Optimum Layer Thickness Research Articles

Optimal Coatings of Co3O4 Anodes for Acidic Water Electrooxidation.

Implementation of proton-exchange membrane water electrolyzers for large-scale sustainable hydrogen production requires the replacement of scarce noble-metal anode electrocatalysts with low-cost alternatives. However, such earth-abundant materials often exhibit inadequate stability and/or catalytic activity at low pH, especially at high rates of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Here, the authors explore the influence of a dielectric nanoscale-thin oxide layer, namely Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, SnO2, and HfO2, prepared by atomic layer deposition, on the stability and catalytic activity of low-cost and active but insufficiently stable Co3O4 anodes. It is demonstrated that the ALD layers improve both the stability and activity of Co3O4 following the order of HfO2 > SnO2 > TiO2 > Al2O3, SiO2. An optimal HfO2 layer thickness of 12nm enhances the Co3O4 anode durability by more than threefold, achieving over 42h of continuous electrolysis at 10mA cm-2 in 1m H2SO4 electrolyte. Density functional theory is used to investigate the superior performance of HfO2, revealing a major role of the HfO2|Co3O4 interlayer forces in the stabilization mechanism. These insights offer a potential strategy to engineer earth-abundant materials for low-pH OER catalysts with improved performance from earth-abundant materials for efficient hydrogen production.

Development of data-driven models for the optimal design of multilayer sand filters for on-site treatment of greywater

Greywater, with limited content of pathogens, makes up more than half of the produced wastewater in urban areas. Given the high cost of wastewater management and treatment, it causes sense to collect greywater separately at the source and employ an on-site treatment system to increase opportunities for on-site water reuse. For this purpose, this paper aims to propose a multilayer granular filter as an inexpensive and simple on-site treatment method for greywater reuse. Furthermore, as determining the optimal structure of multilayer filters is a serious challenge, a simulation-optimization model is developed for determining the best filter configuration. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is trained based on experimental results to simulate the filter performance with different combinations of layers and the Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to find the optimal thickness of different layers based on ANN simulation results. The proposed filter in this paper for greywater treatment consists of silica sand (in three different gradings) and activated carbon (with fixed grading) and treatment measures for evaluation of filter performance are considered as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Electrical Conductivity (EC). Due to difficulties in collecting, transferring, and storing the real greywater, synthetic greywater was used in this study. 49 experiments with different combinations of filter media thicknesses were performed and the performance of the filter was analyzed. Generally, three-layer filters perform better in COD and EC reduction, however, the average COD and EC elimination equals 36.3% and 15.1%, respectively, which indicates more efficiency of filter in COD reduction in comparison with EC. Based on the optimization-simulation model and experimental results, a filter consisting of 33 cm of fine sand, 20 cm of activated carbon, and 7 cm of medium sand results in the maximum efficiency and can reduce the COD and EC of greywater by 72% and 30%, simultaneously. According to the optimization outputs, the ideal filter can treat greywater up to having EC of 1000 μS/cm and COD of 321 mg/L, which is generally suitable for irrigation purposes.

A novel method to estimate the dead layer of HPGe detector for Monte Carlo FEPE computation

In this study, a novel method to determine the surface and lateral dead layers of p-type HPGe detector is proposed to compute the full energy peak efficiency (FEPE). The method employed standard radioactive point sources 241Am, 133Ba and FEPE measurement at low energies to estimate the thickness of frontal and lateral dead layers. The method is simple to apply, requires only two standard radioactive sources to estimate the optimum thickness of frontal and lateral dead layers. The proposed method is validated by measuring the efficiency of various point sources and a volume source in the energy range from 59 to 1408 keV. The measured efficiencies agree to simulation with relative deviation less than 4.0% at each energy. The proposed detector model enables to calibrate the detector for environmental radioactivity measurement without standard volume sources.

