Optimal Water Conditions Research Articles

Smart hydroponic based on nutrient film technique and multistep fuzzy logic

<span>Automation in hydroponics is have been a great change. Research with fuzzy logic control it’s designed to add to each parameter one by one. In a way microcontroller will activate one by one relay to regulate the parameters with fuzzy logic. While parameter calibration is done, calibration is needed for the next checking if the parameter were not optimal, until its parameter optimal. Multistep fuzzy is used to counter measure the same activation of the relay. With adding real time data monitoring to the system. From test result evaluating multistep fuzzy logic method were 100% works as expected. with another testing approach for best module for sending real time data monitoring for hydroponics. From the real time data transmission method, the success of sending data is 30% from the ESP82166 and 75% of the NRF24L01 with a shortage of the NRF24L01 data loss. For the relay activation can be accommodate with dynamic programming. As for multistep fuzzy logic for hydroponic tested to reach optimal water condition for kale crops resulting in average 12.8 iterations calibration from condition where researches add water only from the start.</span>

Maize and Wheat Response to Drought Stress under Varied Sulphur Fertilisation

This study aimed to examine the influence of long-lasting moderate (45% field water capacity—FWC) and severe (30% FWC) water stress and application of sulphur (elemental sulphur or sulphate) on the growth, yield and mineral composition of wheat and maize. Concentrations of macro- and micronutrients were determined in the aboveground parts of the plants. Drought stress caused a marked decrease in the growth parameters of both plants. Under both optimal water conditions (60% FWC) and moderate water stress (45% FWC), grain yields of wheat grown without sulphur application were not significantly different. Applying elemental sulphur caused an increase in grain yield under moderate stress, whereas sulphate was more effective in wheat grown under adequate water supply. Severe water stress significantly lowered wheat yield, regardless of sulphur fertilisation. Increasing water stress resulted in a greater reduction in maize growth, with an average 50% decrease in dry mass under severe water stress. Both crops maintained relatively high levels of macro- (N, P, K, Mg, Ca, S) and microelements (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn) and did not suffer noticeably from deficiencies in such. Sulphur application did not modify these relationships. In conclusion, sulphur fertilisation may be recommended in wheat cultivation when plants are exposed to moderate water stress.

Suitability of primocane-fruiting raspberry varieties for cultivation in the extended cycle in the Southern Cisbaikalia growing conditions

When studying the world and domestic experience of cultivating primocane -fruiting raspberry varieties, the greenhouse crop cultivation method has attracted attention. Cisbaikalia is a territory where the cultivation period for horticultural crops is not long, whereas the need for fresh berries is high. Taking that into consideration, we see the prospect of developing a technology for cultivating primocane-fruiting raspberry varieties in the extended cycle in the Southern Cisbaikalia growing conditions. The present paper introduces the research carried out in 2019-2021 at the experimental site Phytotron of Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Irkutsk, Russia). The research objects were varieties and selected forms of domestic primocane-fruiting raspberry. For this purpose, the plant productivity was determined, and phenological observations were performed. The research was carried out according to the generally accepted program and methodology for the variety study of fruit, berry and nut crops. The research involved medium and late-ripening varieties with a long fruiting period, such as Oranzhevoye chudo, Zhar ptitsa, Gerakl, Bryanskoye divo, Rubinovoye ozherel’ye, selected form 37-15-4. Plants of the first year of growth, which were in the budding phase at the time of transplantation, were selected. The plant preparing for transplantation was started 4 weeks before. In the first week of September, seedlings were transplanted into 8-10 liter containers. For normal growth and fruiting under new growing conditions, optimal water and temperature conditions were created, the plant feeding was improved. All the plants adapted well to the extended cultivation and entered the fruiting phase. High productivity was observed in Gerakl, Oranzhevoye chudo, and Rubinovoye ozherel’ye.

