Translation Options Research Articles

Sustainable Fashion: Definitions and Their Interpretation in the Ukrainian Scientific Discourse

The aim of the article is to analyse and systematise existing definitions and translation options for the sustainable fashion term in the Ukrainian language; to outline the difference of this term with the concept of “ecological fashion” taking into account their tendencies to evolve, as well as to clear up definite terms. Research methods: the method of comparative analysis of scientific publications in the fashion sphere, as well as methods of synthesis and generalisation are applied. Scientific novelty: the existing definitions and translations of sustainable fashion in the Ukrainian scientific discourse are analysed and systematised, and the tendencies of their usage with a certain semantic load are traced. The definitions of sustainability in fashion design in the publications of Ukrainian scientists are presented in the table. The practical significance of the work grounds in the possibility of using the results of the study for rethinking and forming a holistic system of ideas about the concept of sustainability in fashion of Ukraine, where each component is an important part of achieving the goal. Conclusions. At the moment, the study proves that a set expression “sustainable fashion”, taking into account the concept of “sustainable development”, can be considered as the most appropriate translation of the term sustainable fashion, which is a significant basis for this translation. Understanding the concept of sustainability in fashion of Ukraine, a deep understanding of its principles and mechanisms of action emphasises the designer’s activity and stakeholders on the use of conscious and thoughtful processes, technologies, materials. In addition, as a result of the analysis, it can be concluded that it is important to translate and adapt the English-language terminology from the fashion design design for use in Ukraine, which actualises the awareness and understanding of multiple processes that influence the formation of approaches to fashion based on the principles of sustainability.

Virus-mimicking nanodrug active crossing of the blood-brain barrier via transcytosis against central nervous system leukemia

The poor central nervous system leukemia (CNSL) clinical efficacy of conventional doses of chemotherapy is mainly attributed to the limited permeability of chemotherapy agents caused by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Effectively enhancing the accumulation of drugs across the BBB in the central nervous system is one of the key challenges in improving patient compliance and clinical efficacy of CNSL. Here, we find that the VP1 protein, the functional module of the John Cunningham (JC) virus, can safely penetrate the BBB through a sialic acid receptor-mediated transcytosis mechanism. Based on this, we develop a JC virus-mimicking nanodrug delivery platform based on VP1 protein-conjugated self-assembled nanoparticles (MFHV), which can active target and cross the BBB via a receptor-mediated transcytosis for safe and effective low-dose chemotherapy against CNSL after systemic administration. The results demonstrate that such a platform can penetrate the BBB through the dual mechanism of clathrin-mediated endocytosis and micropinocytosis pathway. When further synergistic with ferroptosis and histamine metabolism, the long-term survivors of low-dose MTX are significantly enhanced by 83.3 % and 56.7 % in two CNSL mice models. Collectively, this study takes a new perspective on natural living materials and molecule targeting of the BBB to present a promising strategy for low-dose chemotherapy against CNSL with safety and efficacy, which might provide a clinically translatable option for the prevention and treatment of CNSL.

Реализация характеристики «злой» при переводе на немецкий язык (на примере переводов прозы Ф. М. Достоевского)

The aim of the study is to determine the main semantic differences between the Russian adjectives ‘злой’ (evil; angry) and ‘злобный’ (spiteful; malicious) and their most frequent translation equivalents in the German language. The research material is limited to 6 translations into German of the stories “Notes from the House of the Dead” and “Notes from Underground” by F. M. Dostoevsky (3 translations of each story). The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the work is the first to examine the influence of the internal semantic structure of the Russian lexemes ‘злой’ and ‘злобный’ on the choice of translation correspondences in the German language. As a result of the study, it is shown that in the German language, there is a wide variety of translation options for the Russian adjectives ‘злой’ and ‘злобный’, among which we can distinguish nuclear lexical units that are almost complete semantic correspondences and such units that have semantic features allowing them to be used only in certain contexts: if the characteristic ‘злой’ refers to a person and to the description of relationships between people.

Gastric slow-wave modulation via power-controlled, irrigated radio-frequency ablation.