Modelling analysis and performance evaluation of a novel hybrid CdTe-PCM PV glass module for building envelope application

In this work, a novel hybrid CdTe-PCM PV glass module (CdTe-PCMG) was proposed, fabricated and tested. A mathematical optical-electrical-thermal coupled model was established and validated against the experiment data under different ambient conditions. Based on the validated model, a building energy simulation (BES) model integrated with the novel modules as building windows was established. Comparison case study was respectively conducted between the building model with single PV glass module under a continuous hot/cool week. Impacts of several parameters including the PV coverage, ambient conditions, PCM thickness and phase change range on the comprehensive electrical and thermal performance was analyzed. Annual performance in five different climatic cities was predicted to discuss the PCMG's regional application potential. Main conclusions are: (1) The utilization of PCM has improved the electrical output of the PV glass and enhanced the indoor thermal comfort when applied on the building envelope; (2) According to the parameter analysis under the cool week, the optimal PCM layer thickness and phase change range were 3.5 cm and 22 °C ∼ 24 °C; (3) Based on the annual performance predictions, the PCMG was more suitable to be applied in the regions with abundant solar radiation resource or mild climate condition.

Analyzing the Effect of Planar and Inverted Structure Architecture on the Properties of MAGeI3 Perovskite Solar Cells

Charge transport layers (CTLs) have remarkable influence on the stability and efficiency of perovskite cells (PSCs). Different CTL combination used with the perovskite forms unique energy band alignment and electric field. They have significant effects on the optoelectrical properties of PSC. Identifying the right CTL for perovskite is crucial. Herein, the PSC of CH3NH3GeI3 is modeled in SCAPS‐1D with 13 CTLs. Because of their carrier mobility, chemical stability, and electric/thermal conductivity, copper, kesterite, and carbon CTL have been selected. The PSC is analyzed in planar (n–i–p) and inverted (p–i–n). A systematic approach has been adopted to analyze the influence of CTL on the quantum efficiency, absorption, transmissivity, band alignment, electric field, recombination, and I–V characteristics in both architectures. To further enhance the efficiency, design optimization of layer thickness and doping has been carried out. Moreover, the effect of defects, temperature, reflection, and work functions on the performance of PSC has also been studied. Based on the results, phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) performs better in planar, while C60 performs better in inverted. Most of the Cu hole‐transport layers (HTLs) perform better in inverted architecture, while most of the kesterite HTLs perform better in planar architecture. The best‐performing p–i–n structure is PCBM/per/CuAlO3 with power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.32%, while the best n–i–p is C60/Per/CuAlO2 with PCE of 14.82%.

Improved Light Utilization Efficiency for an ITO‐Free Semitransparent Organic Solar Cell Using a Multilayer Silver Back Electrode as Infrared Mirror

Semitransparent organic solar cells (STOSCs) exhibit promising application as power‐generating windows in buildings and agricultural greenhouses. Due to unique optical properties of organic semiconductors, they can efficiently absorb near‐infrared light while maintaining a high degree semitransparency in the visible range. Since power conversion efficiency (PCE) and average visible transmission (AVT) frequently stand in a trade‐off relationship, a major challenge in improving the overall performance of STOSCs is maximizing the product of both, called light utilization efficiency (AVT × PCE = LUE). Herein, using multiple layers of aluminium‐doped ZnO (AZO) and silver as an infrared reflecting back electrode, in order to increase current generation while maintaining high visible transparency, is proposed. Using optical modeling, the optimal layer thickness of the AZO layer sandwiched between two Ag layers is determined, leading to an increased photocurrent generation of up to 10%. Simultaneously, experimental findings show that the fill factor decreases with an increasing AZO layer thickness. By adjusting the thickness of the photoactive layer, the blend concentration, and improving the top electrode material the thus‐far highest reported LUE for indium tin oxide‐free STOSCs is attained, reaching 4.0% with a PCE of 8.7% and an AVT of 46.3%.

Disordered plasmonic nanocavity enhanced quantum dot emission

In this paper, a large-scale compatible plasmonic nanocavity design platform is utilized to achieve a nearly order of magnitude photoluminescence (PL) enhancement. The proposed design is made of multi-sized/multi-spacing gold (Au) nanounits that are uniformly wrapped with a thin aluminum oxide (Al2O3) layer, as a foreign host to form a metal–insulator–semiconductor cavity, as they are coated with semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). Our numerical and experimental data demonstrate that, in an optimal insulator layer thickness, the simultaneous formation of broadband Fabry–Perot resonances and plasmonic hot spots leads to enhanced light absorption within the QD unit. This improvement in absorption response leads to the PL enhancement of QDs. This work demonstrates the potential and effectiveness of a random plasmonic nanocavities host in the realization of lithography-free efficient emitters.