Water Needs of Willow (Salix L.) in Western Poland

Willows are one of the plants which can be used to produce biomass for energy purposes. Biomass production is classified as a renewable energy source. Increasing the share of renewable sources is one of the priority actions for European Union countries due to the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To achieve the best possible growth of the willow and increase its biomass for fuel, it is crucial to provide optimal water conditions for its growth. The aim of the study was to determine the water requirements of willows under the conditions of the western Polish climate and to verify whether this area is potentially favourable for willow cultivation. The novelty of this paper lies in its multi-year climatic analysis in the context of willow water needs for the area of three voivodships: Lubusz, Lower Silesian, and West Pomeranian. This is one of the few willow water-needs analyses for this region which considers the potential for widespread willow cultivation and biomass production in western Poland. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was determined by the Blaney-Criddle equation and then, using plant coefficients, water needs for willow were determined. Calculations were carried out for the growing season lasting from 21 May to 31 October. The estimated water needs during the vegetation season amounted on average to 408 mm for the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, 405 mm for the Lubusz Voivodeship, and 402 mm for the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. The conducted analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that these needs do not differ significantly between the voivodeships. Therefore, it can be concluded that the water requirements of willows in western Poland do not differ significantly, and the whole region shows similar water conditions for willow cultivation. Furthermore, it was found that water needs are increasing from decade to decade, making rational water management necessary. This is particularly important in countries with limited water resources, such as Poland. Correctly determining the water requirements of willow and applying them to the cultivation of this plant should increase the biomass obtained. With appropriate management, willow cultivation in Poland can provide an alternative energy source to coal.

Screening of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) genotypes for waterlogging tolerance using morpho-physiological traits at early growth stage

The majority of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) produced in the U.S. is planted shortly after the summer rains and subsequently depends on rain or artificial irrigation. Therefore, excessive precipitation and poor soil drainage will cause cowpea plants to suffer temporary waterlogging, reducing the submerged tissue's oxygen level. Although cowpea is sensitive to waterlogging, excessive moisture can induce several morpho-physiological changes with adverse impacts on yield in its early stages of development. The current study subjected 30 cowpea genotypes to 10-days of waterlogging at the seedling stage under a controlled environment. The dynamic changes of 24 morpho-physiological parameters under waterlogging and optimal water conditions were analyzed to understand cowpea's response to waterlogging. Significant waterlogging treatment, cowpea genotypes, and their interactions (P < 0.001) were observed for most of the measured parameters. The results indicated that plant height (PH), leaf area (LA), fresh (FW) and dry weight (DW) of cowpea genotypes were significantly decreased under waterlogging compared to the control treatments. Similar results were obtained for net photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (E). However, the water use efficiency (WUE) and adventitious roots (ARs) increased linearly under waterlogging conditions. Waterlogging also declined chlorophyll fluorescence parameters except non-photochemical quenching (qN), which increased with excess soil moisture. In addition, waterlogging tolerance coefficient (WTC) and multivariate analysis (MCA) methods were used to characterize cowpea genotypes for waterlogging tolerance. Accordingly, the cowpea genotype Dagupan Pangasinan, UCR 369, and Negro were classified as waterlogging tolerant, while EpicSelect.4 and ICARDA 140071, as the most waterlogging sensitive. The cowpea genotypes and morpho-physiological traits determined from this study may be useful for genetic engineering and breeding programs that integrate cowpea waterlogging tolerance.

A meta‐analysis of combining ability effects in wheat for agronomic traits and drought adaptation: Implications for optimizing biomass allocation

AbstractCombining ability effects for yield related traits can serve as selection criteria to pursue breeding for optimal biomass allocation in wheat (Triticum aestivum). The objective of this paper is to provide information based on a retrospective quantitative genetic analysis on combining ability studies of wheat for yield and yield‐related traits to predict potential genetic gains achievable in improving biomass allocation for drought tolerance and soil carbon storage. The study compares data on the general combining ability and specific combining ability effects of wheat for yield and related traits under optimum and drought stressed conditions from 40 studies around the world. Days to heading (DTH), plant height (PH), number of tillers per plant (TN), kernels per spike (KPS), 1,000‐kernel weight (TKW), shoot biomass (SB), and grain yield (GY) exhibited wide variation for general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability effects. Progeny performance increased by 14.30 and 4.04% for SB and GY, respectively, compared with parental values under optimum water conditions. Number of tillers and SB exhibited positive associations with GY (.45 ≤ r ≤ .85, p &lt; .05) under both water conditions. Meta effect sizes for drought stress were negative. The highest meta‐effect sizes were calculated for DTH (−4.5) followed by SB (−2.0), whereas KPS (−1.25) had the lowest. The genetic gains for PH, SB, and other yield components showed that divergent crosses involving complementary parents could enhance biomass allocation patterns in wheat. This could be used as a basis for improving biomass allocation to roots.

