Optimization Of Hybrid Energy System Research Articles

Potential Techno-Economic Feasibility of Hybrid Energy Systems for Electrifying Various Consumers in Yemen

Global warming and climate change are becoming a global concern. In this regard, international agreements and initiatives have been launched to accelerate the use of renewable energy and to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Yemen is one of the countries signed on these agreements. However, Yemen is facing the problem that the structure of the power grid is fragile and the power shortage is serious. Accordingly, this paper aims to study the potential for renewable energy in Yemen and assess the technical and economic feasibility of hybrid energy systems. Firstly, this paper introduces the status and challenges of Yemen’s electricity sector, the status of renewable energy, and the status of GHG emission. Secondly, this study proposes the method of optimizing different configurations of off-grid hybrid (solar/wind/diesel engine) energy systems for electrifying various consumers in Taiz province, Yemen under three scenarios of energy strategies. The objective function is to seek the most optimal hybrid energy system that achieves the least cost and most advantageous technical performance, while instigating the best economic scenario of energy strategies. Finally, Homer pro software is used for simulation, optimization, and sensitivity analysis of the designed energy systems. The results found the best economically feasible scenario, the hybrid PV/wind/diesel energy system, among the other scenarios. A photovoltaic (PV)/wind energy system achieved the best technical performances of 100% CO2 reduction, with a 54.82% reduction in the net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE); while the hybrid energy system (PV/wind/diesel engine) achieved the best economic cost of 61.95% reduction in NPC and COE, with a 97.44% reduction of CO2 emission.

Optimal hybrid energy system for locomotive utilizing improved Locust Swarm optimizer

A novel methodology for optimum sizing of a hybrid energy (HE) system is presented in this paper to supply the driving force of a locomotive. The HE system includes a lithium-ion battery along with a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel-cell. The idea behind this paper is to minimize the HE system’s total cost under the PEM fuel-cell state of charge (SoC) constraint and capacity constraint of the battery. The minimization in this study is performed by an improved version of the Locust Swarm (LS) optimization algorithm (ILS). The algorithm uses oppositional learning and chaos mechanism to resolve the premature convergence and speed of the algorithm along with escaping from the local optimum point. The results of the final case study have been done for analyzing the locomotive speed demand, the average power demand, and the locomotive slant. A comparison of the outcomes of the suggested ILS algorithm with the standard LS algorithm and Particle swarm optimizer (PSO) from the literature and the results showed that in a maximum slope (2%), the total cost of the HE system for the suggested ILS algorithm, the basic LS algorithm, and the PSO algorithm are 3.8×106 $, 4.43×106 $, and 4.86×106 $, respectively which indicated that the achieved overall expense for the suggested ILS gives the best amount and the results are carried out to verify the superiority of the proposed method in solving a challenging real-world problem.

Cost Analysis of Optimized Islanded Energy Systems in a Dispersed Air Base Conflict

The United States Air Force has implemented a dispersed air base strategy to enhance mission effectiveness for near-peer conflicts. Asset dispersal places many smaller bases across a wide geographic area, which increases resupply requirements and logistical complexity. Hybrid energy systems reduce resupply requirements through sustainable, off-grid energy production. This paper presents a novel hybrid energy renewable delivery system (HERDS) model capable of (1) selecting the optimal hybrid energy system design that meets demand at the lowest net present cost and (2) optimizing the delivery of the selected system using existing Air Force cargo aircraft. The novelty of the model’s capabilities is displayed using Clark Air Base, Philippines as a case study. The HERDS model selected an optimal configuration consisting of a 676-kW photovoltaic array, an 1846-kWh battery system, and a 200-kW generator. This hybrid energy system predicts a 54% reduction in cost and an 88% reduction in fuel usage, as compared to the baseline Air Force system. The HERDS model is expected to support planners in their ongoing efforts to construct cost-effective sites that minimize the transport and logistic requirements associated with remote installations. Additionally, the results of this paper may be appropriate for broader civilian applications.

