OLSR Research Articles

Multi Point Relay Selection in OLSR Routing Protocol using Particle Swarm Optimization

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) or wireless ad-hoc sensor network are capable of configuring, organizing networks with ad-hoc infrastructure. In MANETs nodes are mobile therefore the topology of MANETS changes dynamically. The nodes in MANETS are with limited transmission range so they cannot communicate directly so uses the intermediate nodes for communication. As nodes in a MANET normally have limited transmission ranges, some nodes cannot communicate directly with each other. Hence uses other intermediate nodes for communication so every node also work as a router Various routing protocols are available for MANETS. Optimized Link State routing protocol (OLSR) is a table driven, proactive protocol derived from optimization of the link state routing protocol. It uses hello and topology control messages to find out and then distribute link state information throughout the mobile ad hoc network. It is a congestion control routing protocol, which uses the concept of flooding through Multi Point Relay (MPR) only to minimize the overhead of routing messages.

An Enhanced MPR OLSR Protocol for Efficient Node Selection Process in Cognitive Radio Based VANET

A VANET is an excellent instance of a wireless sensor network. The mobile vehicles are the nodes and communication happens between the vehicular nodes. This facility of communicating with the vehicular nodes finds varied applications ranging from entertainment to emergency services. When combined with cognitive radio techniques, VANETs are equipped with the facility of sensing the spectrum opportunistically. When the spectrum is sensed efficiently, the channel and the bandwidth can be utilized effectively. To achieve this, we have coordinated the enhanced Optimal Link State Routing Protocol (MMPR-OLSR) with the GSA-PSO (Gravitational Search-Particle Swarm Optimization) scheme in combination with the cognitive radio technique. This technique can be applied to the Vehicular Sensor Networks. MMPR-OLSR with GSA-PSO optimization facilitates the MMPR-OLSR protocol to select the suitable member nodes using an optimal searching technique. The GSA-PSO optimization not only helps in choosing the appropriate MMPR nodes, but also helps in reducing the unnecessary overheads due to the propagation of the control packets. By selecting the appropriate MMPR nodes. It is also possible to minimize the number of relay selector nodes used in transmission. The optimization technique also focuses on assigning the channels among all the network users. This is controlled by our proposed approach. A group of nodes are selected before the start of the actual transmission. These vehicular nodes within the communication range are used as relays in the transmission. These nodes are categorized as Multi Point Relays. Cognitive radio plays an active role by identifying the idle channels, thus enabling the usage of the unused channels. Our proposed approach works efficiently in achieving the objective of effective channel utilization combined with efficient transmission. Our proposed approach is simulated using the NS2 platform and is evaluated based on important network metrics. Our proposed method shows a sharp decrease in delay and a high packet delivery ratio in addition to a high channel utilization. The proposed GSA-PSO approach decreases the delay associated with packet transmission and delivery in VANETs and also ensures a good PDR due to the effective channel utilization.

A Novel Fog Computing Based Architecture to Improve the Performance in Content Delivery Networks

Along with the continuing evolution of the Internet and its applications, Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) have become a hot topic with both opportunities and challenges. CDNs were mainly proposed to solve content availability and download time issues by delivering content through edge cache servers deployed around the world. In our previous work, we presented a novel CDN architecture based on a Fog computing environment as a promising solution for real-time applications. In such architecture, we proposed to use a name-based routing protocol following the Information Centric Networking (ICN) approach, with a popularity-based caching strategy to guarantee overall delivery performance. To validate our design principle, we have implemented the proposed Fog-based CDN architecture with its major protocol components and evaluated its performance, as shown through this article. On the one hand, we have extended the Optimized Link-State Routing (OLSR) protocol to be content aware (CA-OLSR), i.e., so that it uses content names as routing labels. Then, we have integrated CA-OLSR with the popularity-based caching strategy, which caches only the most popular content (MPC). On the other hand, we have considered two similar architectures for conducting performance comparative studies. The first is pure Fog-based CDN implemented by the original OLSR (IP-based routing) protocol along with the default caching strategy. The second is a classical cloud-based CDN implemented by the original OLSR. Through extensive simulation experiments, we have shown that our Fog-based CDN architecture outperforms the other compared architectures. CA-OLSR achieves the highest packet delivery ratio (PDR) and the lowest delay for all simulated numbers of connected users. Furthermore, the MPC caching strategy shows higher cache hit rates with fewer numbers of caching operations compared to the existing default caching strategy, which caches all the pass-by content.