ICESat-2 Marine Bathymetry: Extraction, Refraction Adjustment and Vertical Accuracy as a Function of Depth in Mid-Latitude Temperate Contexts

Nearshore bathymetric data are used in many coastal monitoring applications, but acquisition conditions can be challenging. Shipborne surveys are prone to the risk of grounding in shallow waters, and scheduled airborne surveys often fail to coincide with optimal atmospheric and water conditions. As an alternative, since its launch in 2018, ICESat-2 satellite laser profile altimetry data provide free and readily available data on a 91-day repeat cycle, which may contain incidental bathymetric returns when suitable environmental conditions prevail. In this paper, the vertical accuracy of extracted, refraction-adjusted ICESat-2 nearshore marine bathymetric data is evaluated at four test sites in a Northern hemisphere, temperate latitude location. Multiple ICEsat-2 bathymetric values that occurred in close horizontal proximity to one another were averaged at a spatial scale of 1 m and compared with Multibeam Echosounder bathymetric survey data and Global Navigation Satellite System reference data. Mean absolute errors of less than 0.15 m were observed up to depths of 5 m, with errors of less than 0.24 m (to 6 m), 0.39 m (to 7 m) and 0.52 m (to 10 m). The occurrence of larger bathymetric errors with depth, which increase to 0.54 m at maximum photon depths of 11 m, appears to be primarily related to reduced numbers of geolocated photons with depth. The accuracies achieved up to 6 m suggest that the manual extraction, refraction adjustment and bathymetric filtering steps were effective. Overall, the results suggest that ICESat-2 bathymetric data accuracy may be sufficient to be considered for use in nearshore coastal monitoring applications where shipborne and airborne bathymetric data might otherwise be applied.

Drought Sensitivity of Sugarcane Cultivars Shapes Rhizosphere Bacterial Community Patterns in Response to Water Stress.

Rhizosphere bacteria, the main functional microorganisms inhabiting the roots of terrestrial plants, play important roles in regulating plant growth and environmental stress resistance. However, limited information is available regarding changes occurring within the structure of the root microbial community and the response mechanisms of host plants that improve adaptability to drought stress. In this study, we conducted an experiment on two sugarcane varieties with different drought tolerance levels under drought and control treatments and analyzed the rhizosphere bacterial communities using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. Correlation analysis results clarified the influence of various factors on the rhizosphere bacterial community structure. Drought stress reduced the diversity of the bacterial community in the rhizosphere of sugarcane. Interestingly, the bacterial community of the drought-sensitive sugarcane cultivar GT39 changed more than that of the drought-tolerant cultivar ZZ9. In addition, ZZ9 had a high abundance of drought-resistant bacteria in the rhizosphere under optimal soil water conditions, whereas GT39 accumulated a large number of drought-resistant bacteria only under drought stress. GT39 mainly relied on Actinobacteria in its response to drought stress, and the abundance of this phylum was positively correlated with soil acid phosphatase and protease levels. In contrast, ZZ9 mainly relied on Bacilli in its response to drought stress, and the abundance of this class was positively correlated with only soil acid phosphatase levels. In conclusion, drought stress can significantly reduce the bacterial diversity and increase the abundance of drought-resistant bacteria in the sugarcane rhizosphere. The high abundance of drought-resistant bacteria in the rhizosphere of drought-tolerant cultivars under non-drought conditions is an important factor contributing to the high drought adaptability of these cultivars. Moreover, the core drought-resistant bacteria of the sugarcane rhizosphere and root exudates jointly affect the resistance of sugarcane to drought.

BBX21 reduces abscisic acid sensitivity, mesophyll conductance and chloroplast electron transport capacity to increase photosynthesis and water use efficiency in potato plants cultivated under moderated drought.

