Negative Oral Cancer Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study from South India.

The high incidence of oral carcinomas is due to its multifactorial etiology and the presence of various risk factors. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) has a proven role in the pathogenesis of oral carcinomas, but in the recent times there has been an increasing incidence of oral cancers who are negative for HPV infection. Also, these patients are non-smokers and non-drinkers so it could be speculated that these oral cancers are due to some other etiological factor probably of other viral infections. Therefore, this study examined the prevalence of Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) among oral cancer patients. This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2019 to June 2020. Biopsy samples from 47 newly diagnosed untreated patients with oral malignancies were collected along with their demographic and clinicopathological information. DNA extracted from the biopsies was processed for nested PCR for the detection of EBV and HSV. All the samples tested negative for HPV and HSV infection. Nested PCR detected 29 cases (70.7%) to be positive for EBV. The non-cancerous adjacent tissues also were negative for HPV, EBV and HSV. The prevalence of EBV was found to be more in males (62.1%) and the highest number of cases was of the left buccal mucosa compromising 34% of the total cases. From the present study it can be concluded that EBV but not HSV infection is associated with an increased risk of developing oral cancers. Although, 70.7% of the patients were found to be positive for EBV whether the viral infection played any role in the driving the malignancy needs to be further elucidated.

Salivaomics to decode non-coding RNAs in oral cancer. A narrative review.

Oral cancer is the most debilitating disease which affects the orderly life of a human. With so much advancement in research and technology, the average life expectancy of an individual with oral cancer appears to be about 5 years. The changing trend in incidence of oral cancer among young individuals and women without tobacco habits are ascending. Non habit related oral cancer are taking centre stage and multiple factors which induce complex biology are associated in such scenarios. To decipher the aetiology and to understand the process, these cancerous conditions are to be studied at molecular level. Saliva, the most non-invasively obtained body fluid are assessed for biomarkers exclusively in liquid biopsy. This fluid gives a huge platform to study number of molecules associated with oral cancer. Non coding RNAs are transcripts with no protein coding function. They are gaining more importance in recent times. Long noncoding RNA, microRNA are major types of noncoding transcriptome that influences in progression of oral cancer. They seem to play an important role in health and disease. Apart from these, circulating tumour cells, exosomes, extracellular vesicles, antigens and other proteins can be studied from saliva. This review is aimed to update the knowledge on current biomarkers in saliva associated with oral cancer and their epigenetic role in disease progression as well recent advances in detecting these markers to identify the stage of the disease, which will help in deciding the treatment protocol.

Oral cancer incidence among adults who smoke, have quit smoking, use smokeless tobacco, or former smokers that use smokeless tobacco observed from state-based cancer registries: Population-based study (Preprint)

Oral cancer incidence among adults who smoke, have quit smoking, use smokeless tobacco, or former smokers that use smokeless tobacco observed from state-based cancer registries: Population-based study (Preprint)

Malignant and non-malignant oral lesions classification and diagnosis with deep neural networks

ObjectivesGiven the increasing incidence of oral cancer, it is essential to provide high-risk communities, especially in remote regions, with an affordable, user-friendly tool for visual lesion diagnosis. This proof-of-concept study explored the utility and feasibility of a smartphone application that can photograph and diagnose oral lesions. MethodsThe images of oral lesions with confirmed diagnoses were sourced from oral and maxillofacial textbooks. In total, 342 images were extracted, encompassing lesions from various regions of the oral cavity such as the gingiva, palate, and labial mucosa. The lesions were segregated into three categories: Class 1 represented non-neoplastic lesions, Class 2 included benign neoplasms, and Class 3 contained premalignant/malignant lesions. The images were analysed using MobileNetV3 and EfficientNetV2 models, with the process producing an accuracy curve, confusion matrix, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. ResultsThe EfficientNetV2 model showed a steep increase in validation accuracy early in the iterations, plateauing at a score of 0.71. According to the confusion matrix, this model's testing accuracy for diagnosing non-neoplastic and premalignant/malignant lesions was 64% and 80% respectively. Conversely, the MobileNetV3 model exhibited a more gradual increase, reaching a plateau at a validation accuracy of 0.70. The MobileNetV3 model's testing accuracy for diagnosing non-neoplastic and premalignant/malignant lesions, according to the confusion matrix, was 64% and 82% respectively. ConclusionsOur proof-of-concept study effectively demonstrated the potential accuracy of AI software in distinguishing malignant lesions. This could play a vital role in remote screenings for populations with limited access to dental practitioners. However, the discrepancies between the classification of images and the results of "non-malignant lesions" calls for further refinement of the models and the classification system used. Clinical significanceThe findings of this study indicate that AI software has the potential to aid in the identification or screening of malignant oral lesions. Further improvements are required to enhance accuracy in classifying non-malignant lesions.

Burden and geographic distribution of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers in the Russian Federation.

The global incidence of lip and oral cavity cancers (OCCs) and oropharyngeal cancers (OPCs) is steadily increasing. While tobacco and alcohol consumption are established risk factors, a considerable proportion of these cancers has become attributed to human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. We aimed to describe the occurrence and identify potential risk factors of OCCs and OPCs across the Russian Federation during 2007-2018. We conducted an ecological analysis using publicly accessible data from the P.A. Herzen Moscow Oncology Research Institute. Incidence and mortality rates by jurisdiction were mapped for geospatial analysis. We pre-defined 11 potential contributing risk factors and used univariable and multivariable Poisson regression model with backwards stepwise variable selection to identify associated factors with OCC and OPC. A total of 190,585 individuals were diagnosed with OCCs and OPCs in Russia between 2007-2018. Non-uniform geographic distribution of cancer cases was noted where the Far Eastern Federal District had the highest rate of OCC and the Central Federal District of OPCs. Districts with high weekly alcohol consumption had significantly higher incidence and mortality rates in both sexes. Districts with high rates of daily smoking had higher incidence of OCC among females, and those with low smoking trends had lower mortality rates for OCCs and OPCs. We detail the burden of OCCs and OPCs across Russia, with the aim of elucidating modifiable risk factors and proposing evidence-based prevention strategies. Tobacco/alcohol sales control measures and smoking/drinking cessation programs should continue to be prioritized as public health measures, especially for females.

Exploring the comprehensive review of diagnostic methods of oral cancer: A global scenario

Oral cancer is one of the common cancers in the worldwide, with a delayed clinical detection and prognosis. There is no specific biomarkers for this kind of disease and also no expensive therapeutic alternative methods. It is two to three times more prevalent in men than women in most ethnic groups. It is a preventable disease, where smoking and alcohol-considered major risk factors. India has one of the highest incidences of oral cancer and delayed stage recovery is common. Surgery remains the treatment of choice and adjuvant treatment is recommended in patients with high-risk. Functional outcomes and treatment-related morbidity needs to be considered, and reconstruction with free tissue transfer provides the best outcomes. Particularly while speech, swallowing, mastication efficiency, and dental rehabilitation. Future generations has to fight these dreadful diseases until scientists and clinicians are provided the opportunities to expand efforts to prevent, detect (early), and eradicate oral and other head and neck cancers.