Optimum Concentration Of Chitosan Research Articles

Enhanced coagulation of bentonite particles in water by a modified chitosan biopolymer

Chitosan, a biodegradable compound, is used as an eco-friendly coagulant in water and wastewater treatment to avoid production of the large amounts of sludge using conventional chemical coagulants. Conditioning of chitosan using four different salts (Na2SO4, NaHSO4, (NH4)2SO4, and KHSO4) along with H2SO4 and treatment condition optimization were investigated to enhance coagulating efficiency for bentonite suspension. Chitosan dissolved in acetic acid was used for coagulation of 5 g/l bentonite suspension. The optimum concentration of chitosan required for maximum coagulation of bentonite suspension was 5 mg/l. Among the five additives used for conditioning, NaHSO4, at all concentrations, was found to be the most effective for enhancing the coagulating efficiency of chitosan and it was at its maximum when conditioned by 0.05 mM NaHSO4. NaHSO4 conditioned chitosan showed better coagulating efficiency than unconditioned chitosan at all pHs (3–8) tested in this study. The coagulation of bentonite by chitosan was found to decrease with increase in pH of the suspension. Using 5 mg/l of NaHSO4 conditioned chitosan at pH 6, the removal percentage of bentonite was increased from 76% to 88 % compared to unconditioned chitosan.

Production of d-Limonene in Chitosan Elicited Citrus Japonica Suspension Cultures

Callus and cell suspension cultures of Citrus japonica Thunb. were established from seedlings. Chitosan was used as an elicitor for improving d-limonene content in cell suspension cultures. The effect of chitosan concentrations on cell growth and d-limonene content was studied. The optimum concentration of chitosan for d-limonene production by C. japonica Thunb. was 200 mg/L which, yielded 42.5 mg/L d-limonene at 12 days. Moreover, at 15 days, α-ter- pineol, a metabolite of d-limonene also reached the maximum content at 29.2 mg/L. At 21 days, both d-limonene and α-terpineol contents were 14.3 and 18.9 mg/L, respectively, which were increased 17 and 15 fold, respectively, higher than individual content without elicitation.

The Mechanism of Chitosan Enhanced Lung Surfactant Adsorption at the Air-Liquid Interface in the Presence of Serum Proteins

ABSTRACTPressure-area isotherms and fluorescence microscopy were used to investigate the impact of chitosan on the competitive adsorption between lung surfactant (LS) and serum proteins at the air-liquid interface. Isotherms demonstrate an optimum chitosan concentration to mediate LS adsorption; higher concentrations actually reduce the amount of LS which can adsorb. Fluorescence microscopy images show the transition from a serum protein to LS-covered interface for the optimum chitosan concentration; this transition goes through a sharply phase separated coexistence region. The results suggest that the cationic chitosan molecules mediate adsorption of the negatively charged LS aggregates by reducing the electrostatic barrier imposed by negatively charged interfacial serum proteins.

EFFECTS OF CHITOSAN SEED TREATMENT ON COLLETOTRICHUM SP. AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF CHILI CV. ´JINDA´

The effects of chitosan on the growth of Colletotrichum sp. that caused anthracnose disease in chili (Capsicum annuum L.) were investigated. Chitosan was homogenously added to potato dextrose agar (PDA) at pH 5.6. The optimum concentration of chitosan to control mycelial growth was found to be 0.8%. In the following experiments, seeds treated with chitosan solution for 60 min placed on a wet paper surface inoculated with a spore suspension showed reduced fungal infection. Chitosan treatment, particularly at 0.8%, also increased seedling survival to 77% whereas, without chitosan, about 33%. Similarly, seedling survival of in vivo seeds collected from chili fruits and inoculated with Colletotrichum sp. increased with chitosan treatments above 0.4%. The lignin content of seedlings obtained from chitosan-treated seeds was higher than that without chitosan treatment. The results demonstrate that chitosan seed treatment could reduce Colletotrichum sp. infection and improve seedling performance.