The B-box (BBX) proteins are zinc-finger transcription factors with a key role in growth and developmental regulatory networks mediated by light. AtBBX21 overexpressing (BBX21-OE) potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants, cultivated in optimal water conditions, have a higher photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance without penalty in water use efficiency (WUE) and with a higher tuber yield. In this work, we cultivated potato plants in two water regimes: 100 and 35% field capacity of water restriction that imposed leaf water potentials between -0.3 and -1.2 MPa for vegetative and tuber growth during 14 or 28 days, respectively. We found that 42-day-old plants of BBX21-OE were more tolerant to water restriction with higher levels of chlorophylls and tuber yield than wild-type spunta (WT) plants. In addition, the BBX21-OE lines showed higher photosynthesis rates and WUE under water restriction during the morning. Mechanistically, we found that BBX21-OE lines were more tolerant to moderated drought by enhancing mesophyll conductance (gm ) and maximum capacity of electron transport (Jmax ), and by reducing abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity in plant tissues. By RNA-seq analysis, we found 204 genes whose expression decreased by drought in WT plants and expressed independently of the water condition in BBX21-OE lines as SAP12, MYB73, EGYP1, TIP2-1 and DREB2A, and expressions were confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. These results suggest that BBX21 interplays with the ABA and growth signaling networks, improving the photosynthetic behavior in suboptimal water conditions with an increase in potato tuber yield.

Effects of water and fertilizer coupling on the physiological characteristics and growth of rabbiteye blueberry.

Understanding the impact of irrigation and fertilizer on rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum) physiology is necessary for its precision planting. Here, we applied varied irrigation and fertilizer under completely randomized experimental design to see its impact on the physiological characteristics and bush growth of rabbiteye blueberries. A comprehensive evaluation of the membership function was used to establish the best water-fertilizer coupling regimes. Rabbiteye blueberry enhanced the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of leaf and improved its photosynthetic capacity at maximum level of irrigation water and fertilizer application (F3W4). The high fertilizer-medium water treatment (F3W3) increased leaf-soluble protein contents. The medium fertilizer-medium water treatment (F2W3, F2W2) increased leaf- soluble sugar, superoxide dismutase, and chlorophyll contents; decreased the malondialdehyde content; and enhanced leaf resistance and metabolism. It also promoted the growth of flower buds and new shoots. Combined membership function and cluster analyses revealed that the optimal water and fertilizer conditions for promoting rabbiteye blueberry plant growth were the medium fertilizer-medium water [(NH4)2SO4:Ca(H2PO4)2:K2SO4 at 59:10:20 g plant-1; 2.5 L water plant-1], medium fertilizer-medium-high water [(NH4)2SO4:Ca(H2PO4)2:K2SO4 at 59:10:20 g plant-1; 3.75 L water plant-1], and high fertilizer-medium-high water [(NH4)2SO4:Ca(H2PO4)2:K2SO4 at 118:20:40 g plant-1; 3.75 L water plant-1] treatments. The findings of this study could be used in improving the precision and efficacy of rabbiteye blueberry planting in Guizhou, China. Such an approach can increase the productivity and profitability for local fruit farmers.

Water deficiency tolerance of genetically modified common wheat cv. Zymoyarka, containing a heterologous ornithine-δ-aminotransferase gene

