Optimal Formulation Research Articles

Improvement for modeling the damping of the wake oscillator based on the Van der Pol scheme

Given the importance of risers and umbilical cables in the exploitation of deep-sea resources, the vortex induced vibration (VIV) of long flexible cylinders has been systematically studied, and it is acknowledged that the wake oscillator is a satisfactory tool in practically predicting the VIV for offshore engineering applications. Based on the conventional wake oscillator with different damping term formulations, the present study systematically explores the influences of the coefficients and the maximum order of a polynomial damping term within the Van der Pol type wake oscillator. More specifically, the coefficients of the second-order polynomial are adjusted to vary inside a reasonable range, and the polynomial order is increased from the conventional specification of 2–4, 6, and 8. The vibrations of the flexible cylinder predicted by the revised wake oscillator are compared to the measurements taken from an experiment reported in the literature. The comparison indicates that increasing polynomial coefficients generally reduce VIV dominant mode numbers. In addition, increasing the polynomial order aligns the dominant mode more closely with experimental data, although this effect diminishes when the polynomial order exceeds 4. It is argued that the gradual change in phase differences along the cylinder induced by increasing either polynomial coefficient or maximum order could be the reason. The present study sheds light into the mechanism for the damping effect observed in hydrodynamic forces observed in VIVs and lays the foundation for suggesting an optimal formulation of the damping terms as 0.45q2+0.6q−0.3 compared to the conventional formulation of 0.3q2−0.3.

Formulation, Optimization and Evaluation of Dabigartan Etexilate Encapsulated Solid Supersaturated Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System

Objective: The present study proposed Dabigatran Etexilate loaded solid supersaturat-ed self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (solid S-SNEDDS) for enhancement of payload, drug solubility, dissolution rate as well as minimization of drug precipitation. Methods: The study involved formulation optimization using the Box-Behnken design. The op-timal SNEDDS consisting of Caprylic acid (32.9% w/w), Cremophor EL (50.2% w/w) and Transcutol HP (18.8% w/w) as Oil, Surfactant and Co-surfactant, respectively were formulated and evaluated for particle size, PDI, Zeta potential and saturation solubility. The SNEDDS was further incorporated with PPIs for the preparation of supersaturated SNEDDS (S-SNEDDS) to in-crease the drug payload in the formulation. S-SNEDDS was converted to solid S-SNEDDS by ad-sorption onto the porous carrier i.e., Aerosil®200. The in-vitro drug release study was also con-ducted for solid S-SNEDDS. Results: SNEDDS had size, PDI, and Zeta potential of 82 nm, 0.347, -10.50 mV, respectively. SNEDDS enhanced the saturation solubility of the drug by 93.65-fold. Among PPIs, HPMC K4M showed the most effective response for the formulation of S-SNEDDS. The S-SNEDDS had a more substantial drug payload, which further increased the solubility by 150 times of pure drugs and 16 times of SNEDDS. Solid S-SNEDDS exhibited free-flowing properties. Reconstituted sol-id S-SNEDDS had acceptable size, PDI, and Zeta potential of 131.3 nm, 0.457, and -11.3 mV, respectively. In-vitro drug release study revealed higher drug dissolution and minimized drug pre-cipitation by SNEDDS compared to marketed products and pure drugs. Conclusion: Proposed nano-formulation was found to efficiently improve the aqueous solubility of the drug and avoid the drug precipitation, thereby avoiding drug loss and improving drug bioa-vailability.

Optimizing Wall Material Ratios for Enhanced Bioactive Compound in Ficus deltoidea using Freeze Drying

Ficus deltoidea (FD) is well documented for its pharmacological properties, including anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and anti-aging properties. However, the stability and adsorption of many bioactive compounds in herbs are poor, limiting their bioavailability. This study aimed to investigate the optimal formulation ratios and different wall materials (maltodextrin (MD) and gum Arabic (GA)) for encapsulating FD extract using freeze drying. Physicochemical characterizations of the formulated FD powders included evaluation of marker compound (isovitexin), phenolics (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) content. The safety of the optimized encapsulated FD (OEFD) powder was assessed through microbiological assay. The optimal conditions, determined through response surface methodology (RSM), were a solid ratio of 20% w/v, a 75% MD: 25%GA and 3:1 of core to wall ratio, which resulted in the highest retention of isovitexin at 1.96 g/g, phenolic content of 1473 GAE mg/ 10 g extract and flavonoids content of 185 CE mg/ 10 g extract. Optimizing the freeze -drying process for FD extract improved its quality by retaining the marker compound. This optimization ensures that the bioactive compounds remain stable and effective, enhancing the therapeutic potential of the extract.