Geometrical and crystal plasticity modelling: Towards the establishment of a process-structure-property relationship for additively manufactured 316L struts

This paper presents a methodology to establish a process structure property (PSP) relationship for the additive manufacturing (AM) of thin AISI 316L struts, as might be used in coronary stent applications. The methodology is based on a new geometrically based process-structure method for AM process variables, and crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) modelling that includes the representation of melt pool microstructure morphology and texture. The effects of AM process variables are characterised with respect to ductility, yield strength and UTS across a range of process variables, including hatch spacing, layer thickness and build orientation (two orientations are considered: horizontal and vertical). The CPFE-predicted effect of build orientation is shown to be consistent with experimental test results. The present methodology has allowed identification of optimal hatch spacing and layer thickness for a given laser spot size, power and scanning speed. CPFE modelling of AM melt pool texture is shown to be key to successful prediction of the effects of process variables on mechanical behaviour.

Optimizing Layer Thickness and Width for Fused Filament Fabrication of Polyvinyl Alcohol in Three-Dimensional Printing and Support Structures

Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) is frequently applied as a support material in 3D printing, especially in the crafting of intricate designs and projecting elements. It functions as a water-soluble filament, often paired with materials like ABS or PLA. PVA serves as a momentary scaffold, supporting the jutting segments of a 3D model throughout the printing process. Subsequent to printing, the primary component can be effortlessly isolated by dissolving the PVA support using water. PVA, being a pliable and eco-friendly polymer, is susceptible to moisture. Its aqueous solubility renders it a prime selection for bolstering 3D print structures. In this investigation, equivalent-sized samples were 3D printed utilizing an Ultimaker 3D printer to assess the potency of PVA-generated specimens. Tensile examinations were executed on each sample employing a testing apparatus. The durability of the specimens was notably impacted by the input parameters, specifically the stratum width and stratum thickness. Strength dwindled as stratum width increased, whereas it rose with augmented stratum thickness. A few specimens with heightened stratum width and compromised quality displayed subpar performance during the tensile assessment. The findings unveiled a peak tensile strength of 17.515 MPa and a maximum load of 1600 N. Attaining an optimal degree of material utilization led to a decrease in filament consumption by 8.87 g, all the while upholding a MTS (maximum tensile strength) of 10.078 MPa.

A passive evaporative cooling strategy to enhance the electricity production of hybrid PV-STEG system

The dependable and efficient thermal regulation technology for combined photovoltaic-solar thermoelectric generator (PV-STEG) system is of great importance to ensure output performance. To enhance the electrical behavior of PV-STEG system, a passive evaporative cooling (PEC) technique was presented in this work. Some critical parameters such as solar concentration ratio, ambient temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, and water layer thickness were discussed in detail for a comprehensive assessment of the influence on system temperature, electricity production, and energy conversion efficiency. The obtained findings suggested that adopting PEC technology may greatly lower the operating temperature of the PV-STEG system when compared to the uncooled PV-STEG system. At the solar concentration ratio of 5, the maximum temperature reduction of 92.09 K can be achieved with the assistance of PEC technology. Furthermore, the system performance is greatly influenced by ambient conditions. For example, if the system is exposed to lower ambient temperature, lower relative humidity, and higher air velocity, it produces more electrical power. In addition, compared with other factors, the impact of the water layer thickness is quite gentle, and the temperature difference is less than 1 K. However, there also exists an optimal water layer thickness, and the specific value is 1 mm when the solar concentration ratio is 3. Moreover, compared to traditional passive fin cooling technology, this system demonstrates superior performance.

Optimizing the performance of Cs2AgBiBr6 based solar cell through modification of electron and hole transport layers