Aim. To determine water deficiency tolerance of genetically modified common wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L., cv Zymoyarka), containing the heterologous ornithine-δ-aminotransferase gene, based on the analysis of grain productivity and physiological and biochemical characteristics in transgenic and non-transgenic genotypes. Methods. Biochemical spectrophotometric assays: the enzyme ornithine-δ-aminotransferase activity, the free L-proline content, and the photosynthetic pigments content; biotechnological: Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in planta; physiological: morphometric traits and elements of grain productivity; mathematical statistics. Results. It was established that the presence of an additional copy of the ornithine-δ-aminotransferase gene in transgenic plants leads to higher activity of the ornithine-δ- aminotransferase enzyme: by 1.6 times higher on average for all lines as compared to the non-transgenic plants at 70 % of fi eld capacity and by 1.5 – at 30 % fi eld capacity. However, transgenic plants did not differ significantly from the original variety in the free L-proline content either under optimal water conditions or under soil drought. The increase in the total chlorophyll (a + b) content in flag leaves of transgenic plants was established under conditions of both optimal water supply and drought, as compared with the original genotype (increase by 5–7 % and 8–11 %, respectively). The enhanced expression of the orni- thine-δ-aminotransferase gene in the transgenic plants stimulated root growth both under optimal and stressful conditions: the root length of the transformed plants exceeded that of the original variety by 3.4–3.9 cm in the variant with optimal water supply, and by 4.2–4.6 cm – under drought. They were also characterized by a more developed root system. Dry root weight of the transgenic plants exceeded the original variety both in the control (by 23–27 %), and under drought (by 37– 44 %). Under drought, the root dry weight decreased by 29 % in the plants of the original variety, compared 70 % fi eld capacity, and by 11–15 % in the lines. Under 30 % field capacity, the transgenic lines also exceeded non-transformed plants in the number of grains from the whole plant (on average for 3 lines by 26 %) and in the grain weight (by 22 %). Transgenic plants are characterized by the formation of a higher productive shoots number: from 3.2 to 3.4 compared with 2.5 in non-transgenic plants at 70 % fi eld capacity and 2.7–3.1 vs 2.2 at 30 % field capacity it was found. Conclusions. Thus, the analysis of genetically modified common wheat plants cv. Zymoyarka, containing the heterologous alfalfa ornithine-δ- aminotransferase gene, by yield structure elements, morphometric parameters and photosynthetic pigment content showed their better tolerance to soil drought as compared to non-transgenic plants. We explain the improvement of grain productivity of the whole plant in transgenic wheat lines with an additional copy of ornithine-δ-aminotransferase gene by the fact that they have a better developed root system (dry root weight of the transgenic plants exceeded the original variety both in the control by 23–27 %, and under drought by 37–44 %) and a higher (on average for 3 lines – 3.3 compared to 2.5 in non- transgenic plants at 70 % fi eld capacity and 2.9 vs 2.2 at 30 % fi eld capacity) number of productive shoots than in the origi- nal variety both under optimal and insuffi cient water supply.

Effects of Bacillus sp. MR-1/2 and magnetite nanoparticles on yield improvement of rice by urea fertilizer under different watering regimes.

The present research aimed to examine the use of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) in combination with phyto-beneficial rhizobacterium (PhBR) for improvement of applied N recovery (ANR) from urea fertilizer in rice grown under deficient and optimum watering conditions. The Bacillus sp. MR-1/2 was positive for acetylene reduction, phosphate solubilization and ACC deaminase activity at temperature ranges 35-45°C. In a pot experiment, urea, MNPs and Bacillus sp. MR-1/2 were applied either alone or in combination to rice plants grown in pots under water deficit and optimal watering conditions. Combined application of urea, MNPs and Bacillus sp. MR-1/2 increased the plant N content and ANR by 27 and 65%, respectively, over their respective control values in rice grown under optimum watering conditions, whereas these increases were 27 and 41%, respectively, in rice grown under water deficit conditions. This treatment also increased the kernel weight and plant dry matter by 36 and 60%, respectively, over control (urea alone) values in rice grown under water deficit conditions, whereas these increases were 31 and 21·8%, respectively, in rice grown under optimum watering conditions. Values of malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase and ethylene concentration were higher in control treatment under both the watering regimes. The application of Bacillus sp. MR-1/2 either alone or in combination with MNPs and urea reduced MDA contents, APX, catalase and ethylene production in the rice plants. The combined application of MNPs+Bacillus sp. MR-1/2 reduced the N losses from applied urea, increased N uptake and ANR in rice, decreased MDA contents, APX and catalase activity and ethylene level in rice grown under deficit and optimum water conditions. The application of MNPs together with Bacillus sp. MR-1/2 may help to increase ANR and rice productivity under water deficit conditions with low cost of production.