Potential of Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Peel with Sesame Seeds (Sesamum indicum) as Jam

This research delves into the untapped potential of incorporating dragon fruit peel (Hylocereus polyrhizus) and sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum) to develop a unique and innovative jam. By exploring this unconventional combination, the study aims to contribute to sustainable fruit processing practices, and the creation of value-added food products, and to offer a sustainable solution to reduce food waste. The investigation encompasses a comprehensive analysis of the sensory attributes, nutritional composition, and antioxidant properties of the dragon fruit peel and sesame seeds jam. Through meticulous experimentation, the researchers seek to determine the optimal formulation that not only enhances the flavour profile but also ensures a well-balanced and nutritious product.

Investigation of Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Deformable Nanovesicles for Insulin Nebulization Inhalation.

Nebulized inhalation offers a noninvasive method for delivering drugs to treat both local respiratory and systemic diseases. In this study, insulin was used as a model drug to design a series of deformable nanovesicles (DNVs) with key quality attributes, including particle size, deformability, and drug load capacity. We investigated the effects of these properties on aerosol generation, macrophage phagocytosis, and bloodstream penetration. The results showed that deformability improved nebulization performance and reduced macrophage phagocytosis, benefiting local and systemic delivery. However, the advantage of DNVs for transmembrane penetration was not evident in the alveolar epithelium. Within the size range of 80-490 nm, the smaller the particle size of IPC-DNVs, the easier it is to evade clearance by macrophages and the more effective the in vivo hypoglycemic efficacy will be. In the drug load range of 3-5 mg/mL, a lower drug load resulted in better hypoglycemic efficacy. The area above the blood glucose decline curve with time (AAC) of nebulized DNVs was 2.32 times higher than that of the insulin solution, demonstrating the feasibility and advantages of DNVs in the pulmonary delivery of biomacromolecule drugs. This study provides insights into the construction and formulation optimization of pulmonary delivery carriers.

Improving the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of felodipine for the control of diabetes-associated atherosclerosis: In vitro and in vivo characterization

Felodipine has proven to be effective as an atherosclerosis therapy because it increases blood flow to the vessel wall. However, the poor solubility, low bioavailability, and hepatic first-pass metabolism of oral felodipine compromise its therapeutic effectiveness. The study’s goal is to create a nasal pH-sensitive hydrogel of felodipine-loaded invasomes (IPHFI) that will improve felodipine’s release, permeation, bioavailability, and efficacy as a potential diabetes-associated atherosclerosis therapy. According to the pre-formulation study, the felodipine-loaded invasomes formulation composed of phospholipid (3%w/v), cholesterol (0.16%w/v), ethanol (3%v/v) and cineole (1%v/v) was chosen as the optimum formulation. The optimum formulation was characterized in vitro and then mixed with a mixture of chitosan and glyceryl monooleate to make the IPHFI formulation. The IPHFI formulation enhanced the release and permeation of felodipine by 2.99 and 3-fold, respectively. To assess the efficacy and bioavailability of the IPHFI formulation, it was studied in vivo using an experimental atherosclerosis rat model. Compared to oral free felodipine, the nasal administration of the IPHFI formulation increased the bioavailability by 3.37-fold and decreased the serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and calcification score by 1.56, 1.53, 1.80, and 1.18 ratios, respectively. Thus, nasal IPHFI formulation may represent a promising diabetes-associated atherosclerosis therapy.

Binder System Composition on the Rheological and Magnetic Properties of Nd-Fe-B Feedstocks for Metal Injection Molding

The applications of Nd-Fe-B-based magnets are experiencing significant diversification to achieve efficiency and miniaturization in different technologies. Metal injection molding (MIM) provides new opportunities to manufacture Nd-Fe-B magnets with high geometrical complexity efficiently. In this study, the impacts of the binder system composition and powder loading on the rheological behavior, contamination, and magnetic properties of the Nd-Fe-B MIM parts were investigated. A high-pressure capillary rheometer was used to measure the apparent viscosity and pressure drops for feedstocks with different binder formulations and powder contents. Also, oxygen and carbon contamination, density, and magnetic properties were measured for different feedstock formulations and powder loadings. From the rheological, density, and magnetic properties points of view, the binder system consisting of 45 vol.% LLDPE as backbone was selected as the optimum formulation. The findings indicated that the sample with this binder system and 55 vol.% powder content had a high density (6.83 g/cm3), remanence (0.591 T), and coercivity (744.6 kA/m) compared to other binder compositions. By using 58 vol.% powder loading, the values of density (7.54 g/cm3), remanence (0.618 T), and carbon residue (982 ppm) improved, and a suitable rheological behavior was still observed. Thus, a suitable feedstock formulation was developed.