This work investigates the potential of Cs2AgBiBr6 as an absorber layer for solar cell applications and explores ways to advance the PV performance of cells by studying different electron transport layers (ETLs) and hole transport layers (HTLs). The energy band diagrams of the Cs2AgBiBr6 based cell are analyzed with different ETLs and HTLs to illustrate how electrons and holes flow within the cell. Specifically, one of the proposed cells substitutes TiO2 with chlorine passivated tin oxide (Cl@SnO2), while the other uses phenyl-C60 -butyric acid methyl ester on tin oxide (C60 -SnO2) as the ETL. The PV characteristics of the Cs2AgBiBr6-based solar cell is evaluated using SCAPS 1D. The PV performance parameters of Cs2AgBiBr6-based solar cells has been analyzed in search of optimum thickness of Cs2AgBiBr6 layer. Subsequently, the impact of bulk defect density in Cs2AgBiBr6 layer at the obtained optimum thickness i.e., 611 nm has also been explored. C60-SnO2 is found to have higher electron mobility, work function, and stability than Cl@SnO2, making it a better choice for the ETL. The resulting PV parameters for the cell Cl@SnO2/CS2AgBiBr6/Me4PACz are: VOC - 1.527 V, JSC - 10.42 mA/cm2, FF − 75.66%, and PCE - 12.08%. While the cell SnO2-C60/Cs2AgBiBr6/Me4PACz delivers PV parameters VOC- 1.53 V, JSC- 12.81 mA/cm2, FF - 79.15%, and PCE - 13.43%.

Engineering negative differential resistance in negative capacitance Quad-FinFET

In this work, a systematically analysis of the Negative Capacitance (NC) Quad-FinFET structure is carried out where we determine the optimal FE layer thickness that enables hysteresis-free transfer characteristics. However, negative differential resistance (NDR) is introduced along with the increased FE-layer thickness, which is not desirable for application in analogcircuits. Through the implementation of an asymmetric drain length extension and a high-k Si3N4 spacer, negative differential resistance (NDR) can be mitigated. In addition, the relatively poor analog performance generally seen in conventional FinFET structures are overcome in the drain engineered NC Quad-FinFET structure with gate spacer resulting in significant improvement in performance parameters such as transconductance, output conductance and intrinsic gain. The integration of NC Quad-FinFET as a digital inverter is carried out where the circuit propagation delay is decreased by 27.65% with drain length extension and inclusion of Si3N4 spacer. Thus, through these device optimization techniques, the NC Quad-FinFET structure shows significant improvement in both analog and digital device performance parameters.

Optimization of SiO2 reflective layer thickness for improving the performance of structured CsI scintillation screen based on oxidized Si micropore array template in X-ray imaging.

Structured scintillation screen based on oxidized Si micropore array template can effectively improve the spatial resolution of X-ray imaging. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of SiO2 layer thickness on the light guide and X-ray imaging performance of CsI scintillation screen when the structural period is as small as microns. Cylindrical micropores with a period of 4.3 µm, an average diameter of 3.3 µm and a depth of about 40 µm were prepared in Si wafers. SiO2 layer was formed on the pore walls after thermal oxidation. Increasing SiO2 layer thickness would be beneficial to the propagation of scintillation light along the cylindrical channels. What was not previously anticipated was that the pore size gradually shrank as the SiO2 layer thickened. The pore shrinkage would reduce the filling rate of CsI in the templates and thus would reduce the production of scintillation light. The structured CsI scintillation screens with different SiO2 layer thicknesses were fabricated by filling CsI scintillator into the oxidized silicon micropore array template. The morphology, crystallinity, X-ray excited optical luminescence, and X-ray imaging performance of the screens were studied. The results show that the spatial resolutions of X-ray images measured using the structured CsI scintillation screens with different SiO2 layer thicknesses are close to each other, and they are all about 110 lp/mm. However, the X-ray excited optical luminescence of the screen and detective quantum efficiency of X-ray imaging vary with the thickness of the SiO2 layer. The optimal thickness is about 350 nm.

Optimization of fiber orientation and layer thickness in thin carbon fiber-reinforced plastic curved structures

In automated carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) lamination technologies, such as AFP, the design of the path for accurate tape application is challenging. Therefore, a molding technology that allows the use of variable tape widths and thicknesses, which are fixed in previous methods, is currently being developed. Fiber orientation and layer thickness should be optimized in a 2D plane. However, for structures with free-form surfaces, such as propellers, three-dimensional (3D) manufacturing design becomes necessary. A method is proposed here for optimizing the fiber orientation and layer thickness of a prepreg tape for a 3D propeller model with a curved surface structure. This method enables curve boundary-agnostic tape lines, by projecting curves created on a two-dimensional plane onto a curved surface. Multi-objective optimization with displacement and weight as objective functions reduced the displacement by 20.0% while maintaining strength. These results are likely to be informative for weight reduction and manufacturing design of CFRP structural components.