Cassava genotypes selection for high yield and high starch content in advanced yield trials

Increasing the cassava-based industry requires a large and continuous supply of tubers. Tuber production is increased with planting high yielding varieties with high starch content. This study aimed to select cassava genotypes obtained from open pollination among parents showing high yield and starch content in the advanced yield trial (AYT) stage. The experiment was carried out at Muneng research station (Probolinggo District, East Java, Indonesia) using randomized complete block design with three replications and two planting seasons (2018 and 2019). The experiments used 24 cassava genotypes, including three varieties as a control (Adira 4, UJ 5, and Litbang UK 2). The cassava planted in 2018 was exposed to stress due to drought, while in 2019, the plants received optimal water availability. During the drought stress, the attack of red mite (Tetranycus sp) negatively correlated with tuber yield. In optimal water conditions, the symptoms of red mite attack are low. Based on the combined analysis of variance, genotype × growing season interaction affected plant height at six months, and at ten months for tuber yield, starch content, and starch yield. Among the clones tested, OMM 1207-22 produced the highest tubers yield with an average of 47.5 t·ha-1 in the two growing seasons, with the starch yield, was equivalent to 8.89 t·ha-1, significantly higher compared with the Litbang UK 2 variety (average tubers yield 41.5 t·ha-1, starch yield 7.40 t·ha-1,). Also, 13 genotypes produced starch ranging from 6.49 t·ha-1 to 8.33 t·ha-1.

Yield-compatible salinity level for growing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under mulched drip irrigation using saline water

Mulched drip irrigation using saline water has the potential to alleviate pressure on crop production from limited freshwater resources in arid and semi-arid regions. To explore the potential of saline water irrigation, it is necessary to investigate how salt stress caused by saline water irrigation affects soil physico-chemical properties and the physiology and growth of crops. The effects of salt stress caused by saline water irrigation are complex and, to date, they are not well understood. We aimed to analyse the distribution and dynamics of these properties to assess their effects on cotton growth, yield, and water productivity during a two-year field experiment using saline water irrigation with various salinity levels (1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 g L−1). Cotton yield, water productivity, and their related components were significantly affected by the different salinity levels. (1) Irrigation water-derived salt accumulated in the soil, especially in the surface soil layer (0–20 cm), but not in the 60–80 cm layer. It was possible to rank cotton main root length based on salinity level as follows: 3 > 1 > 6 > 9 > 12 g L−1. (2) During the growth stage, plants in the 3 g L−1 salinity treatment had transpiration rates 10–30% higher, net photosynthetic rates 20–40% higher, and yields 25–55% higher than those in the other treatments. (3) The 3 g L−1 salinity treatment provided the optimal watering conditions for cotton, and plants in this treatment displayed no salt stress symptoms in terms of their physiology or growth. Therefore, this salinity level is suitable for the mulched drip irrigation of cotton using saline water. Our research provides guidance for further exploitation and utilisation of brackish and saline water resources and sustainable development of irrigated agriculture in semi-arid and arid areas.

Development of realtime surface modeling vehicle for shrimp ponds (ReSMeV-SP)

The global frozen shrimp export market in 2018 was recorded at US $ 17.2 billion or around Rp.232.2 trillion (exchange rate Rp.13,500/US$). Indonesia is one of the main exporters of frozen shrimp in the global market, to be exact, in fourth place after India, Ecuador and Vietnam. The export value of Indonesian frozen shrimp last year, according to Worldtopexports.com, reached US$ 1.3 billion or Rp.17.55 trillion. Indonesia’s frozen shrimp market share reaches 7.8%. Indonesia’s frozen shrimp export market includes, among others, the United States, Japan and European Union countries. Based on these data, shrimp farming is a promising sector, but shrimp farming is very much determined by water quality. Water quality in shrimp farming always changes. Many factors influence changes in water quality. Among them are the amount of dissolved oxygen, availability of phytoplankton as natural shrimp feed, the state of shrimp biomass, PH and temperature. These factors in the water must be within the standard boundary rank. Therefore, to achieve the production efficiency of the shrimp industry, it is necessary to automate water quality control. This study aims to develop the Real-time Surface Modeling Vehicle for Shrimp Ponds (ReSMeV-SP) Using Fuzzy Algorithm. The tool produced by this study (ReSMeV-SP) will use the same sensor as the ASV but with a different class classification, the research is no longer referring to coral reef standards but in this study the reference is the optimal water conditions to support the growth of Vename Shrimp. The test results show an accuracy rate of 92%, the hope is that the tools developed by the research will be able to realize precise Vename Shrimp farming, so that production efficiency and increased shrimp production can be achieved.