Recently, radio-frequency ablation has been used to modulate slow-wave activity in the porcine stomach. Gastric ablation is, however, still in its infancy compared to its history in the cardiac field, and electrophysiological studies have been restricted to temperature-controlled, non-irrigated ablation. Power-controlled, irrigated ablation may improve lesion formation at lower catheter-tip temperatures that produce the desired localized conduction block. Power-controlled, irrigated radio-frequency ablation was performed on the gastric serosal surface of female weaner pigs (n = 5) invivo. Three combinations of power (10-15 W) and irrigation settings (2-5 mL min-1) were investigated. A total of 12 linear lesions were created (n = 4 for each combination). Slow waves were recorded before and after ablation using high-resolution electrical mapping. Irrigation maintained catheter-tip temperature below 50°C. Ablation induced a complete conduction block in 8/12 cases (4/4 for 10 W at 2 mL min-1, 1/4 for 10 W at 5 mL min-1, 3/4 for 15 W at 5 mL min-1). Blocks were characterized by a decrease in signal amplitude at the lesion site, along with changes in slow-wave propagation patterns, where slow waves terminated at and/or rotated around the edge of the lesion. Power-controlled, irrigated ablation can successfully modulate gastric slow-wave activity at a reduced catheter-tip temperature compared to temperature-controlled, non-irrigated ablation. Reducing the irrigation rate is more effective than increasing power for blocking slow-wave activity. These benefits suggest that irrigated ablation is a suitable option for further translation into a clinical intervention for gastric electrophysiology disorders.

İNGİLİS DİLİNDƏ LEKSİK İFADƏLƏRİN İŞLƏNMƏ XÜSUSİYYƏTLƏRİNƏ DAİR

About the Peculiarities of using Lexical Expressions in the English Language Summary The article discusses the lexical expressions used in the English language and their significance in various aspects of communication. It explores the semantic and structural aspects of these expressions, as well as their role and place in different languages and the possibilities of translating them. The article also examines the characteristics of national and international flavor, the analysis of their use in different contexts and functional areas. The author notes that lexical expressions enhance the capacity and depth of thought, enrich the emotional and stylistic quality of a piece of writing. The context in which the recipient encounters these expressions is crucial, as it determines the meaning and connotations of the words used. Lexical expressions play a significant role in personalizing and characterizing the speech of a character or figure in a text. Key words: English, vocabulary, cultural nuances, translation options, phrases, context

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL MOTION VERBS IN THE ORIGINAL AND WAYS OF THEIR TRANSFER IN UKRAINIAN TRANSLATION

Paradigmatic and syntagmatic characteristics of adverbial verbs (AVs) of motion were analysed in the original, and the ways of their transfer in the Ukrainian translation were investigated. The analysis of their dictionary entries shows that most of them possess branched semantic structures and include an integral seme which can be either principal or optional. Their syntagmatic potential is quite wide, based on the variety of distributional patterns that were found. Three methods of their translation were registered: variant matches, translation transformations and zero translation (the least frequent). Translation transformations (contextual substitutions) turned out to be the dominant translation method. The following combinatorics of translation options was established: a) transmission of the seme of motion within the structure of the occasional correspondence; b) “leveling” of this seme and actualization of “other action” seme; c) actualization of motion seme in the verbs which don’t have it in their SL semantic structures. Correlation between the factors predetermining translation strategies was established. AVs’ contextual surroundings, with possible incorporation of contextual semes in the semantic structures of these verbs, turned out to be the most influential factor in the translation process. Context, in a broad sense, presupposes obligatory consideration of such parameters as differences in semantic scopes and combinability of words in the SL and TL. Besides, it is also necessary to take into account the factor of compliance of the translation equivalent with the literary norms of the TL. AVs’ right surroundings (post-positive particles) are also quite important, as they enrich their semantics and specify the way of motion. They were mainly rendered by means of prepositions, adverbs and a variety of prefixes as a substitute of SL prepositions. In order to achieve adequacy of translation, the translator resorted to different lexical and grammatical transformations, such as: specification of meaning, modulation, substitution of parts of speech, permutation, addition and antonymous translation. Individual AVs with connotative overtones presented the greatest problem for the translator. Translation is a synthesis of objective and subjective factors. Translator’s individuality and expertise predetermine the quality of the final product.