Tape of the truth: Ta2O5 nanopore array formed under broad potential range and SERS potential after silver sputtering

The deposition of a plasmonic metal layer on a nanostructured oxide surface is one of the important methods of preparing a platform for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements. In this contribution, we describe the formation of SERS substrates by the deposition of a silver layer on ordered a Ta2O5 nanopore array. The influence of various experimental anodization process parameters on the morphology of a Ta2O5 nanopore array was carefully studied. It was found that the formation of a Ta2O5 nanopore array is possible under a broad potential range (15–50 V) in a highly acidic solution containing F− ions. In some cases, the nanopore array structures were covered by an outer layer rich in F− and SO42− ions, which could easily be removed using adhesive tape or by sonication. The deposition of an Ag layer led to SERS activity. The optimal Ag layer thickness was specified based on SEM and DRS measurements. The SERS substrates formed exhibited high point-to-point, sample-to-sample and time durability.

Developing a TRNSYS model for radiant cooling floor with a pipe-embedded PCM layer and parametric study on system thermal performance

The design of the radiant cooling floor with a pipe-embedded PCM layer (RCF-PEPCML) lacks a relevant reference basis. Simulation is the best way to determine the optimal design of the system. The simulation research of PCM radiant terminals has been developed, but there is still a need to establish a convenient transient simulation method for RCF-PEPCML, in order to conduct various optimization studies on system design. In order to meet this simulation requirement, a two-dimensional heat transfer model for a pipe-embedded PCM layer (PEPCML) was established. The numerical model was written in FORTRAN language and integrated into TRNSYS to create a new module (TYPE207) for simulating a PEPCML. The accuracy of the new module was verified by experiments conducted in a scaled experiment room with radiant floor cooling. Then, using the newly-built module and TRNSYS, a case study was conducted to explore the effect of several key parameters on the thermal performance of the RCF-PEPCML. The influencing parameters considered include the PCM's phase change temperature, phase change latent heat, and the PCM layer thickness. The results of univariate sensitivity analysis show that these three parameters all greatly affect the thermal performance of RCF-PEPCML. The recommended optimal phase change temperature should meet this condition where the lower limit of the phase change temperature interval is higher than the water supply temperature by 0–1 °C. The optimal phase change latent heat and optimal PCM layer thickness depend on the specific design conditions of the cooling terminal. It is suggested to perform optimization design analysis for specific cases through simulation. The orthogonal test analysis of multiple parameters shows that the optimal design parameters combination for the case study is the combination of a phase change temperature of 20 °C, a phase change latent heat of 160 kJ/kg, and a PCM layer thickness of 15 mm. Among the three influencing factors, the phase change temperature should be given priority.

Numerical simulation of CdSe/ZnTe thin film solar cells by SCAPS-1D: Optimization of absorber layer thickness

The numerical simulation is a crucial approach for optimization of different architectures of solar cells. Currently, there is an explicit demand of device design and numerical simulation associated to the thin film solar cells. In order to taper the scope and bridge this research gap, the optimization of absorber layer thickness is undertaken employing SCAPS-1D software. Herein, device designing and numerical simulation to the CdSe/ZnTe based hetero-junction solar cell bearing device architecture of glass/FTO/ZnTe/CdSe/Ag is undertaken. The thickness of CdSe absorber layer is varied from 1 μm to 5 μm with an interval of unity. The findings revealed that better performance comprising Vocof 698 mV, Jscof 3.0689 mA/cm2, FF of 82.76% and power conversion efficiency of 1.79% is predicted for absorber layer thickness of 5 μm. The quantum efficiency of more than 60% is observed in lower wavelength region for devices having higher absorber thickness. It could be believed that present concise study on CdSe/ZnTe hetero-junction solar cells would provide novel road map and withdraw the attention of researchers for development of facile devices.