Regulation of superoxide dismutase activity in soybean plants by inoculating seeds with rhizobia containing nanoparticles of metal carboxylates under conditions of different water supply

Soybean is one of the most profitable advanced crops in agricultural production in Ukraine and the world as a whole. Therefore, studies of means of regulation and increase in the adaptive capacity of soybeans in symbiosis with nodule bacteria under the action of unfavourable environmental factors are relevant and should be aimed at the use of complex bacterial compositions involving modern nanotechnological approaches. Nanocarboxylates of ferrum, molybdenum and germanium metals were used as components of rhizobia inoculation suspension for soybean seed treatment to study the effectiveness of their complex effect on the regulation of the activity of the key antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase in plants under drought. Various symbiotic systems were used, which included soybean plants and inoculation suspensions based on the active, virulent Tn5-mutant Bradyrhizobium japonicum B1-20 by adding nanoparticles of ferrum, germanium and molybdenum carboxylates to the culture medium in a ratio of 1: 1000. Citric acid was the chelator. A model drought lasting 14 days was created during the period of active fixation of atmospheric molecular nitrogen by root nodules of soybeans in the budding and flowering stages, by means of controlled watering of plants to 30% of the total moisture content. In the stage of bean formation, watering of plants was resumed to the optimal level – 60% of the total moisture content. The control was soybean plants, the seeds of which were inoculated with a suspension of rhizobia without the addition of chelated metals. The following research methods were used in the work – microbiological, physiological and biochemical. According to the results, it was found that when nanoparticles of carboxylates of ferrum, molybdenum and germanium were added to the inoculation suspension of rhizobia, there was an increase in superoxide dismutase activity in root nodules and a decrease in soybean leaves under optimal water supply conditions of plants. This indicates the initial changes in the activity of the antioxidant enzyme in these symbiotic systems, induced by the influence of chelated metals in combination with the rhizobia of the active Tn5-mutant B. japonicum B1-20. Prolonged drought induced an increase in the overall level of superoxide dismutase activity in soybean nodules and leaves, compared to plants grown under optimal watering conditions. The symbiotic system formed by soybeans and B. japonicum with molybdenum carboxylate nanoparticles was the most sensitive to long-term drought exposure, compared to two other soybean-rhizobial symbioses using ferrum and germanium nanocarboxylates. This was manifested in the unstable reaction of the enzyme to the action of drought – suppression or intensification of the level of its activity in the root nodules and leaves of soybeans inoculated with rhizobia containing molybdenum carboxylate nanoparticles. In symbiotic systems with the participation of germanium and ferrum nanocarboxylates, slight changes were revealed in superoxide dismutase activity in root nodules and leaves of plants during drought and restoration of enzyme activity to the level of plants with optimal watering after water stress. It is concluded that the addition to the culture medium of rhizobia Tn5-mutant B1-20 of nanocarboxylates of germanium or ferrum is an effective means of regulating the activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase in soybean root nodules and leaves, which can contribute to an increase in the protective properties and adaptation of plants to the action of dehydration.

Adapting water resources potency for sustainable rice crop systems in Kerinci

Water accessibility and its optimal usage is important for rice land management and climate change resilience. Optimal and adequate water conditions will support utmost rice growth and development. The research aimed to identify water resources accessibility for developing sustainable rice catchment area in Kerinci region. Research was done in 2016 mostly through field surveys. Secondary and primary data were used for supporting further analysis. Each potential water resources such as river, swamps, pump, deep/shallow water in soil surface and others were evaluated. Water buildings facility were also being used as complementary supporting these agricultural service areas. The result showed that water services can be carried out optimally for rice area about 14,375 ha. Strategically, rice production canters specially are located in Danau Kerinci, Keliling Danau and East Air Hangat Sub-district. This research recommendation is useful for policy making and expansion of rice areas in particular. Rice existing land area can still be increased up to 52% based on area coverage.