AN ANALYSIS OF SYNCTATIC ERRORS IN RUSSIAN TRANSLATIONS OF PUBLIC SIGNS IN CHINA

The article analyzed translations of the public signs installed on the territory of China and are aimed at native speakers of the Russian language. It is important to note that when translating from Chinese into Russian, while taking into consideration to the differences in the system of languages, the norms of the contemporary Russian literary language, including syntactic norms, are violated. In this paper, the authors propose a classification of the types of violations of the linguistic norms of the present-day Russian literary language based on the texts of public signs in Russian. The reasons for the occurrence of these violations are presented and a recommended translation option is proposed. Errors in the translation of public signs are described from the point of view of syntactic structures, e. g. various types of phrases and sentences. At the same time, along with the violation of syntactic norms in the translation of public signs into Russian, violations of lexical norms are considered. More precise equivalents for both languages are proposed, taking into account cross-cultural communication aspects. The set public signs translated into Russian can serve as a starting point for further research into graphic, spelling, lexical, grammatical and even pragmatic errors.

Oral β-RA induces metabolic rewiring leading to the rescue of diet-induced obesity

Obesity represents a significant health challenge, intricately linked to conditions such as type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and hepatic steatosis. Several existing obesity treatments exhibit limited efficacy, undesirable side effects or a limited capability to maintain therapeutics effects in the long-term. Recently, modulation Coenzyme Q (CoQ) metabolism has emerged as a promising target for treatment of metabolic syndrome. This potential intervention could involve the modulation of endogenous CoQ biosynthesis by the use of analogs of the precursor of its biosynthesis, such as β-resorcylic acid (β-RA). Here, we show that oral supplementation with β-RA, incorporated into the diet of diet-induced obese (DIO) mice, leads to substantial weight loss. The anti-obesity effects of β-RA are partially elucidated through the normalization of mitochondrial CoQ metabolism in white adipose tissue (WAT). Additionally, we identify an HFN4α/LXR-dependent transcriptomic activation of the hepatic lipid metabolism that contributes to the anti-obesity effects of β-RA. Consequently, β-RA mitigates WAT hypertrophy, prevents hepatic steatosis, counteracts metabolic abnormalities in WAT and liver, and enhances glucose homeostasis by reducing the insulin/glucagon ratio and plasma levels of gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). Moreover, pharmacokinetic evaluation of β-RA supports its translational potential. Thus, β-RA emerges as an efficient, safe, and translatable therapeutic option for the treatment and/or prevention of obesity, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).

Upconverting Nanoparticles Coated with Light-Breakable Mesoporous Silica for NIR-Triggered Release of Hydrophobic Molecules.

Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) doped with Yb3+ and Tm3+ are near-infrared (NIR) to ultraviolet (UV) transducers that can be used for NIR-controlled drug delivery. However, due to the low quantum yield of upconversion, high laser powers and long irradiation times are required to trigger this drug release. In this work, we report the one-step synthesis of a nanocomposite consisting of a LiYbF4:Tm3+@LiYF4 UCNP coated with mesoporous UV-breakable organosilica shells of various thicknesses. We demonstrate that a thin shell accelerates the breakage of the shell at 1 W/cm2 NIR light exposure, a laser power up to 9 times lower than that of conventional systems. When the mesopores are loaded with hydrophobic vitamin D3 precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DH), shell breakage results in subsequent cargo release. Its minimal toxicity in HeLa cells and successful internalization into the cell cytoplasm demonstrate its biocompatibility and potential application in biological systems. The tunability of this system due to its simple, one-step synthesis process and its ability to operate at low laser powers opens up avenues in UCNP-powered NIR-triggered drug delivery toward a more scalable, flexible, and ultimately translational option.

The Semantic Characteristics of Pronominal Nouns in Vietnamese and Translation into Chinese

This article explores the semantic aspects of pronominal nouns in Vietnamese, examining the usage of animal pronominal nouns in direct dialogues excerpted from the work 'The Adventure of Cricket' by writer To Hoai. It also compares these with their modern Mandarin Chinese translations. Based on the results, the article analyzes the methods of translating Vietnamese pronominal nouns into Mandarin Chinese and proposes recommendations and solutions based on translation options presented by Mona Baker.