Research on New Solid Waste Heat Insulation Material for Deep Mining

The global demand for mineral resources has led to the gradual transformation of the mining industry from the traditional shallow, small-scale mining mode to the high-intensity mining of deep underground mines. Due to the high stress, high temperature, high permeability, and easy disturbance of deep mines, new challenges have been brought to the mining of materials. Some scholars have improved the thermal insulation performance of concrete by adding low thermal conductivity materials such as ceramsite, shell, and natural fiber to traditional shotcrete, but there are still high costs, insufficient support strength, and unsatisfactory thermal insulation effects. Given the background related to the fact that it is still not possible to fully recycle the large amount of solid waste generated by mining activities, this paper, with traditional shotcrete as its basis, uses coal fly ash to replace part of the cement and tailings to replace part of the sand and gravel aggregate. In addition, it adds basalt fiber to reduce thermal conductivity and restore strength. An orthogonal experiment of three factors and three levels was designed to explore a new type of solid waste-based thermal insulation support shotcrete material. Through the testing and analysis of the mechanical and thermal properties of the specimens, it was concluded that the optimal ratio of the materials was 45% fly ash, 50% tailings, and 25% basalt fiber (the percentage of the total mass of fly ash and cement). The compressive strength of the specimens after curing for 28 days could reach 16.26 MPa, and the thermal conductivity and apparent density were 0.228561 W/(m·k) and 1544.00 kg/m3, respectively. By using COMSOL Multiphysics multi-physics coupling software to analyze the coupling of the stress field and temperature field, it was concluded that the optimum thickness of the thermal insulation layer of this material was 150 mm. The field application in a mine in Shandong Province proved that it met the effects of thermal insulation (the ability to isolate heat conduction) and support. The successful trial of this material provides a new idea for the solving of the problem of heat damage and solid waste utilization in deep mines, which has a certain practical significance.

A Numerical Approach to Analysis of an Environment-Friendly Sn-Based Perovskite Solar Cell with SnO2 Buffer Layer Using SCAPS-1D

In this research, we have proposed a Sn-based perovskite solar cell using solar cell capacitance software. The main aim of this study is to develop an environment-friendly and highly efficient structure that can be used as an alternative to other toxic lead-based perovskite solar cells. This work performed a numerical analysis for the proposed (Al/ZnO/SnO2/CH3NH3SnI3/Ni) device structure. The absorber layer CH3NH3SnI3, buffer layer SnO2, and electron transport layer (ETL) ZnO, with aluminium as the front contact and nickel as the back contact, have been used in this simulation. Several analyses have been conducted for the proposed structure, such as the impact of the absorber layer thickness, acceptor density, defect density, series and shunt resistances, back contact work function, and operating temperature. The device simulation revealed that the optimum thickness of the absorber layer is 1.5 μm and 0.05 μm for the buffer layer. The proposed Sn-based perovskite structure has obtained a conversion efficiency of 28.19% along with FF of 84.63%, Jsc of 34.634 mA/cm2, and Voc of 0.961 V. This study shows the upcoming lead-free perovskite solar cell’s enormous potential.

Ti Alloying as a Route to BaZrS3 Chalcogenide Perovskite with Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance

This research focuses on the impact of Ti doping on the band gaps and optoelectronic performance of BaZrS3. The study aims to systematically analyze this influence using computational methods and investigates the electronic structures and optical properties of BaZrS3 with varying Ti concentrations. The results reveal that, as the Ti concentration increases, the band gap of BaZrS3 gradually decreases, following a quasi-linear relationship. Specifically, at 6.25 and 12.5% Ti integration into the perovskite lattice, the band gap values decrease to 1.61 and 1.53 eV, respectively. Furthermore, Ti substitution at Zr sites leads to improved absorption peaks in the visible region. This study holds significant implications because it contributes to understanding the potential of Ti alloying in tailoring the band gap and enhancing the optoelectronic performance of BaZrS3. These findings have practical relevance for the development of efficient solar cells. Numerical analysis using the SCAPS-1D device simulator is performed to evaluate the performance of pristine and Ti-doped BaZrS3-based devices. The computed alloys demonstrate desirable qualities for photovoltaic applications, achieving cell efficiencies ranging from 21 to 24% for an optimum layer thickness of 1000 nm. Notably, the highest efficiency of 24.86% is achieved with 12.5% Ti doping. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the effects of Ti doping on BaZrS3 and highlights the potential of Ti alloying as a strategy to improve the optoelectronic properties of this material. These findings pave the way for further exploration and development of Ti-doped BaZrS3 as a promising candidate for efficient solar cell applications.