The soil seed bank can buffer long‐term compositional changes in annual plant communities

AbstractEcological theory predicts that the soil seed bank stabilizes the composition of annual plant communities in the face of environmental variability. However, long‐term data on the community dynamics in the seed bank and the standing vegetation are needed to test this prediction.We tested the hypothesis that the composition of the seed bank undergoes lower temporal variability than the standing vegetation in a 9‐year study in Mediterranean, semi‐arid and arid ecosystems. The composition of the seed bank was estimated by collecting soil cores from the studied sites on an annual basis. Seedling emergence under optimal watering conditions was measured in each soil core for three consecutive years, to account for seed dormancy.In all sites, the composition of the seed bank differed from the vegetation throughout the years. Small‐seeded and dormant‐seeded species had a higher frequency in the seed bank than in the standing vegetation. In contrast, functional group membership (grasses vs. forbs) did not explain differences in species frequency between the seed bank and the vegetation after controlling for differences between grasses and forbs in seed mass and seed dormancy.Contrary to predictions, the magnitude of year‐to‐year variability (the mean compositional dissimilarity between consecutive years) was not lower in the seed bank than in the vegetation in all sites. However, long‐term compositional trends in the seed bank were weaker than in the vegetation in the Mediterranean and semi‐arid sites. In the arid site where year‐to‐year variability was highest, no long‐term trends were observed.Synthesis. The effect of the seed bank on the temporal variability of the vegetation in annual communities depends on site conditions and time‐scale. While the year‐to‐year variability of the seed bank is similar to the vegetation, the soil seed bank can buffer long‐term trends.

Systematic Investigation of the Effects of a Novel Protein Hydrolysate on the Growth, Physiological Parameters, Fruit Development and Yield of Grapevine (Vitis Vinifera L., cv Sauvignon Blanc) under Water Stress Conditions

In the last decade climate change has impacted viticulture and water deficit has become a major concern in fruit production. Many studies have been carried out to determine the grapevine response to environmental changes and to identify key genetic traits to be used in grapevine breeding. However, in order to better manage climate-related risks, novel viticultural practices are urgently needed. A promising solution for a more sustainable model of viticulture involves the use of biostimulants. In this study, the effectiveness of a novel biostimulant (APR®) belonging to the group of protein thermal hydrolysates was tested on grapevine plants subjected to progressive water deficit conditions. Our results showed that this compound applied to roots before imposing water deprivation mitigates the consequences of stress by sustaining the growth of the younger vegetative organs and limiting the extent of cell dehydration; this positive impact on the plant’s physiological state persisted during the recovery phase. Furthermore, at the end of the growing season, plants treated with the biostimulant, both in optimal water conditions and under water stress, exhibited a greater accumulation of biomass in the aerial part (6.8% and 21.3 %, respectively) and a higher berry diameter (3.4 % and 9.5 %, respectively). Additional work through field trials will be necessary to further substantiate these results and to translate this knowledge into specific practices that grape growers can easily adopt.

The environmental fate of phenanthrene in paddy field system and microbial responses in rhizosphere interface: Effect of water-saving patterns

The effects of water-saving patterns (Semi-dry water-saving, B; Shallow-wet control irrigation, Q; Traditional flooding irrigation, C; and Moistening irrigation, S) on the environmental fate of phenanthrene (Phe) and microbial responses in rhizosphere were investigated in paddy field system. Results showed the rice grain in Q treatment was more high production and safety with less Phe residue (up to 18%–49%) than other treatments, and the residual Phe in soil declined in the order: C (14.17%) > S (13.36%) > B (5.86%)>Q (2.70%), which proves the existence of optimal water conditions for PAHs degradation and rhizosphere effect during rice cultivation. Laccase (LAC) and dioxygenase (C23O) played important roles in Phe degradation, which were significantly positively correlated with Phe dissipation rate in soil (p < 0.01). Moreover, their activities in Q treatment, rhizosphere and subsoil were higher than those in C treatment, non-rhizoshere and upper layer soil. The introduction of Phe and rice into paddy field system decreased the microorganism diversity, and promoted the activities of enzymes and some PAHs degrading bacteria, such as Delftia, Serratia, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, norank_f_Rhodospirillaceae, norank_f_Nitrosomonadaceae and so on. According to the cluster analysis, redundancy analysis and correlation analysis between bacterial community composition and environmental factors, water-saving patterns markedly impacted the relative abundance and bacterial community structure by the regulating and controlling on environmental conditions of paddy field. The dioxygenase activity, laccase activity, oxidation-reduction potential and conductivity were the main affecting factors on Phe dissipation during growth stage of rice.