Review on the state‐of‐the‐art multi‐objective optimisation of hybrid standalone/grid‐connected energy systems

Integration of renewable and energy storage components in standalone/grid-connected energy systems, which results in hybrid energy systems, is increasing nowadays. Optimisation of hybrid energy systems is an essential matter for economic, clean, convenient and reliable energy supply. Since the optimal design should satisfy multiple objectives, application of multi-objective optimisation is preferred rather than a single-objective solution. By multi-objective optimisation, a trade-off among different objectives can be obtained. This study presents a timely survey on the state-of-the-art in multi-objective optimal design of hybrid standalone/grid-connected energy systems. The existing literature is categorised by various indices: (i) standalone or grid-connected mode; (ii) number and type of objective functions; (iii) completely renewable-based or diesel-renewable-based hybrid systems; and (iv) multi-energy systems. The applied objective functions, design constraints and decision variables in the optimisation of hybrid energy systems are addressed. It is found that the recent objective functions like customer satisfaction and grid-dependency need further investigation in the multi-objective design procedure.

Cost Optimization of Hybrid Energy System in Afghanistan using HOMER

This paper presents the Cost Optimization of hybrid energy systems in two of the most important provinces of Afghanistan, electrification of Khulm district (Uljato) for Balkh province and Zendeh Jan district (Hotel Safid) for Herat province is purposed in this study. HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables) pro version 3.23.8 is used for optimization, simulation and sensitivity analysis, HOMER is a great software to design and evaluate technically and financially the options for off-grid and on-grid power systems. Renewable resources for selected areas are analyzed in Global Solar atlas (GSA) and Global wind atlas (GWA} the result is compared with the meteorological tower data set, the GSA/GWA is the online website that provides a summary of solar potential, solar resources, wind speed, wind density, and other related factors globally. it is provided from World Bank Group with funding from the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). The modeling of the hybrid system is purposed as grid-connected for both sites, the system is designed for 2.348MW and 1.622MW for Khulm and Zendeh Jan district respectively, and 10% of load variability is considered. as a result of the study, the Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) from the hybrid system is obtained 0.0566 USD/kWh and 0.0537 USD/kWh for Khulm and Zendeh Jan district respectively which will be 30 to 50 percent cheaper than the price of electricity that is imported from neighboring countries. The total electricity generation for Khulm and Zendeh Jan districts from solar and wind are 7,988,376 kWh/year and 6,218,710 kWh/year respectively. Accessibility of electricity is the important factor for the economic growth of Afghanistan, more than 1000MW of electricity is imported from neighboring countries that are not sustainable and reliable, while Afghanistan has a great potential of renewable energy sources (REs) whose utilization could help to lessen future supply gaps at a cost level that are economically and financially attractive The development of domestic generation is vital for Afghanistan and renewable energy sources (RES) with great potential can successfully be harnessed to meet these two requirements. Besides these renewable energies (REs) are clean energies, friendly with the environment, free of harmful emissions, and have a great impact on the reduction of global warming and climate change.

Design and evaluation of a hybrid energy system for Masirah Island in Oman

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the possibility of replacing or supplementing Masirah Island’s current diesel generation system with a hybrid energy system consisting of solar photovoltaics (PV), a wind turbine and a natural gas generator to meet the island’s growing electricity demand. Hybrid Optimisation Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) modelling software uses input data, including costs, resource data, technology components, and load data, to simulate a hybrid system. The list of options, ordered according to the system’s net present cost (NPC), is generated by the software. The results of the simulation identified the optimal option, which would be a combination of the wind turbine, natural gas, and diesel generators. This option gave the lowest NPC of 129 million $ and a cost of energy (COE) of 0.0724 $/kWh. This COE of the optimal hybrid energy system was very low compared to the COE of the current diesel system (0.302 $/kWh). It also resulted in a lower pollutant emission compared to the current diesel power system. Implementing a hybrid renewable energy system would ensure a low COE and less pollution for the island.

A Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach to Determine the Optimal Hybrid Energy System in Coastal Off-Grid Areas: A Case Study of Bangladesh

A Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach to Determine the Optimal Hybrid Energy System in Coastal Off-Grid Areas: A Case Study of Bangladesh

Techno-economic analysis of an optimized hybrid energy system implementation using PV-wind turbine-diesel generator at Indonesia’s remote telecommunication base

Nowadays, the implementation of the telecommunications industry in Indonesia should be encouraged to be more environmentally friendly, especially the source of electrification for base stations whose numbers are increasing every year. The purpose is not only to reduce CO2 emissions, but also how these efforts are made to reduce cost of electricity (CoE) so that it can improve operator’s operational cost efficiency. On this paper, author analyzed the implementation of a hybrid energy system plus (HES+) in Indonesia, which in addition to using solar panels is also optimized by adding wind turbines to areas that have proper wind speeds. Design, identifying the potential geographical location, calculation and sizing for optimized hybrid energy system is the major part of this study. Therefore, the calculation result for the CoE of base station could be as accurate as possible. It is also found that with HES+ installed, telecommunication operator has improved energy efficiency, reduced OPEX and minimized greenhouse gases with reducing 50 Ton of CO2 emission per site per year.

Techno-economic performance study of stand-alone wind/diesel/battery hybrid system with different battery technologies in the cold region of China

This paper analyzes the technical and economic feasibility of a hybrid wind/diesel/battery power system with different types of batteries for a small residential area encompassing 280 homes located in the suburbs of Lanzhou, Gansu province in China. The optimal allocation, economic, emissions, electricity output, and sensitivity analyses of the relevant hybrid systems are all analyzed by HOMER Pro software. Results indicate that the optimal hybrid energy system is the diesel generator (DG)/Zinc–Bromine (ZB) system, which contains a 1460 kW DG, 500 ZB flow batteries, and a 400 kW converter. This configuration corresponds to an initial capital of $1,170,200, an operating cost of $507,866/yr, a total net present cost (NPC) of $ 7,735,646, and a levelized cost of energy (COE) of $0.471/kWh. The DG/ZB system provides the lowest NPC and COE compared to a DG system, while the wind/lead-acid (LA) system has the highest NPC and COE owing to the high wind turbine costs. Furthermore, it is found that the DG/lithium-ion (LI) is the most environment friendly system compared to DG/ZB and DG/LA systems. It is also found that selecting the suitable wind turbine can improve the comprehensive performance of the hybrid power system in terms of technology, economy, and environment.

OPTIMIZATION AND LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SUPPLY OPTIONS FOR ACADEMIC BUILDINGS- A CASE STUDY

In this paper focuses on realizing alternate power supply sources to the Academic buildings located at Manipal, Karnataka. India, and analyzing the possible combination of the Hybrid Energy sources. The main emphasis is on steering the Optimization and Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis of the Hybrid Energy sources. The Hybrid Energy System optimization and feasibility study are carried out using HOMER Software and the results are verified with Linear Programming. The case study is conducted with the involvement of PV, Wind turbine and Diesel Generator (DG) along with the battery bank. Further, the DG was integrated with the renewable energy sources to smoothen the power circulation and enhance the reliability issues. The realistic climate data obtained from the NASA website for the location Manipal (13.347° N, 74.75° E) and estimates the solar and wind power using the models developedKeywords: PV, Wind, LCC, Optimization, HOMERJEL Classifications: Q21, Q40, Q41DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.7890

Optimal sizing of off-grid hybrid energy system based on minimum cost of energy and reliability criteria using firefly algorithm

Solar and wind energy based hybrid energy system (HES) have received considerable global attention for remote applications where extension of grid supply is infeasible. This paper attempts to develop an optimal hybrid energy system model using available solar and wind energy resources with battery storage for fulfilling the electrical needs of three un-electrified remote villages located in Senapati district of Manipur, India. A Firefly algorithm based approach is used to find the optimal hybrid system configuration based on minimum cost of energy (COE) while satisfying a specified reliability criteria identified with loss of load probability (LOLP) reliability index. Further, system investigation has been carried out for optimal system feasibility at various values of LOLP. The optimal hybrid energy system is able to provide feasible solutions for LOLP values lying between 0 and 0.03. For LOLP value above 0.03, the system becomes infeasible as the COE increase with increase in LOLP.