Ionic Crosslinked Hydrogel Films for Immediate Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents.

This study describes the development of hydrogel formulations with ionic crosslinking capacity and photocatalytic characteristics. The objective of this research is to provide an effective, accessible, "green", and facile route for the decontamination of chemical warfare agents (CWAs, namely the blistering agent-mustard gas/sulfur mustard (HD)) from contaminated surfaces, by decomposition and entrapment of CWAs and their degradation products inside the hydrogel films generated "on-site". The decontamination of the notorious warfare agent HD was successfully achieved through a dual hydrolytic-photocatalytic degradation process. Subsequently, the post-decontamination residues were encapsulated within a hydrogel membrane film produced via an ionic crosslinking mechanism. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium alginate (ALG) are the primary constituents of the decontaminating formulations. These polymeric components were chosen for this application due to their cost-effectiveness, versatility, and their ability to form hydrogen bonds, facilitating hydrogel formation. In the presence of divalent metallic ions, ALG undergoes ionic crosslinking, resulting in rapid gelation. This facilitated prompt PVA-ALG film curing and allowed for immediate decontamination of targeted surfaces. Additionally, bentonite nanoclay, titanium nanoparticles, and a tetrasulfonated nickel phthalocyanine (NiPc) derivative were incorporated into the formulations to enhance absorption capacity, improve mechanical properties, and confer photocatalytic activity to the hydrogels obtained via Zn2+-mediated ionic crosslinking. The resulting hydrogels underwent characterization using a variety of analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), viscometry, and mechanical analysis (shear, tensile, and compression tests), as well as swelling investigations, to establish the optimal formulations for CWA decontamination applications. The introduction of the fillers led to an increase in the maximum strain up to 0.14 MPa (maximum tensile resistance) and 0.39 MPa (maximum compressive stress). The UV-Vis characterization of the hydrogels allowed the determination of the band-gap value and absorption domain. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay was employed to evaluate the decontamination efficacy for a chemical warfare agent (sulfur mustard-HD) and confirmed that the ionic crosslinked hydrogel films achieved decontamination efficiencies of up to 92.3%. Furthermore, the presence of the photocatalytic species can facilitate the degradation of up to 90% of the HD removed from the surface and entrapped inside the hydrogel matrix, which renders the post-decontamination residue significantly less dangerous.

Multilevel Categoric-One Factor Optimization Of Cremophor Rh 40 As Surfactant in Cream With Calabash (Crescentia cujete Linn) Leaves Ethanolic Extract

Indonesia's location on the equator is exposed to a high UV index, which triggers various health problems due to ultraviolet radiation, including melanoma. Melanoma is the 5th deadliest cancer that develops from the malignant transformation of melanin in oxidative stress conditions. Therefore, antioxidants are needed. Calabash is a natural exogenous antioxidant with an IC₅₀ value of 80.21 µg/mL (strong activity). Optimal formulations of cream containing calabash are determined by the concentration of ingredients and the selection of comprehensive analytical methods. This research aims to optimize cream preparations of calabash leaves ethanol extract with varying concentrations of Cremophor RH 40 as a surfactant using the multilevel categoric-one factor method. The cream was made with Cremophor RH 40 concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The cream was made by mixing the water phase (Nipagin, Glycerine, and Aquadest) and the oil phase (Cremophor RH 40, BHT, IPM, Cetostearyl alcohol, and Nipasol) after both phases reached a temperature of 60ºC in mixer speed no 1 for 15 minutes then followed by adding calabash leaves ethanolic extract until a homogeneous cream was formed. The parameters observed were organoleptic, homogeneity, the type of cream, pH, viscosity, dispersibility, and adhesion. The viscosity, dispersibility, and adhesion were chosen as the parameters for the formula optimization. The cream of calabash ethanolic extract was shown as green, homogeneous semi-solid with a soft texture and distinctive aroma, and was an oil-in-water (O/W) type cream. The average pH of 5.6 was suitable for facial skin. The viscosity value increased with increasing surfactant concentration while dispersibility decreased. The results of formula optimization obtained the optimum formula was FIII with a concentration of Cremophor RH 40 of 15% and a desirability value of 0,896.