SOFTWARE CAPABILITIES FOR TEXT IDENTIFICATION: COMPARISON FOR SIMILARITY, IDENTITY ESTABLISHMENT, UNIQUENESS CHECK

The study was carried out within the framework of identification linguistics and translational linguistics. The article describes some methods for determining the degree of similarity of texts: shingle algorithm, Levenshtein distance, systems for detecting plagiarism. The purpose of the work is to test the software capabilities of comparing texts for similarity, establishing their identity, and checking uniqueness. In a broad sense, these tasks fall within the area of text identification. In a qualitative (manual) assessment of the similarity of texts, identifying parameters are selected and selected specifically for the text under study. The use of electronic resources is determined by the desire for objectivity of the methods used to establish the identity of texts and the objectivity of the results obtained. Software products also make it possible to establish another, quantitative, characteristic — the degree of similarity of texts to each other or the degree of originality of the text. The work used services whose tasks include 1) comparing the similarity of two texts; 2) calculation of the Levenshtein distance; 3) detection of borrowing. The research material was an excerpt from an interview with Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov. Reverse machine translation texts served as options for comparison with the source text. Reverse machine translation as a translation product is part of artificial intelligence and a model of the process of understanding and interpreting natural language. The results of using the proposed services made it possible to arrange five reverse machine translation options from the most unique text to the text that is most identical to the invariant. The study showed that the programs generally produce similar results, which can be applicable to solving research and applied problems related to establishing the identity and difference of texts. The prospect of the study is to identify lexical parameters that make it possible to classify reverse machine translation texts as the most or least identical with respect to the invariant.

Skeletal stem and progenitor cells in bone development and repair.

Bone development, growth, and repair are complex processes involving various cell types and interactions, with central roles played by skeletal stem and progenitor cells. Recent research brought new insights into the skeletal precursor populations that mediate intramembranous and endochondral bone development. Later in life, many of the cellular and molecular mechanisms determining development are reactivated upon fracture, with powerful trauma-induced signaling cues triggering a variety of postnatal skeletal stem/progenitor cells (SSPCs) residing near the bone defect. Interestingly, in this injury context, the current evidence suggests that the fates of both SSPCs and differentiated skeletal cells can be considerably flexible and dynamic, and that multiple cell sources can be activated to operate as functional progenitors generating chondrocytes and/or osteoblasts. The combined implementation of in vivo lineage tracing, cell surface marker-based cell selection, single-cell molecular analyses, and high-resolution in situ imaging has strongly improved our insights into the diversity and roles of developmental and reparative stem/progenitor subsets, while also unveiling the complexity of their dynamics, hierarchies, and relationships. Albeit incompletely understood at present, findings supporting lineage flexibility and possibly plasticity among sources of osteogenic cells challenge the classical dogma of a single primitive, self-renewing, multipotent stem cell driving bone tissue formation and regeneration from the apex of a hierarchical and strictly unidirectional differentiation tree. We here review the state of the field and the newest discoveries in the origin, identity, and fates of skeletal progenitor cells during bone development and growth, discuss the contributions of adult SSPC populations to fracture repair, and reflect on the dynamism and relationships among skeletal precursors and differentiated cell lineages. Further research directed at unraveling the heterogeneity and capacities of SSPCs, as well as the regulatory cues determining their fate and functioning, will offer vital new options for clinical translation toward compromised fracture healing and bone regenerative medicine.

Options for subtitling English movie lyrics into Arabic

Subtitling lyrics poses a problem regarding conveying the content and the form, which include meaning, rhyme, rhythm, and other musical features. This requires having well-trained professional translators to master the rendering of those features in the target language, bearing in mind the constraints imposed by subtitling as an audio-visual mode. This study examines the Arabic subtitled version of English movie lyrics and explores the translator’s options in rendering their content and form. To this end, sixteen lyrics were extracted from five movies that have been subtitled. The compiled lyrics were classified into different categories based on the translation options proposed by Franzon (2008). The option of “translating lyrics without taking the music into consideration” was used 11 times, while the option of “aesthetic translation” was opted for four times. “Not translating the lyric” was used only once, while the option of “creating new lyrics for the music” was not adopted in any of the five movies. The study recommends two research areas: exploring dubbed Arabic versions of English movie lyrics and analyzing subtitled lyrics in other language pairs.

Critical interactional strategies for selecting candidate translations in online translation tools in collaborative EFL writing tasks

With the increased frequency in the use of online translation tools (OTTs), such as Google Translate, in the foreign language classroom, teachers are reported to be concerned about students’ overdependence on these tools, their potential detrimental effects on learning, ethical issues of using them inappropriately and students’ lack of skills to use them critically. Thus, this study sets out to investigate the basis of teachers’ scepticism empirically by analysing OTT search sequences that display critical interactional strategies, where students reject the first translation option(s) offered by an OTT. The data analysed come from 22 h of video data of collaborative writing tasks, tracked using multimodal conversation analysis. The findings revealed five critical OTT strategies deployed to resolve emergent lexical issues. However, the pairs of students varied greatly in their use and range of critical OTT strategies, suggesting the need for explicit training in using different strategies.