Optimisation of hybrid energy systems for maritime vessels

The decarbonisation agenda in maritime transport requires that asset owners and operators adopt greener technologies within their existing and new vessels. The primary drivers within this agenda relate to improved environmental metrics, efficient energy performance, and improved asset management. However, the integration of new technologies always presents technical and financial risks. Here, utilising energy and environmental monitoring from real vessels, the authors propose an energy system optimisation architecture, hybrid fusion energy management system (HyFES), that optimises the key performance indicators of energy performance, reduction of diesel engine nitrogen oxide (NOx), and particulate matter (PM), and prognostic state of health assessment of energy storage technologies. Using state of the art machine-learning techniques, the authors are able to determine the on-board lithium-ion and lead acid batteries' state of health with accuracy > 8 and 4%, respectively. Dependent on the mode of operation, optimisation of energy performance indicates fuel saving of between 70 and 80% for the vessel operator. Future research will focus on the integration of more assets into the optimisation architecture and increased vessel journey use cases.

A Multi-objective Scheduling Optimization Model for Hybrid Energy System Connected with Wind-Photovoltaic-Conventional Gas Turbines, CHP Considering Heating Storage Mechanism

In order to meet the user’s electricity demand and make full use of distributed energy, a hybrid energy system (HES) was proposed and designed, including wind turbines (WTs), photovoltaic (PV) power generation, conventional gas turbines (CGTs), incentive-based demand response (IBDR), combined heat and power (CHP) and regenerative electric (RE) boilers. Then, the collaborative operation problem of HES is discussed. First, the paper describes the HES’ basic structure and presents the output model of power sources and heating sources. Next, the maximum operating income and minimum load fluctuation are taken as the objective function, and a multi-objective model of HES scheduling is proposed. Then an algorithm for solving the model is proposed that comprises two steps: processing the objective functions and constraints into linear equations and determining the optimal weight of the objective functions. The selected simulation system is a microgrid located on an eastern island of China to comparatively analyze the influence of RE-heating storage (RE-HS) and price-based demand response (PBDR) on HES operation in relation to four cases. By analyzing the results, the following three conclusions are drawn: (1) HES can comprehensively utilize a variety of distributed energy sources to meet load demand. In particular, RE technology can convert the abandoned energy of WT and PV into heat during the valley load time, to meet the load demand combined with CHP; (2) The proposed multi-objective scheduling model of HES operation not only considers the maximum operating income but also considers the minimum load fluctuation, thus achieving the optimal balancing operation; (3) RE-HS and PBDR have a synergistic optimization effect, and when RE-HS and PBDR are both applied, an HES can achieve optimal operation results. Overall, the proposed decision method is highly effective and applicable, and decision makers could utilize this method to design an optimal HES operation strategy according to their own actual conditions.

Design of an Optimal off-grid Hybrid Energy System for a Rural Community

This paper presents an optimized off-grid PV-diesel generator-battery hybrid energy system for application in an un-electrified rural community and further outlines a procedure for designing such an economical and technically feasible hybrid system. The hybrid optimization model for multiple energy resources (HOMER) software was utilized for simulation and analysis. The criteria of minimum net present cost of system, low CO 2 emissions and zero electric load rejection was applied while considering technical issues of PV array, inverter coordination and PV capacity penetration level. For the case study system used, the obtained optimized hybrid energy system configuration is as follows: 68kW PV plant; 40kW Diesel plant; 45.4kW Inverter; and 80kWh battery unit. The proposed hybrid energy system is capable of producing 157685kWh of electricity annually at a levelized cost of energy of 0.55 $/kWh while emitting 51,000 kg of CO 2 yearly. To avoid self-shading of the PV array, an appropriate inter-row distance was determined. The total quantity of PV modules and the electrical configuration of the PV array is presented. Keywords : Hybrid energy system, Net present cost, Optimal sizing and Photovoltaic