Attack Analysis and Designing of Quality of Service Framework for Optimized Link State Routing Protocol in MANET

Attack Analysis and Designing of Quality of Service Framework for Optimized Link State Routing Protocol in MANET

MANETs: QoS and Investigations on Optimized Link State Routing Protocol

MANETs: QoS and Investigations on Optimized Link State Routing Protocol

Performance Analysis of the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol with Link-Layer Feedback for Mobile Ad hoc Networks

Performance Analysis of the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol with Link-Layer Feedback for Mobile Ad hoc Networks

Performance Evaluation of Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector and Optimized Link State Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are self-sufficient networks that can work without the need for centralized controls, pre-configuration to the routes or advance infrastructures. The nodes of a MANET are autonomously controlled, which allow them to act freely in a random manner within the MANET. The nodes can leave their MANET and join other MANETs at any time. These characteristics, however, might negatively affect the performance of the routing protocols and the overall topology of the networks. Subsequently, MANETs comprise specially designed routing protocols that reactively and/or proactively perform the routing. This paper evaluates and compares the performance of two routing protocols which are Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) in MANET environment. The study includes implementing a simulation to examine the performance of the routing protocols based on the variables of the nodes’ number and network size. The evaluation results show that the AODV outperforms the OLSR in most of the simulated cases. The results further show that the number of nodes and network size have a great impact on the Throughput (TH), Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and End-to-End delay (E2E) of the network.

Reliability analysis of service routing for a power system communication network based on MCS‐RBD

The Reliability Block Diagram (RBD) is widely used to calculate the reliability of power systems, while it can hardly distinguish the states of information transmission between normal and fault. To reflect the reliability level of the transmission route objectively, a Modified Cut Set of RBD (MCS‐RBD) is put forward. Traditional Traffic Routing Assignment Algorithms such as Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) cannot balance the risk of excessive service concentration in the communication network of power systems. Hence, a Service Importance Balance‐Based Traffic‐Routing Assignment Algorithm (SIBTRA) is introduced to adjust the service distribution to avoid excessive concentration properly. In this study, important degrees of services are determined, respectively, whereby complete sets (CSs) and tie sets (TSs) of a communication network are built, which includes a source‐node station and a destination‐node station. Moreover, reliability of every node and path is calculated. Consequently, the system reliability of the optical transmission network is determined by all the elements described above. Meanwhile, the reason for using SIBTRA to balance the service distribution of the electric power communication can be assessed. Besides node reliability and path reliability, service‐routing reliability of communication networks before and after renovation is computed using MCS‐RBD and compared simultaneously, which validates the ability and feasibility of the MCS‐RBD positively. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Novel optimized link state routing protocol based on quantum genetic strategy for mobile learning

In order to support mobile learning, we often use mobile video devices (such as mobile laptop, ipad, mobile phone, mobile TV terminal), mobile audio devices (such as mobile mp3, mobile learning machine), mobile human -computer interaction devices (such as mobile interaction whiteboard, mobile smart space) and so on. The communication of these devices are mainly based on the MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Network). Due to the mobility, self-organization and distributed control of MANET, the routing protocol of MANET has to adapt to the rapid changes of the network structure, and have to make sure the network resources being saved at most. The OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) is a representative table-driven routing in MANET, and the main technology of OLSR is MPR. In this paper, we improved the quantum genetic strategy, and proposed a new routing protocol named QG-OLSR by combining the characteristics of OLSR. The quick changes of topology of MANET make it a huge challenge to find and maintain an end-to-end optimal path, while heuristic Q-Learning strategy is able to dynamically adjust the routing path through interaction with the surrounding environment. New Q-Learning strategy has been embedded in our improved quantum genetic strategy. The QG-OLSR of this paper optimized the selection of MPR, overcomes the shortage of the traditional protocol, and proves the property of convergence and global optimization. The new routing protocol improved the performance of transmission. The simulation results show that the new protocol is feasible and applicable, and perform a better experimental result.