Fisetin-loaded pluronic-based nanogel: Radiation synthesis for alleviating neurocognitive impairments in a rat model of alzheimer's disease via modulation of the apoptotic cascade

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by cognitive impairment and memory loss. In this study, AD was experimentally induced in rats using aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and D-galactose (D-gal). Fisetin (Fis), a natural compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has potential for neurodegeneration management, but its low bioavailability limits clinical applications. To address this, we synthesized and characterized Pluronic-2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (PLUR-PAMPS) nanogels using gamma radiation and successfully loaded Fis onto them (Fis-PLUR-PAMPS). The optimal formulation exhibited minimal particle size, a highly acceptable polydispersity index, and the highest zeta-potential, enhancing stability and solubilization efficiency. Our goal was to improve Fis's bioavailability and assess its efficacy against AlCl3/D-gal-induced AD. Male albino Wistar rats were pre-treated orally with Fis (40 mg/kg) or Fis-PLUR-PAMPS for seven days, followed by a seven-day intraperitoneal injection of AlCl3 and D-gal. Behavioral assessments, histopathological analysis, and biochemical evaluation of markers related to AD pathology were conducted. Results demonstrated that Fis-PLUR-PAMPS effectively mitigated cognitive impairments and neurodegenerative signs induced by AlCl3/D-gal. These findings suggest that Fis-PLUR-PAMPS nanogels enhance Fis's bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy, offering a promising approach for AD management.

Health Benefits of Palm Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Vitamin E, a well-known antioxidant with numerous positive effects on human health, encompasses tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF), a natural variant abundant in palm oil. This systematic review analyzed findings from randomized controlled trials published until 2022 to evaluate the health impacts of palm TRF. A literature search was performed in Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, OVID Medline, SCOPUS, and Web of Science from inception until December 2022. Thirty studies involving 2646 patients, including both healthy individuals and those with underlying conditions, were identified. This review shows palm TRF to be a promising natural supplement against inflammation and lipid peroxidation and that can significantly enhance overall health. Additionally, the study underscores the necessity for further research to ascertain the optimal dosage, formulation, and duration of supplementation, maximizing the potential health advantages. This systematic review provides evidence supporting the health benefits associated with palm TRF. PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020204070.

Formulation Development and Evaluation of Ticagrelor Oral Dispersible Tablets by Using Co-processed Superdisintegrants

Ticagrelor is a contemporary anti-platelet drug that inhibits the aggregation of platelets by blocking the adenosine phosphate (ADP) receptors of the subtype P2Y12; generally utilized in patients who have a previous history of myocardial infarction or with acute coronary syndrome to prevent occurring of myocardial infarction, cardiovascular death and stroke in future. This study focuses on the development of formulation development & assessment of an oral dispersible tablet of ticagrelor, a Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) class 4 drug, by using the co-processed superdisintegrants to enhance drug dissolution and bioavailability. Wet granules with different concentrations of co-processed superdisintegrants developed the tablets. This study includes seven formulations that were formulated using the different selected excipients. The various batches were assessed for physical characteristics, disintegration, dissolution studies, hardness and friability. In-vitro dissolution investigations were conducted for formulations. S1 to S7 at time points 5, 15 and 30 minutes. According to the results of the formulation S7 was discovered to be the optimum formulation, as shown 102.89% drug release at 5 minutes and a disintegration time of 16 seconds. Thus, it appears that S7 is the most suitable formulation of ticagrelor oral dispersible tablet in order for enhanced bioavailability.

Formulation and Evaluation of Naringin Loaded Transdermal Patches using 32 Full Factorial Design

The main goal of the current study was to maximize the bioavailability of naringin by prolonging the drug’s release using transdermal patches. Ethyl cellulose (EC) served as the lipophilic component and hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) as the hydrophilic matrix in the preparation of transdermal patches. A 32-complete factorial technique was used to build the optimal design matrix, altering the ratio between the hydrophilic and lipophilic matrices. To create the best optimum formulation, three alternative ratios of EC and HPMC were employed. The patches had pH values ranging from 5.28 ± 0.006 to 5.62 ± 0.015. The transdermal patches had thicknesses ranging from 0.514 ± 0.004 to 0.697 ± 0.004 mm. The average weight of the prepared transdermal patches ranged from 194.67 ± 0.578 to 241.67 ± 1.528 mg. The transdermal patches’ moisture content ranged from 7.23 ± 0.158 to 10.33 ± 0.158%. Tensile strength values of the prepared transdermal patches ranged from 9.59 ± 0.006 to 10.41 ± 0.035 kg/cm2, while the drug content varied from 94.7 ± 0.6 to 97.33 ± 0.208%.