Optimal design of hybrid energy system based on persuasive policies for renewable resources in Iran (case study: University of Bojnord)

Governments all over the world are tending to accelerate the process of replacing fossil based energies with renewable energy sources through developing incentive or punitive policies. In Iran, various incentive and punitive guidelines are regulated to persuade governmental and nongovernmental organizations to use renewable energy resources. In this paper, optimal planning and sizing of distributed renewable energy resources for governmental organizations in Iran, under persuasive policies, is proposed. This design includes a techno-economic analysis on the basis of total Net Present Cost (NPC) to obtain the optimal configuration of the hybrid energy system for governmental institutes among all possible combinations of distributed diesel generators (consisting of internal combustion engines with diesel fuel) as well as renewable energy resources such as wind energy conversion systems and solar photovoltaics. In order to evaluate the economic and technical aspects of the persuasive policies for governmental institutes in Iran, an optimal hybrid energy system is designed to provide for the energy consumption of the University of Bojnord. The proposed hybrid energy system consists of 100 kW photovoltaic panels, 20 kW wind turbines, a 10 kW diesel generator, and 10 one kW h batteries. The total NPC of the system is estimated to be 1.04 $M. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is carried out to investigate the impact of economic indicators on the design. The results show that the University of Bojnord would benefit from investing in the proposed design after six years.

Hybrid Energy System with Optimized Storage for Improvement of Sustainability in a Small Town

With the rise of renewable energy comes significant challenges and benefits. The current studies on the incorporation of renewable-energy policies and energy-storage technologies attempt to address the optimization of hybrid energy systems (HESs). However, there is a gap between the currents needs of HES in small towns for energy independence and the understanding of integrated optimization approaches for employing the technology. The purpose of this research is to determine the technical, systematic and financial requirements needed to allow a city or community to become independent of the utilization of traditional energy and develop a reliable program for a clean and environment-friendly energy supply. This paper presents the sensitivity analysis and Bayesian prediction (SABP) method for the optimized design of a hybrid photo-voltaic wind energy system. This method uses the actual data to analyze and compare the main, optimized and desired scenarios of HES designs. The results show that optimized design can minimize the cost of the energy generated while reliably matching local electricity demand. The SABP system helps to eliminate the dependence on traditional energy resources, reduce transition costs by purchasing electricity, and decrease the financial burden of a small city.

Comparison between Three Off-Grid Hybrid Systems (Solar Photovoltaic, Diesel Generator and Battery Storage System) for Electrification for Gwakwani Village, South Africa

A single energy-based technology has been the traditional approach to supplying basic energy needs, but its limitations give rise to other viable options. Renewable off-grid electricity supply is one alternative that has gained attention, especially with areas lacking a grid system. The aim of this paper is to present an optimal hybrid energy system to meet the electrical demand in a reliable and sustainable manner for an off-grid remote village, Gwakwani, in South Africa. Three off-grid systems have been proposed: (i) Photovoltaic (PV) systems with a diesel generator; (ii) Photovoltaic systems and battery storage; and (iii) Photovoltaic systems with diesel generator and battery storage. For this analysis, different size of photovoltaic panels were tested and the optimal size in each scenario was chosen. These PV sizes were 1, 0.8, 0.6 and 0.4 kW. The optimization between these sizes was built based on three main objectives. These objectives are: (i) energy demand satisfaction; (ii) system cost; and (iii) pollution. For the first and second system scenarios, the optimal size was the 1 kW with battery and 1 kW with diesel generator; the third scenario results did not sufficiently match the three objectives. A general comparison has been carried out between the two optimal systems when the diesel generator is used and when the battery is applied. Both scenarios can sufficiently meet the demand without any considerable interruption, but disparities exist between them in relation to cost and technical optimization. There is a huge difference in the cost between these scenarios. The total cost in PV-Battery system (Scenario 1) represents only 26% of the entire PV system. Also, the PV and Battery system does not release any harmful emissions compared with nearly 6 tCO2/year in the PV with Diesel system (Scenario 2). Also, Scenario (3) is a viable option in terms of energy production but costs more and is proposed to be more beneficial using an economies-of-scale analysis.