Analysis of Attacks against Optimized Link State Routing Protocol -based Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Analysis of Attacks against Optimized Link State Routing Protocol -based Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

A Stackelberg game for street-centric QoS-OLSR protocol in urban Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

In this paper, we address the problem of routing in urban Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) using proactive Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol in the presence of passive malicious nodes. OLSR protocol routes through MultiPoint Relays (MPRs) that are selected according to neighbors' reachability and uniqueness. However, in urban VANETs, other parameters such as node's mobility and street topology are also of significance. These parameters can also be taken into consideration to improve the quality of selected MPRs. However, an MPR can adopt a passive malicious behavior by not cooperating with other nodes unless rewarded. As a solution, we propose a multi-leader multi-follower Stackelberg game model that motivates nodes to act cooperatively, being MPRs, by increasing their reputation. Collected reputation increments are used to determine the set of nodes (followers) that an MPR (leader) will route for based on nodes' reputation. Simulations conducted using NS3 demonstrate that the proposed Stackelberg game model improves the network performance in terms of stability of MPRs, throughput, and average hop count compared to OLSR and the street-centric QoS-OLSR protocol in urban VANET. Additionally, the proposed protocol presents a similar percentage of selected MPRs and end-to-end delay compared to the benchmarks.

Impact of Gray Holes on Optimized Link State Routing Protocol

International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering (A UGC Approved and indexed with DOI, ICI and Approved, DPI Digital Library) is one of the leading and growing open access, peer-reviewed, monthly, and scientific research journal for scientists, engineers, research scholars, and academicians, which gains a foothold in Asia and opens to the world, aims to publish original, theoretical and practical advances in Computer Science,Information Technology, Engineering (Software, Mechanical, Civil, Electronics & Electrical), and all interdisciplinary streams of Computing Sciences. It intends to disseminate original, scientific, theoretical or applied research in the field of Computer Sciences and allied fields. It provides a platform for publishing results and research with a strong empirical component. It aims to bridge the significant gap between research and practice by promoting the publication of original, novel, industry-relevant research.

An improved harmony search algorithm for optimized link state routing protocol in vehicular ad hoc network

Vehicle Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a direct application of Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). Nodes in VANET are vehicles that communicate using vehicle to vehicle (V2V) or vehicle to infrastructure (V2I). These types of communications have led to the emergence of various applications that provide safer driving. Due to the high changing of topology and frequent fragmentation of VANET, routing pack-ets in this type of network is a hard task. In this work, the authors deal with the well-known MANET proactive Optimized Link State Rout-ing protocol (OLSR). The deployment of OLSR in VANET gives the moderate performance; this is due to its necessity of constant ex-changing of control packets. The performance of OLSR is highly dependent on its parameters, thus finding optimal parameters configura-tions that best fit VANETs environment and improves the network is essential before its deployment. Therefore, this research proposes a modified Harmony Search optimization (HSO) by incorporating selection methods in its memory consideration; roulette wheel selection to obtain fine-tuned OLSR for high density and velocity scenario. The experimental analysis showed that the OLSR with the proposed ap-proach acquired promising results regarding packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay and overhead when compared with previous approaches.

Denial of service attack solution in OLSR based manet by varying number of fictitious nodes

The Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is formed by group of mobile nodes and such group of nodes is flexible in creating links with the other nodes in the network frequently. The routing protocols in the network layer helps in transmitting the data packets between the nodes in the network. The wireless devices use electromagnetic waves or the infrared waves as medium of transmission and each device have antennas for communication. This wireless channel is very unreliable and also unprotected from the interferences from outside. The optimized link state routing (OLSR) protocol is an optimization of pure link state routing protocol. In this paper, the focus is on the active denial of service (DoS) attacks in the network layer routing protocol OLSR. Fictitious node based detection of DoS attacks are proposed by varying the number of fictitious nodes for particular number of network nodes and the parameters throughput,delay,packet delivery ratio and average delay are evaluated using network simulator and the results are compared.The number of fictitious nodes required for the maximum throughput of the given network is finally evaluated.

OLSR protocol for vehicular sensor network in cognitive radio

In our proposed system, the vehicular sensor network (VSN) is formulated based on the cognitive radio with the aid of optimal link state routing (OLSR) protocol. Here the cognitive radio related vehicular sensor networks are anticipated for the data communication. The optimal link state routing protocol is modified by utilising the hybrid group search and genetic algorithm (HGSO-GA) algorithm. The OLSR protocol is used to pick the adjacent nodes which disseminate the power package to diminish the quantity of control transparency in the network. The data packages are conveyed from source to destination with the help of multi point relay (MPR) vehicles, which is the subset of the chosen neighbour vehicles by each source to access all the two-hop neighbours act as forwarders. OLSR routing protocol to efficiently manage spectrum allocation that helps reduce the routing delay. The proposed technique is implemented in the working platform of NS2.