Formulation Optimization and Preparation of Amlodipine and Telmisartan Double-layer Tablets (5/40Mg) using Wet Granulation Method

The two-layer tablet of amlodipine and telmisartan is an effective strategy to manage hypertension disease through a combination of various treatment mechanisms. However, the spray-drying method is currently used to prepare telmisartan tablets due to its extremely low solubility, which requires sophisticated equipment. In this study, wet granulation was applied to fabricate this two-layer tablet. Furthermore, design of experiments were deployed to design and optimize the formulation in order to obtain an in-vitro equivalence with the reference drug. As a result, a formulation of the two-layer table using the wet granulation method was successfully developed and optimized. The obtained tablet showed an in-vitro equivalence with the reference drug (with f2 superior to 50 for both amlodipine and telmisartan). Furthermore, the obtained tablet also met a set of in-house standards, including appearance, identification, assay, and dissolution rate. This study provided not a novel but effective and simple method of fabrication for amlodipine-telmisartan tablets using wet granulation. Furthermore, the obtained results also highlighted the significant contribution of a well-established design of experiments in the development of a complex tablet formulation.

Formulation Optimization and Evaluation of Herbal Films Containing Ethanol Leaves Extract of Cassia auriculata to Treat Chronic Constipation Disorder

An intriguing trend in recent years has been the designing of oral films containing extracts from medicinal plants. Therefore, efforts were made in the current work to create fast-dissolving herbal films using Cassia auriculata ethanol leaf extract in order to create a dosage form that would be more convenient to administer and treat chronic constipation disorders in the elderly. Varying ratios of hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose as polymer, propylene glycol as film softener, and a solvent-casting approach were utilized to create the quickly dissolving herbal films of C. auriculata leaf extract. A number of quality control measures, including weight fluctuation, thickness variation, surface pH, percentage moisture uptake, percentage moisture loss, disintegration time and folding endurance, were assessed. According to the findings, every film had a decent appearance, a smooth texture, was free of particle matter, and had excellent folding endurance. According to a content uniformity analysis, the drug is dispersed evenly across the entire film, and each one dissolves in less than 95 seconds. In-vitro dissolving studies using Paddle type apparatus in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer pH 6.8, which is simulated saliva, were performed for each film composition. Out of all nine formulations, formulation F5, which is an herbal film with 10% propylene glycol and 40% HPMC, exhibited complete drug release (99.6%) in 30 minutes and had a strong folding endurance value. The release of medication from films was found to follow a first-order kinetics. Overall, studies indicate that the most feasible dose form that can be used in medical settings for the treatment of chronic constipation disorder is fast-dissolving herbal films containing C. auriculata leaves extract. This is especially true for patients who have difficulty swallowing.

Formulation, Development and In-vitro Characterization of Modified Release Tablets of Curcumin

Objective: The current study set out to design and test a cost-effective system for developing modified-release tablets of curcumin in an effort to increase the duration of drug release. Because curcumin has a shorter elimination half-life, reducing the frequency of doses can increase its bioavailability. Methods: For improved drug retardation in the stomach environment, modified-release tablets were made utilizing the wet granulation method with various grades of high-potassium chloride (HPC) as the extended-release matrix-forming agent and katira gum as the viscosity-modifying agent. Combining the use of HPC and katira gum slows the drug’s release in the stomach. The sustained-release tablets had the highest rate of medication release for up to 24 hours with almost no stomach absorption. The medication and excipients did not interact, according to the fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra. There was no evidence of drug-excipient incompatibility, according to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests. Optimal formulation batch F2 modified release tablets showed no outward signs of deterioration after three months of storage, according to stability analysis. Further evidence that F2 was steady is the lack of variation in drug content and percentage of drug release. Conclusion: This study accomplished its stated goal of creating a modified-release tablet formulation that is both cost-effective and does not make use of coating technology.