Bioengineering of vascularized porcine flaps using perfusion-recellularization

Large volume soft tissue defects greatly impact patient quality of life and function while suitable repair options remain a challenge in reconstructive surgery. Engineered flaps could represent a clinically translatable option that may circumvent issues related to donor site morbidity and tissue availability. Herein, we describe the regeneration of vascularized porcine flaps, specifically of the omentum and tensor fascia lata (TFL) flaps, using a tissue engineering perfusion-decellularization and recellularization approach. Flaps were decellularized using a low concentration sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) detergent perfusion to generate an acellular scaffold with retained extracellular matrix (ECM) components while removing underlying cellular and nuclear contents. A perfusion-recellularization strategy allowed for seeding of acellular flaps with a co-culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) onto the decellularized omentum and TFL flaps. Our recellularization technique demonstrated evidence of intravascular cell attachment, as well as markers of endothelial and mesenchymal phenotype. Altogether, our findings support the potential of using bioengineered porcine flaps as a novel, clinically-translatable strategy for future application in reconstructive surgery.

Ver en Español: A Pilot Project to Investigate Translation Methods for Archival Exhibits and Finding Aids

The internationalization brought about by online finding aids and the United States’ expanding diverse population necessitates a renewed focus on representation and accessibility in archival research. The accessibility of archival resources depends on the language in which the content is offered to the public. Throughout the United States, the Spanish-speaking population continues to grow. Employees in the University of North Texas Special Collections department obtained grant funding to translate finding aids and digital exhibits into Spanish, with an emphasis on finding a translation solution that offered a balance between cost and quality (i.e., readability and accuracy). This article discusses possible options for translation, including translation vendors, Office 365, and DeepL; findings of the project, with specifics about the cost-effectiveness and quality of each option; and general advice to other institutions interested in undertaking translation projects, regardless of available resources.

Small Extracellular Vesicles From Infarcted and Failing Heart Accelerate Tumor Growth.

Myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure are associated with an increased incidence of cancer. However, the mechanism is complex and unclear. Here, we aimed to test our hypothesis that cardiac small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), particularly cardiac mesenchymal stromal cell-derived sEVs (cMSC-sEVs), contribute to the link between post-MI left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) and cancer. We purified and characterized sEVs from post-MI hearts and cultured cMSCs. Then, we analyzed cMSC-EV cargo and proneoplastic effects on several lines of cancer cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells. Next, we modeled heterotopic and orthotopic lung and breast cancer tumors in mice with post-MI LVD. We transferred cMSC-sEVs to assess sEV biodistribution and its effect on tumor growth. Finally, we tested the effects of sEV depletion and spironolactone treatment on cMSC-EV release and tumor growth. Post-MI hearts, particularly cMSCs, produced more sEVs with proneoplastic cargo than nonfailing hearts did. Proteomic analysis revealed unique protein profiles and higher quantities of tumor-promoting cytokines, proteins, and microRNAs in cMSC-sEVs from post-MI hearts. The proneoplastic effects of cMSC-sEVs varied with different types of cancer, with lung and colon cancers being more affected than melanoma and breast cancer cell lines. Post-MI cMSC-sEVs also activated resting macrophages into proangiogenic and protumorigenic states in vitro. At 28-day follow-up, mice with post-MI LVD developed larger heterotopic and orthotopic lung tumors than did sham-MI mice. Adoptive transfer of cMSC-sEVs from post-MI hearts accelerated the growth of heterotopic and orthotopic lung tumors, and biodistribution analysis revealed accumulating cMSC-sEVs in tumor cells along with accelerated tumor cell proliferation. sEV depletion reduced the tumor-promoting effects of MI, and adoptive transfer of cMSC-sEVs from post-MI hearts partially restored these effects. Finally, spironolactone treatment reduced the number of cMSC-sEVs and suppressed tumor growth during post-MI LVD. Cardiac sEVs, specifically cMSC-sEVs from post-MI hearts, carry multiple protumorigenic factors. Uptake of cMSC-sEVs by cancer cells accelerates tumor growth. Treatment with spironolactone significantly reduces accelerated tumor growth after MI. Our results provide new insight into the mechanism connecting post-MI LVD to cancer and propose a translational option to mitigate this deadly association.