OLSR protocol for vehicular sensor network in cognitive radio

In our proposed system, the vehicular sensor network (VSN) is formulated based on the cognitive radio with the aid of optimal link state routing (OLSR) protocol. Here the cognitive radio related vehicular sensor networks are anticipated for the data communication. The optimal link state routing protocol is modified by utilising the hybrid group search and genetic algorithm (HGSO-GA) algorithm. The OLSR protocol is used to pick the adjacent nodes which disseminate the power package to diminish the quantity of control transparency in the network. The data packages are conveyed from source to destination with the help of multi point relay (MPR) vehicles, which is the subset of the chosen neighbour vehicles by each source to access all the two-hop neighbours act as forwarders. OLSR routing protocol to efficiently manage spectrum allocation that helps reduce the routing delay. The proposed technique is implemented in the working platform of NS2.

Multipath Optimized Link State Routing Protocol with Multi-Variant Deficit Round Robin

Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) is extended by multipath allocation of bandwidths which is known to be Multipath Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (MP-OLSR). OLSR is proactive that widely used in communication of dense and complex network traffic as it is more stable and easily adaptive. MP-OLSR takes multipath Dijkstra’s algorithm which is used for better performance of MANET routing protocols by considering scalability, route recovery and loop breakage detection in communication network traffic. MP-OLSR protocols with improvements have been proposed such as implementation of Round Robin, weighted Round Robin (WRR). But these protocols lack multi-variant adaptability to network path conditions. So, in order to overcome such drawbacks, an enhanced MP-OLSR-Deficit Round Robin (DRR) combined with QoS metrics delay, and mobility speed of nodes is proposed. To implement proposed system, network simulator NS2 is presented along with result showing packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay and jitter.

Denial of service attack mitigation addressing all the security attributes in OLSR MANET

Mobile ad hoc network is formed instantly by mobile nodes that exist in a particular radio range. This network because it is infrastructureless can be laid as when and wherever required. The nodes themselves serve as routers to forward the data from source to the destination through multiple hops. The protocols for these ad hoc networks are built such that every node is considered as trustworthy and they work cooperatively among themselves. But in the real environment some nodes are malicious and disrupt the actual communication. In this paper we discuss the security of Optimised Link State Routing protocol (OLSR) for mitigating various active attacks and the role of elliptic curve cryptography and fictitious nodes in strengthening the security attributes.

MEQSA-OLSRv2: A Multicriteria-Based Hybrid Multipath Protocol for Energy-Efficient and QoS-Aware Data Routing in MANET-WSN Convergence Scenarios of IoT

Convergence of typical wireless networks [mobile ad hoc network (MANET) and wireless sensor network (WSN)] is paving the way toward brand-new cooperative platforms for Internet of Things (IoT) communications. The IoT enables the global connectivity of a wide variety of heterogeneous objects in accordance with their battery capacity, processing capabilities, and mobility to serve people in a collaborative manner automatically and intelligently. In such ubiquitous smart environments, efficient and effective data routing among IoT devices represent a real challenge due to nodes heterogeneity. Thus, this paper proposes a hybrid multipath energy and quality of service (QoS)-aware optimized link state routing protocol version 2 (MEQSA-OLSRv2), which is developed to cope with the challenges presented by limited energy resources, mobility of nodes, and traffic congestion during data transmission in the MANET-WSN convergence scenarios of IoT networks. This protocol uses a node rank according to multicriteria node rank metric (MCNR). This MCNR aggregates multiple parameters related to energy and QoS into a comprehensive metric to dramatically reduce the complexity of multiple constrained considerations and avoid the control overhead caused by separately broadcasting multiple parameters. These metrics are the node’s lifetime, residual battery energy, node’s idle time, node’s speed, and queue length. The MCNR metric is utilized by a new link quality assessment function for multiple-route computation. It is also adopted to select a multipoint relay (MPR) set of nodes by using an energy and QoS-aware MPR selection mechanism for flooding topological information. The simultaneous consideration of energy and QoS parameters can benefit the tradeoff between QoS and energy awareness. The performance of the MEQSA-OLSRv2 is evaluated through EXata-based simulations, and its effectiveness is validated by comparing it with the conventional routing protocols. The MEQSA-OLSRv2 is found to outperform existing schemes even in heavy traffic load and high-mobility scenarios. Furthermore, the MEQSA-OLSRv2 considerably enhances QoS, reduces energy consumption, and decreases the energy cost per packet.

Estimation of Signal Coverage and Localization in Wi-Fi Networkswith AODV and OLSR

For estimation of signal coverage and localization, path loss is the major component for link budget of any communication system. Instead of traditional Doppler shift or Doppler spread techniques, ...