A Novel Off-Grid Optimal Hybrid Energy System for Rural Electrification of Tanzania Using a Closed Loop Cooled Solar System

A large proportion of the world’s populations live in developing countries. Rural areas in many of these countries are isolated geographically from grid connections and they have a very low rate of electrification. The uninterrupted power supply (UPS) in these regions is a considerable challenge. The use of renewable energy resources (RER) in an off-grid hybrid energy system can be a pathway to solving this problem. Tanzania has a very low electrification rate (rural 16.9%, urban 65.3%). This paper discussed, described, designed a novel uninterruptible, and environmental friendly solar-wind hybrid energy system (HES) for remote area of Tanzania having closed loop cooled-solar system (CLC-SS). An optimized configuration for the proposed HES was obtained by Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) analysis software using local solar and wind resources. The designed CLC-SS improved the efficiency of the hybrid solar-wind systems by extracting more power from the solar modules. An evaluation of CLC-SS revealed a 10.23% increase in power output from conventional solar PV modules. The results validate that the optimized system’s energy cost (COE) is 0.26 $/kWh and the net present cost (NPC) of the system is $7110.53. The enhanced output solar wind hybrid system, designed in this paper is cost-effective and can be applied easily to other regions of the world with similar climate conditions.

Modeling, size optimization and sensitivity analysis of a remote hybrid renewable energy system

Hybrid energy system based on solar and wind power coupled with energy storage unit provides a reliable and cost effective energy alternative above the commonly used diesel based standalone power system. Various methodologies are adopted for modeling hybrid energy system component. They are modeled either by deterministic or probabilistic methods. The current study considers the hardware failure of photovoltaic panels while modeling. A probability distribution (PD) represents the various capacity states due to hardware failure of photovoltaic panels and corresponding probabilities. A concept based on random number generation is adopted to calculate the actual hourly available photovoltaic power. Wind turbine power output modeling incorporate force outage rate of the turbine. A new meta-heuristic algorithm called Cuckoo Search is applied for solving the hybrid energy system optimization problem. Photovoltaic-Battery, Wind-Battery and Photovoltaic-Wind-Battery system applicable to a remote area located in Almora district of Uttarakhand, India are considered. The effectiveness of Cuckoo Search in solving hybrid system design problem is investigated and its performance is compared with other well known optimization algorithms like Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm. Furthermore, this paper investigates the sensitivity of various input parameters like solar, wind resources and capital cost on the cost of energy.

Evaluation of the effect of flexible demand and wave energy converters on the design of hybrid energy systems

Many islands have high electricity prices due to the reliance on imported diesel. However, hybrid energy systems (HES) which combine renewable generation with backup generators and energy storage are becoming cost competitive. Diesel usually provides about 10% of the demand because most renewables are non-dispatchable and thus the complete decarbonisation requires massively oversized renewable generation and storage. By including renewables with different resource profiles and demand side management (DSM), the diesel consumption could be decreased without increasing storage and renewable generation capacities. Here a framework for the design and optimisation of HES using wind, wave and solar generation and DSM is introduced. For the Mediterranean it is shown that wave energy is not competitive but that DSM reduces the emissions and costs by 21 and 8%. In the North Sea, DSM has lower benefits because waves act as an energy store for the wind. Thus, the combination of wave energy converters (WECs) and wind turbines significantly reduces the need for backup generation and energy storage which leads to large reductions in costs (up to 40%) and emissions (up to 60%). DSM and WECs can both simultaneously reduce the cost and emissions of HES but need to be designed for the particular circumstances.