Features of translation of English-language horror filmonyms into Russian and German

The subject of the research of the article is the general features and specific features of the translation of horror discourse filmonyms from English into Russian and German. The object of the study is the original English-language and translated Russian- and German-language filmonyms of horror discourse. In our work, we will be interested in strategies and techniques for translating English-language horror discourse filmonyms, since the horror film genre is one of the most popular at the moment, and a large number of films are being released in English. When translating movie titles, a translator faces a number of difficulties and must solve them by choosing a translation technique and strategy. Often, the translation of a filmonym is accompanied by a shift in its leading function, or a change in the type of filmonym according to the peculiarities of its perception by the viewer. The work uses the continuous sampling method, comparative linguistic analysis of parallel filmonyms, as well as quantitative data processing methods. The research material was a sample including 150 original English-language horror-discourse filmonyms and their translation options into Russian and German. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the features of the translation of film names are studied in a comparative aspect using the example of Russian- and German-language horror discourse based on the material of the titles of films released over the past two decades. A methodology is being developed for a comparative study of the features of translating film names into different languages. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that the domestication strategy of filmonyms is high-frequency; for German-language translated filmonyms, the use of a forenization strategy is much more typical. A feature of the German film distribution is the high frequency of combining two translation strategies, when the first forenized part of the filmonym is combined with domestication in the second part of the movie title after the dash sign. Due to the fact that German translated film names undergo less transformations, they are less characterized by a functional shift compared to translated film names in the Russian film distribution. When translated into Russian, preference is given to tonal-type filmonyms, which corresponds to the peculiarities of the horror genre.

Assessment of the quality of poetic translation (based on the material of translations of British poetry into Russian)

The subject of the research in the article is the peculiarities of assessing the quality of translation of poetic texts. The object of the study is the translation of a poetic text as a complex multidimensional process. In this paper, we will be interested in criteria for evaluating the quality of translation of a poetic work, since a comprehensive assessment of the quality of a poetic translation remains an unresolved problem, and the need for such a procedure remains. The criteria for evaluating poetic translation mean such signs of high-quality poetic translation, on the basis of which a standardized assessment of any poetic translation can be made, for example, in the conditions of a translation competition. To develop evaluation criteria, the author examines in detail the difficulties of translating poetry. The results of a comparative analysis of original and translated poetic texts are analyzed on the basis of the selected criteria. The work uses methods of directed sampling, comparative linguistic (phonetic, semantic, syntactic) analysis of parallel texts, linguistic and pragmatic analysis using elements of cultural and stylistic analysis, as well as quantitative data processing methods. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that a method of analyzing a poem based on an assessment of the quality of poetic translation is proposed. The concept of the quality of poetic translation is clarified, criteria for a comprehensive assessment of the quality of poetic translation are formulated. A comparative analysis of parallel original and translated texts – works of British poetry and their translations into Russian, performed by professional translators, is carried out. The quality of a poetic translation can be the object of a comprehensive assessment, which is carried out using a number of criteria: the preservation of the original author's idea, composition and rhyme of a poetic work, the selection of appropriate equivalents by the translator, the absence of significant permutations, omissions and distortions, as well as compliance with the norms of the translation language. The criteria for a comprehensive assessment of the quality of poetic translation can be recommended to the organizers of translation contests to evaluate the works of the participants of the contests, as they reduce the effect of subjective factors in the analysis of quality and make it possible to rank translation options, identify the most qualitative of them.

Linguocultural Elements in Text of Novel “On Eve” and Analysis of Their Translated Equivalents in Serbian

The article is devoted to the issue of cross-cultural communication and difficult cases of translation into Serbian and Croatian languages of lexical and phraseological units from Ivan Turgenev’s novel “On the Eve”. The relevance of this issue lies in the analysis of translation as an act of communication, during which the linguistic worldview of the people is represented. The material for the study was translations of the novel “On the Eve” into Serbian and Croatian languages from different years, which are close to Russian. As a tertium comparationis, we considered the translation of this work into English. The authors analyzed forms of address and non-equivalent vocabulary, as well as idioms, which translators represented differently in their translation options. As a result of the study, it was found that difficulties arise in translating words that denote concepts related to the cultural-historical Russian context. It is shown that Serbian translators often try to take historical facts into account and give comments when there are no equivalents in their native language. It is noted that there is currently a need for a Russian-Serbian linguistic and cultural dictionary that will help a specialist create an adequate translation variant close to the original.