Surface chemical studies on SiC suspension in the presence of chitosan

The surface chemical characteristics of SiC suspension were examined in the presence of chitosan, a cationic polymer. The adsorption density of chitosan onto SiC showed a distinct maximum around pH 7, and the isotherms exhibited Langmuirian behaviour. The isoelectric point (i.e.p.) of SiC was located at pH 3 and the presence of chitosan shifted the i.e.p. values towards the alkaline pH region in proportion with the amount of polymer added. Consequent to the addition of chitosan, the zeta potential value of SiC surface was increased to +30 mV in the pH range of 2–5, while it was >−40 mV between pH 9.5 and 11.5. The favourable pH regimes for the stability of SiC dispersions were found to be between pH 2–6 and 9–11, with the optimum concentration of chitosan. The FTIR spectral measurements provided evidence in support of hydrogen bonding forces between chitosan and SiC surface.

Improved menthol production from chitosan-elicited suspension culture of Mentha piperita

The optimum concentration of chitosan to menthol production by Mentha piperita cells cultured in shake flasks was 200 mg/l, which gave 166 mg menthol/l after 12 days. Chitosan elicitation may activate the conversion of pulegone to menthol.

Effect of chitosan on indirubin production from suspension culture of Polygonum tinctorium

The effect of chitosan on indirubin production by Polygonum tinctorium cells cultured in shake flasks was investigated. The optimum concentration of chitosan for indirubin production was found to be 200 mg/ l, at which the specific indirubin concentration (indirubin concentration per unit weight of cells) was 5.17 mg/g dry cell weight (DCW). The optimum period of elicitation was 5 d in the presence of chitosan. Indirubin production was enhanced by 72% when the cells were cultured in the presence of 200 mg/ l of chitosan for 5 d using SH medium supplemented with 2.72 mM calcium chloride and 5 mM indole.

A procedure for the determination of optimal chitosan concentrations for elicitation of cultured plant cells

An experimental method for determination of the optimum chitosan concentration for elicitation of plant cell suspension cultures is presented. The procedure, which is based on measurements of the conductivity of the culture medium after addition of chitosan, has been applied to suspension cultures of Nicotiana tabacum and Eschscholtzia californica. Increased conductivity of the medium (due to permeabilization of the cells) results in decreased secondary product formation and cell growth. Maximum product formation is observed for cells elicited with the highest chitosan concentration which does not affect membrane permeability.

Application of chitosan spraying on acclimatization success of tiger orchid (Grammatophyllum scriptum) plantlets

Pitoyo A, Hani MR, Anggarwulan E. 2015.Application of chitosan spraying on acclimatization success of tiger orchid(Grammatophyllum scriptum) plantlets. Nusantara Bioscience 7: 185-191. In Indonesia, tiger orchid or anggrek macan(Grammatophyllum scriptum) is one of the orchid species that have been mass propagatedwith in vitro culture technique. Thesuccessful determinant of in vitro culture after planlet formation is acclimatization.Plantlet have faced with absolutely differentenvironmental condition between inside and outside bottle that potentially severe the survival of theplantlet.The objectives of thisresearch were to know theeffect of chitosan for success of chitosan spraying inacclimatization ofplantlets ofG. scriptumand to knowthe optimum concentration of chitosan that can help thesuccessful of the acclimatization of plantletsG. scriptum.This research used aCompletely Randomized Design (CRD) with four level concentrations of chitosan spraying, there were 0 g/L; 0,5 g/L; 0,75 g/L;1 g/L.Every treatment underwent 15 repetitions. The data taken on this research were qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative data wasgot from observation of morphology and anatomy then it was analyzed descriptively. The quantitative data was got from percentage ofplantlets life, observation ofshoot length, leaves length, leaves width, number of leaves, number of shoot, index and density of stomatal.The quantitative data was analyzed byAnalysis of Variance (ANOVA), if there was a significant difference between treatment groupsthen followed byDuncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at level significanceof5 %. The result of thisobservation indicated that theeffect of chitosanwassignificant on several parameters including width leaf,plantlets height,and stomatal index while the length andnumber of leaves were not significantly different. The concentration of chitosan real effected on these ranged from 0.5-0.75 g/L.Chitosan concentration at above of 0,75 g/L showed a negative influence on theacclimatization successfully ofplantletsG. scriptum.