Synthesis of a water‐soluble high hydroxymethyl content phenolic resin crosslinker and the associated polyacrylamide weak gel property investigation

AbstractAs an in‐depth profile control agent, water‐soluble phenolic resin crosslinking polyacrylamide weak gel has been widely used in the middle and high water cut stage of water flooding reservoir. In this study, the phenolic resin was synthesized by two‐step alkali catalysis. Factors influencing the synthesis of phenolic resin, including the molar ratio of phenol and formaldehyde, catalyst types, reaction time, were investigated with hydroxylmethyl and aldehyde content as the criterion. When the molar ratio of phenolic resin was 1:2 and NaOH was catalyst, at 80°C for 4 h, the phenolic resin had the highest hydroxymethyl content (49.37%) and the lowest free aldehyde content (2.95%). Weak gel was formed by the reaction of LT002‐polyacrylamide with phenolic resin. Taking the gelation time and strength as criteria, the factors influencing the crosslinking property, including hydroxymethyl content, crosslinker addition, and polyacrylamide concentration were investigated respectively. Under optimal formulation, the property investigation shows that the hydroxymethyl group in the phenolic resin can be crosslinked with the amide group in polyacrylamide, the gelation time is long (50–60 h), and the gelation strength is larger than 5 × 104 mPa s, which is conductive to the plugging of deep oil layers. When the permeability was 5061 × 10−3 μm2, the plugging rate was 72.73%.

Preparation of arbutin hydrogel formulation as green skin lightener formulation: in vitro and in vivo evaluation

A hydrogel formulation containing arbutin was developed for use as a topical cosmetic product aimed at enhancing the anti-melanogenesis effect and skin delivery. To develop Arbutin-hydrogel, 1% arbutin was incorporated into a Chitosan/alginate hydrogel. The impacts of biopolymer proportion on the arbutin-hydrogel preparations were investigated. Swelling analysis, weight loss analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, toxicity study and, skin absorption test were employed to assess the arbutin-hydrogel. The swelling percentages of arbutin-hydrogel increased significantly after 4 h. In vitro, cytotoxic activity revealed that arbutin-hydrogel has no toxicity. Also, the cutaneous penetration investigation revealed that arbutin-hydrogel had a superior cutaneous accumulation (42.25 ± 0.30%) compared to plain gel (16.80 ± 0.33%). Also, physico-chemical specifications assay and solid state assessment were employed to assess of optimum formulation. Arbutin-hydrogel (60.9 ± 1.68%) inhibited melanin formation more effectively than arbutin solution. In addition, arbutin-hydrogel exhibited a more inhibitory impact on L-dopa auto-oxidation (54.90 ± 2.26%) than arbutin solution (38.62 ± 2.26%). In addition, the Wistar rat cutaneous sensitivity testing demonstrated that the hydrogel component did not affect the epidermis. These outcomes demonstrated that the arbutin-hydrogel could potentially be utilized for Arbutin topical delivery, expanding the treatment options for hyperpigmentation disorders.

Processable, reversible, and reusable 100 % bio-based pressure sensitive adhesives using nanostarch

We developed a 100 % bio-based pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) possessing strong adhesion, as well as reusability, recyclability, and on-demand removability. The adhesive formulation is based on a colloidal mixture of starch (specifically amylopectin) nanoparticles and cellulose nanofibrils, combined with an aqueous solution of sorbitol and glycerol. Optimization of water supply and substitution of water with hygroscopic glycerol were implemented to address the challenges caused by the use of high water contents in hydrogels. By leveraging physical crosslinking through hydrogen bonding, we achieved high adhesion strength, reversibility, and reusability with 100 % bio-based materials. The optimal formulation demonstrates excellent rheological and adhesion properties, which are comparable to petrochemical-based adhesives in terms of tack, peel strength, and shear strength. While there are areas for further optimization, this work provides a foundational step towards a more sustainable adhesive industry.

Preparation of Rubra (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) extract and studies in activity and skin penetration

The inhibition rate of tyrosinase activity was used to determine extraction solvent of Paeoniae Radix Rubra extract (PRRE), which was established quality control standards by HPLC and verified the antioxidant activity. Ternary phase diagram was used to screen the best formulation of PRRE nanoemulsion, the skin permeability of PRRE and nanoemulsion were compared. The results show that 70% ethanol as the extraction solvent were highest (88.89%) and the contents of catechin (CC) and paeoniflorin (PF) in PRRE were 0.145 ± 0.0006 μg/mg and 21.783 ± 0.0247 μg/mg, respectively. The inhibition rate of PRRE on pyrogallol autoxidation was 6.94% ± 0.53%. The optimal formulation is Isopropyl myristate (IPM) as oil phase, Ethoxylated hydrogenated castor oil (RH40) as emulsifier, glycerine as coemulsifier, Km 3:1. The skin penetration of CC in PRRE nanoemulsion (0.79 ± 0.04 μg·cm−2) was significantly higher than that PRRE (0.17 ± 0.09 μg·cm−2) after 12 h.